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FIGURE 3 in A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region

FIGURE 3. Some species of Dactyloa found in Eastern Panama. A–B) D. purpurescens (female and male, MHCH 2635–36); C–D) D. kunayalae (male, SMF 97266); E) D. frenata (male, MHCH 2785); F) D. latifrons (young male, SMF 96575); G–H) D. chloris (female, SMF 97096).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region

FIGURE 5. Flank pattern in species of Dactyloa related to D. purpurescens. Arrows indicate capitad direction for all males (left column) and females (right column). A) D. limon holotype MHUA 11760; B) D. limon MHUA 11248; C) D. purpurescens (MHCH 2636); D) D. purpurescens (SMF 91475); E) D. maia (SMF 97268); F) D. maia (MHCH 2782); G) D. ibanezi, MHCH 2184; H) D. ibanezi, SMF 91475. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 10 in A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region

FIGURE 10. Hemipenis of the Paratype (SMF 97269) of Dactyloa maia sp. nov. A) Sulcate view; B) asulcate view; C) lateral view.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region

FIGURE 4. Dewlaps of the Dactyloa spp. related to D. purpurescens (left column males, right column females). A–B) D. limon (MHUA 11760; holotype; photo by Juan Pablo Hurtado), female not collected (from; photo by Alejandro Montoya); C– D) D. purpurescens, (MHCH 2636, MHCH 2635); E–F) D. maia sp. nov. (SMF 97268, MHCH 2782); G–H) D. ibanezi (MHCH2019, SMF 91475).

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region

FIGURE 8. Color variation of Dactyloa maia sp. nov. in life. A–B) female MHCH 2782; C–D) female MHCH 2781; E–F) male SMF 97269; G) female SMF 97270.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region

FIGURE 2. Distribution of Dactyloa chloris, D. frenata, D. insignis, D. kunayalae, and D. latifrons in eastern Panama, based on specimens collected for this study, literature and online databases (http://www.vertnet.org/).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Dactyloa species formerly referred to as D. chocorum in eastern Panama, based on specimens collected for this study, provided by A. Sosa, literature and online databases (http://www.vertnet.org/).

FIGURE 19 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 19. Habitats of Dactyloa in western Panama. From west to east (collected species in parentheses): (A) Lower Montane Wet Forest (LMWF) at Río Changena, 1640 m asl (D. microtus); (B) LMWF at Sendero La Cascada, 1830 m asl (D. ginaelisae); (C) Premontane Wet Forest (PMWF) at headwaters of Río Chiriquí Malí, BPPS, 1050 m asl (westernmost and highest locality for D. kunayalae); (D) PMWF at Willie Mazú, 640 m asl (D. frenata, D. ibanezi, and D. insignis); E) PMWF at Cerro Pata de Macho, RFLF, ca. 1500 m asl (D. casildae and D. ginaelisae); (F) looking north from pasture at ca. 1800 m asl onto primary and secondary LMWF along valley of Quebrada Juglí, ca. 1710 m asl (type locality of D. ginaelisae); (G) LMWF at Cerro Santiago near La Nevera, 1810 m asl (D. ginaelisae); (H) looking from PMWF at Cerro Negro, 700 m asl (D. frenata), towards PMWF on Cerro Mariposa (D. frenata, D. ibanezi, D. insignis, and D. kunayalae).

FIGURE 18 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 18. Preserved specimens of Dactyloa from western Panama: (A–D) Dactyloa casildae, (A) and (B) young male MHCH 2121, SVL = 69 mm; (C) and (D) female SMF 89453, SVL = 81 mm; (E–G) D. frenata, (E) male SMF 89467, SVL = 132 mm, (F) and (G) young male SMF 91460, SVL = 72 mm; (H–J) D. ibanezi, (H) male paratype SMF 89459, SVL = 78 mm, (I) and (J) female SMF 91475, SVL = 78 mm; (K–M) D. insignis, (K) adult female SMF 89482, SVL = 124 mm, (L) and (M) juvenile female SMF 91477, SVL = 64 mm; (N–Q) D. kunayalae, (N) and (O) male SMF 91484, SVL = 103 mm; (P) and (Q) young female SMF 91485, SVL = 64 mm; (R) and (S) D. ginaelisae, female SMF 91503, SVL = 100 mm; (T) and (U) D. microtus, young male SMF 91499, SVL = 65 mm.

FIGURE 15 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 15. Specimens of Dactyloa kunayalae from western Panama: (A) adult male SMF 91484 from BPPS; (B) young female SMF 91485 from Río Hacha; (C) female SMF 96009 from Cerro Mariposa; (D) SMF 96009 in sleeping position; (E) uncollected, probably male specimen from Río Chilagres; (F–H) dewlaps of (F) male SMF 91484, (G) female SMF 96009, and (H) young female SMF 91485; (I) lateral, (J) dorsal, and (K) ventral views of head of SMF 91485; (L) ventral view of SMF 91485; (M) enlarged postcloacal scales of SMF 91484; ventral views of (N) left foot and (O) left hand of SMF 91485.

FIGURE 12 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 12. Specimens of Dactyloa frenata from western Panama: (A) adult male SMF 89467 from Cerro Mariposa, photo by Nadim Hamad and Leonhard Stadler; (B) juvenile male SMF 91459 and (C) young male SMF 91460 from Willie Mazú; (D) female SMF 89897 from Cerro Negro; (E–G) dewlaps of (E) adult male SMF 89467, photo by Nadim Hamad and Leonhard Stadler, (F) young male SMF 91460, and (G) female SMF 89897; (H) lateral, (I) dorsal, and (J) ventral views of head of SMF 91460; enlarged postcloacal scales of (K) SMF 91460 and (L) SMF 91459; ventral views of (M) left foot and (N) left hand of SMF 91460.

FIGURE 7 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 7. Specimens of Dactyloa microtus from Costa Rica: (A–H) holotype USNM 31282, adult female, SVL = 106 mm: entire specimen photographed by James Pointdexter in (A) lateral and (B) ventral view; (C) dorsal, (D) lateral, and (E) ventral view of head; (F) ventral view of cloacal region showing lack of enlarged postcloacal scales; (G) detail of dorsal scales at midbody, arrows indicate middorsal rows; (H) detail of subcaudal scales, each bearing more than one prominent keel; (I, J) individual photographed by Mason Ryan at Parque Nacional Tapantí, Cartago province; (K, L) individual photographed by Daniel Cascante at Cerro Dantas, Heredia province. Scale bars = 1 mm, all arrows point posteriorly.

FIGURE 6 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 6. Integration of morphological and molecular evidence. (A) ML tree of sampled voucher specimens; (B) Lineages as confirmed by molecular evidence; (C) Lineages as confirmed by morphological evidence; (D) Taxonomic identities of inferred CGLs.

FIGURE 4 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 4. Variation in selected morphological characters among our sample of Dactyloa from western Panama, separated by males (circles, left) and females (triangles, right) for each lineage. See text for details.

FIGURE 3 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 3 Results of molecular analyses. (A) Consensus tree from Bayesian analysis. Scale bar refers to number of substitutions per site. (B) Parsimony network with a 95% parsimony probability resulting in a connection limit of 10 steps; each node represents a unique haplotype separated from the next by one substitution step. Small circles represent unsampled haplotypes, rectangles the probably ancestral haplotypes. Locality numbers refer to Fig. 1. (C) Consensus tree from Maximum Parsimony analysis. Scale bar refers to number of changes over whole sequence.

FIGURE 5 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis of the eight Dactyloa lineages using two morphometric and four pholidotic characters. See text for details.

FIGURE 2 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 2. (A) Maximum likelihood consensus tree of 19 Panamanian anoles. Black bars demarcate smallest well-supported clusters. (B) Sampled individuals in life, with locality numbers referring to Fig. 1. (C) Taxonomic identity derived from morphology on the basis of available literature.

FIGURE 21 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 21. Distribution of Dactyloa ibanezi and D. insignis in western Panama (main map) and Lower Central America (inset). Localities of specimens with 16S barcodes included in the molecular analyses are marked with an asterisk (*).

FIGURE 14 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 14. Female specimens of Dactyloa insignis from western Panama: (A) juvenile female SMF 91477 from Willie Mazú; (B) adult female SMF 89482 from Cerro Mariposa at daytime, and (C) at night immediately after capture; (D–E) dewlaps of (D) SMF 89482 and (E) SMF 91477; (F) lateral and (G) dorsal views of head of SMF 89482; (H) dorsal and (I) ventral views of head of SMF 91477; ventral views of (J) entire specimen, (K) left foot, and (L) right hand of SMF 91477.

FIGURE 9 in Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus

FIGURE 9. Specimens of Dactyloa ginaelisae from Chiriquí and the Comarca Ngöbe-Buglé: (A) adult male MHCH 2237 from RFLF; (B) female SMF 89501 from RFLF in sleeping position and (C) the next day; (D) female SMF 91503 from Cerro Saguí in sleeping position and (E) the next day; (F) female SMF 89497 and (G) female MHCH 2234 from La Nevera; (H) uncollected female juvenile and (I) uncollected female from La Nevera; (J–M) dewlaps of (J) adult male SMF 89738 from RFLF, (K) male juvenile SMF 89737 from PNVB, (L) female SMF 89499 from RFLF, and (M) female SMF 89501; (N) lateral, (O) dorsal, and (P) ventral views of head of SMF 89501; (Q) ventral view of MHCH 2234; (R) enlarged postcloacal scales of SMF 89738; ventral views of (S) left foot and (T) left hand of male holotype SMF 91504 from Cerro Saguí.