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125 results for “Data attribute”
Data from: Mammal-bearing gastric pellets potentially attributable to Troodon formosus at the Cretaceous Egg Mountain locality, Two Medicine Formation, Montana, U.S.A.
<p>Fossil gastric pellets (regurgitalites) have distinct taphonomic characteristics that facilitate inferences of behavioural ecology in deep time, despite their rarity in the fossil record. Using the taphonomic patterns of both extant and fossil small mammals from more recent geologic deposits as a guide, we assess the taphonomy of three unusual multi-individual aggregates of mammal skeletons from paleosols at Egg Mountain, a dinosaur nesting locality from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA. One aggregate consists of two individuals of the multituberculate <i>Filikomys primaevus</i>. This specimen is characterized by brecciated crania, articulated postcrania, and an absence of digestive markings, all suggestive of a non-predatory origin. Two additional aggregates consist of three and eleven individuals, respectively, primarily of the marsupialiform <i>Alphadon halleyi</i>. High proportions of crania and indigestible elements (e.g. teeth), extensive disarticulation and breakage, digestive corrosion patterns, and the absence of a phosphatic ground mass are indicative of regurgitalites and align with features of extant prey in diurnal raptor gastric pellets. We interpret these specimens as the oldest known mammal-bearing regurgitalites. The discrepancy in taphonomic features implies behavioural separation between the two mammalian taxa at the locality. Abundant shed teeth and nesting evidence at the locality favors <i>Troodon formosus </i>as the predator responsible for the regurgitalites, congruent with previous inferences of a small-bodied prey diet, manipulation of prey during feeding, heightened metabolic processes, and potential nocturnality for this taxon.</p>
Machine learning-based evidence and attribution mapping of 100,000 climate impact studies - Data
<p>Data for the paper Machine learning-based evidence and attribution mapping of 100,000 climate impact studies</p> <p><strong>Document Metadata</strong></p> <p>0c_doc_info.csv contains basic document metadata for each document considered in our study</p> <p><strong>Predictions</strong></p> <p>In each predictions file, 1 refers to a document hand-labelled as belonging to a category, and 0 refers to a document hand-labelled as not belonging to a category. All values in between are predicted values, where for values greater than 0.5, a document is considered likely to belong to the given category.</p> <p>1_document_relevance.csv contains the predicted relevance of a document to the study.</p> <p>1_driver_predictions.csv contains the predicted climate driver of each document.</p> <p>1_impact_predictions.csv contains the predicted impact type of each document</p> <p><strong>Geographical data</strong></p> <p>Place_df.csv contains a row for each geographical entity automatically extracted from each study</p> <p>Study_gridcell_2.5.csv contains a row matching each study with each grid cell covered by the study’s smallest mentioned geographical entity</p> <p><strong>Merged data</strong></p> <p>2_study_da.csv contains a row for each study describing the aggregated detection and attribution characteristics of the grid cells the study refers to</p> <p>2_merged_da_data.csv contains a row for each grid cell describing the attribution categories and the number of weighted grid cells for each climate driver.</p>
Data from: Plant attributes interact with fungal pathogens and nitrogen addition to drive soil enzymatic activities and their temporal variation
<p>Nitrogen enrichment can alter soil communities and their functioning directly, via changes in nutrient availability and stoichiometry, or indirectly, by changing plant communities or the abundance of consumers. However, most studies have only focused on one of these potential drivers and we know little about the relative importance of the different mechanisms (changes in nutrient availability, in plant diversity or functional composition, or in consumer abundance) by which nitrogen enrichment affects soil functioning. In addition, soil functions could vary dramatically between seasons, however, they are typically measured only once during the peak growing season. We therefore know little about the drivers of intra-annual stability in soil functioning.</p> <p>In this study, we measured activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase, two extracellular enzymes that indicate soil functioning. We did so in a large grassland experiment which tested the effects, and relative importance, of nitrogen enrichment, plant functional composition and diversity, and foliar pathogen presence (controlled by fungicide) on soil functioning. We measured the activity of the two enzymes across seasons and years to assess the stability and temporal dynamics of soil functioning.</p> <p>Overall β-glucosidase activity was slightly increased by nitrogen enrichment over time but did not respond to the other experimental treatments. Conversely, plant functional diversity, and interactions between plant attributes and fungicide application, were important drivers of mean acid phosphatase activity. The temporal stability of both soil enzymes was differently affected by two facets of plant diversity: species richness increased temporal stability and functional diversity decreased it; however, these effects were dampened when nitrogen and fungicide were added.</p> <p>Synthesis: The fungicide effects on soil enzyme activities suggest that foliar pathogens can also affect belowground processes and the interacting effect of fungicide and plant diversity suggests that these plant enemies can modulate the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. The contrasting effects of our treatments on the mean versus stability of soil enzyme activities clearly show the need to consider temporal dynamics in belowground processes, to better understand the responses of soil microbes to environmental changes such as nutrient enrichment.</p>
Data for: Attributes of CloudSat identified echo objects
<p>This data set contains a collection of attributes associated with CloudSat identified echo objects (or contiguous regions of radar/dBZ echo) from15 June 2006 till 17 January 2013. CloudSat is a NASA satellite that carries a 94 GHz (3 mm) nadir pointing cloud profiling radar (CPR). CloudSat makes approximately 14 orbits per day with an equator passing time of 0130 and 1330 local time. Echo objects were identified using CloudSat's 2B-GEOPROF product that includes 2D arrays (alongtrack x vertical) of the radar reflectivity factor and gaseous attenuation correction. Also included in the product is a "cloud mask" with values ranging between 0 and 40 with higher values indicating a greater likelihood of cloud detection.</p> <p>An EO was defined as a contiguous region of cloud mask greater than or eaqual to 20, consisting of at least three pixels with their edges and not merely their corners touching. Each echo object (EO) is assigned multiple attributes. The geographic attributes include minimum, mean, and maximum latitude and longitude, minimum and maximium location along the CloudSat orbit track, and the underlying surface altitude and land mask data, which allows the EOs to be catagorized as occuring over land, sea, or the coast. The geometric attributes include top, mean, and bottom height, width, and the total number of pixels within the EO. Attributes describing the internal structure of the EO are also available including the number of pixels and cells (i.e., group of pixels) greater than 0 dBZ and -17 dBZ. Finally, the time of day of occurance was also recorded to compare the statistics of EOs ocurring during the daytime versus nighttime. In total, we identified 15,181,193 EOs from 15 June 2006 to 17 January 2013. After 17 April 2011, data were only collected during the day due to a battery failure onboard CloudSat. Each attribute is organized as a 1D array where the size of the array corresponds to the number of EOs. This organization allows subsets of EOs to be easily identified using simple "where" statements when writing code.</p> <p>The attributes were used to identify cloud types and analyze global cloud climatology according to season, surface type, and region (i.e., Riley 2009; Riley and Mapes 2009). The varability of EOs across the MJO was also analyzed (Riley et al. 2011).</p>
Data for: Low mercury concentration in a Greenland glacial fjord attributed to oceanic sources
<p>Total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations measured in southeast Greenland between 10 August and 20 August 2021. The majority of samples were collected in Sermilik Fjord and on the continental shelf to the west of the fjord mouth (identified by CTD cast number; see below for corresponding data citation). A small number of samples were collected by hand from surface waters in Apuseeq Fjord, in a lake and river near the village of Tiilerilaaq (formerly known as Tiniteqilaq), and in a river near Tasiilaq. All samples are identified by the date, time, and lat/lon of collection.</p> <p>For further details about the sample collection and analysis, please see the methods section of the associated publication.</p> <p>Sermilik Fjord and continental shelf CTD data are available via the NSF Arctic Data Center (doi:10.18739/A2HD7NT9K).</p>
Data from: Reassembly of a tropical rainforest: A new chronosequence in the Chocó tested with the recovery of tree attributes
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Data and code for case study bridging macroecology and temporal dynamics to better attribute global change impacts on biodiversity
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Data from: Orbitofrontal cortex computes gaze-dependent comparisons between attributes rather than integrated values
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Data for: Attributes of CloudSat identified echo objects
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Data from: A scoping review of mosquito vector range shifts: widespread expansions and evidence gaps in climate attribution
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Data from: Mammal-bearing gastric pellets potentially attributable to Troodon formosus at the Cretaceous Egg Mountain locality, Two Medicine Formation, Montana, U.S.A.
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Data from: Plant attributes interact with fungal pathogens and nitrogen addition to drive soil enzymatic activities and their temporal variation
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Data from: Urban street lighting differentially affects community attributes of airborne and ground-dwelling invertebrate assemblages
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Data from: Extending the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' to global change ecology in the Anthropocene
<ol> <li>Research into global change ecology is motivated by the need to understand the role of humans in changing biotic systems. Mechanistic understanding of ecological responses requires the separation of different climatic parameters and processes that often operate on diverse spatiotemporal scales. Yet most environmental studies do not distinguish the effects of internal climate variability from those caused by external, natural (e.g. volcanic, solar, orbital) or anthropogenic (e.g. greenhouse gases, ozone, aerosols, land-use) forcing factors.</li> <li>We suggest extending the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' (DA) to unravel abiotic drivers of ecological dynamics in the Anthropocene. We therefore apply DA to quantify the relative roles of natural versus industrial temperature change on elevational shifts in the outbreak epicentres of the larch budmoth (LBM; <i>Zeiraphera diniana</i> or <i>griseana</i> Gn.); the classic example of a cyclic forest defoliating insect.</li> <li>Our case study shows that anthropogenic warming shifts the epicentre of travelling LBM waves upward, which disrupts the intensity of population outbreaks that occurred regularly over the past millennium in the European Alps. Our findings demonstrate the ability of DA to detect ecological responses beyond internal system variability, to attribute them to specific external climate forcing factors, and to identify climate-induced ecological tipping points.</li> <li>In order to implement the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' successfully into modern global change ecology, future studies should combine high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstructions and state-of-the-art climate model simulations to inform inference-based ecosystem models.</li> </ol>
Data from: Potential effects of an invasive bivalve, Nuttallia obscurata, on select sediment attributes within the intertidal region of coastal British Columbia
On the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, the varnish clam, Nuttallia obscurata, is a rapidly spreading invasive species that can reach high densities (i.e. 800 individuals m− 2). A field survey (Tier I) and an in situ mesocosm density manipulation experiment (Tier II) were applied to determine the potential effects of this invasive bivalve on select sediment attributes within the intertidal zone. In situ experiments involved seeding 1 m2 mesocosms with varnish clams at four densities; 0 (control), 200 (low), 500 (mid) and 800 (high). Sediment samples were taken 7 times over a three week period and analyzed for organic matter, ammonium and grain size (gravel, coarse silt, fine silt and silt) at three different depths, 0–3 cm (surface), 3–6 cm (intermediate) and 6–9 cm (bottom). Field surveys demonstrated that at natural densities bivalve distribution was best explained by sediment grain size. Contrary to expectations, the in situ manipulations indicated that at high densities varnish clams did not significantly increase sediment organic matter concentrations. Their ability to deposit feed and re-ingest biodeposits may have prevented accumulations. High densities of varnish clams did however result in significantly higher concentrations of sediment ammonium and percent silt, but mostly within the lower sections of the sediment core. Reworking of the surficial sediments due to intense storm activity likely obscured any differences in determined sediment attributes among the 4 treatments. Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient with ammonium preferentially used by phytoplankton and microphytobenthos. These primary producers form the basis of all marine food webs thus increases in amounts of ammonium to shallow coastal seas as a result of high densities of an invasive bivalve within intertidal zones could result in an increased risk of eutrophication within these sensitive regions.
Data from: Disturbance intensity is a stronger driver of biomass recovery than remaining tree-community attributes in a managed Amazonian forest
1.Forest recovery following management interventions is important to maintain ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. It remains, however, largely unclear how aboveground biomass (AGB) recovery of species-rich tropical forests is affected by disturbance intensity and post-disturbance (remaining) tree-community attributes, following logging and thinning interventions. 2.We investigated whether annual AGB increment (∆AGB) decreases with management-related disturbance intensity (disturbance hypothesis), and increases with the diversity (niche-complementarity hypothesis) and the community-weighted mean (CWM) of acquisitive traits of dominant species (biomass-ratio hypothesis) in the remaining tree community. 3.We analysed data from a long-term forest-management experiment in the Brazilian Amazon over two recovery periods: post-logging (1983-1989) and post-thinning (1995-2012). We computed the ∆AGB of surviving trees, recruit trees and of the total tree community. Disturbance intensity was quantified as basal area reduction and basal area remaining. Remaining diversity (taxonomic, functional and structural) and CWM of five functional traits linked to biomass productivity (specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen and phosphorous concentration, leaf toughness and wood density) were calculated for the post-intervention inventories. Predictors were related to response variables using multiple linear regressions and structural equation modelling. 4.We found support for the disturbance hypothesis in both recovery periods. AGB increment of survivors and of the total tree community increased with basal area remaining, indicating the importance of remaining growing stock for biomass recovery. Conversely, AGB increment of recruit trees increased with basal area reduction because changes in forest structure increased resource availability for young trees. We did not find consistent support for the niche-complementarity and biomass-ratio hypotheses, possibly because of a high redundancy in these extremely species-rich forests. 5.Synthesis and applications. The intensity of disturbance through management, expressed as basal area reduction and basal area remaining, was consistently more important for explaining forest biomass recovery following harvesting and thinning than remaining diversity or trait composition. This points to the importance of controlling logging and thinning intensity in forests of the eastern Amazon. Low to moderate harvesting intensities permitted by the current legislation for the Brazilian Amazon (30 m³ ha−1) will likely not impair biomass recovery in these forests.
Data from: Variability in community productivity: mediating effects of vegetation attributes
1. Plant productivity varies though time in response to environmental fluctuations. Reducing variability in productivity requires an improved understanding of how plant community attributes interact with environmental fluctuations to influence plant growth dynamics. We evaluated links between two community attributes, species diversity and abundance-weighted values of specific leaf area (SLA), and temporal variability in grassland productivity at patch (local) and aggregate (multi-patch) spatial scales. 2. Aggregate communities were created by combining patches of spatially-distinct communities of perennial plant species from grassland biodiversity experiments in Texas, USA. Inter-annual variability in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of aggregate communities was analyzed as a function of two multiplicative components, mean temporal variability in the ANPP of patches and temporal synchrony in ANPP dynamics among patches. We used regression analyses to determine whether temporal variability in aggregate ANPP and its components were correlated with either species diversity or community-weighted SLA over 5 years. 3. Temporal variability in ANPP of aggregate communities was strongly correlated with temporal variability in patch ANPP. Increasing mean SLA reduced ANPP variability of aggregate communities by increasing mean productivity. Increased temporal changes in patch-scale SLA further reduced temporal variability in aggregate ANPP by reducing effects of precipitation fluctuations on productivity. Conversely, increasing species diversity over the narrow range measured increased temporal variability in aggregate ANPP. High diversity was associated with reduced dominance of temporally-stable C4 grasses. 4. Our results implicate means and patch-scale temporal dynamics in community SLA as potential indicators of variability in grassland primary productivity through time.
Data from: Matrix type and landscape attributes modulate avian taxonomic and functional spillover across habitat boundaries in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Land use intensification drives biodiversity loss worldwide. In heterogeneous landscape mosaics, both overall forest area and anthropogenic matrix structure induce changes in biological communities in primary habitat remnants. However, community changes via cross-habitat spillover processes along forest-matrix interfaces remain poorly understood. Moreover, information on how landscape attributes affect spillover processes across habitat boundaries are embryonic. Here, we quantify avian and β-diversity (as proxies of spillover rates) across two dominant types of forest-matrix interfaces (forest-pasture and forest-eucalyptus plantation) within the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot in southeast Brazil. We also assess the effects of anthropogenic matrix type and landscape attributes (forest cover, edge density and land-use diversity) on bird taxonomic and functional β-diversity across forest-matrix boundaries. Alpha taxonomic richness was higher in forest edges than within both matrix types, but between matrix types, it was higher in pastures than in eucalyptus plantations. Although significantly higher in forests edges than in the adjacent eucalyptus, bird functional richness did not differ between forest edges and adjacent pastures. Community changes (β-diversity) related to species and functional replacements (turnover component) were higher across forest-pasture boundaries, whereas changes related to species and functional loss (nested component) were higher across forest-eucalyptus boundaries. Forest edges adjacent to eucalyptus had significant higher species and functional replacements than forest edges adjacent to pastures. Forest cover negatively influenced functional β-diversity across both forest-pasture and forest-eucalyptus interfaces. We show the importance of matrix type and the structure of surrounding landscapes (mainly forest cover) on rates of bird assemblage spillover across forest-matrix boundaries, which has profound implications to biological fluxes, ecosystem functioning and land-use management in human-modified landscapes.
Data from: Life-history characteristics and landscape attributes as drivers of genetic variation, gene flow and fine-scale population structure in Northern Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma) in Canada
The Northern Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma) displays variable life-history types and occupies freshwater habitats with varying levels of connectivity. Here, we assayed microsatellite DNA variation in Northern Dolly Varden from the western Canadian Arctic to resolve landscape and life history variables driving variation in genetic diversity and population structure. Overall, genetic variation was highest in anadromous populations and lowest in those isolated above waterfalls with stream-resident forms intermediate between the two. Anadromous and isolated populations were genetically divergent from each other while no genetic differentiation was detectable between sympatric anadromous and stream-resident forms. Population structure was stable over 25 years, hierarchically organized and conformed to an isolation-by-distance pattern, but stream-isolated forms often deviated from these patterns. Gene flow occurred primarily among Yukon North Slope populations and between sympatric anadromous and resident forms. These results were sex-dependent to some extent, but were influenced more by reproductive status and life history. Our study provides novel insights into the life history, population demographic and habitat variables that shape the distribution of genetic variation and population structure in Arctic fluvial habitats while providing a spatial context for management and conservation.
Data from: Time-integrated habitat availability is a resource attribute that informs patterns of use in intertidal areas
In dynamic environments, resource availability may change by several orders of magnitude, over hours to months, but the duration of resource availability is not often included as a characteristic attribute of resources even though temporal resource dynamics might limit patterns of use. In our study of wading birds foraging in intertidal areas, tides cause large changes in the areal extent of shallow-water foraging habitat (i.e., the resource), but tides also constrain the duration of availability, which is often overlooked. We hypothesized that temporal constraints on habitat availability from tides would be reflected in patterns of habitat use by foraging birds. We estimated the time-integrated habitat availability and compared it to traditional habitat attributes (seagrass cover, substrate type, instantaneous water depth, and proximity to mangrove islands or deep water) that have strong evidential support for influencing patterns of use. To evaluate our hypotheses, we quantified habitat attributes at intertidal areas in the Florida Keys, U.S.A, where wading birds were observed foraging (Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea: N=183; Great White Heron, Ardea herodias occidentalis: N=162). We tested for non-random use by sampling habitat attributes at two spatial scales around the observed feeding locations and we analyzed the data using a conditional logistic regression model. There was no evidence that seagrass cover or substrate explained patterns of use. The proximity of foraging locations relative to mangroves and to deep water were important at both spatial scales but had lower effect sizes (odds-ratios) than time-integrated habitat availability and water depth, and the latter may only serve as a physical constraint on access. We found support that time-integrated habitat availability was a distinct resource attribute, had the greatest effect size (4-8-fold change in relative probability of use), and best explained patterns of habitat use at the largest spatial scale. In studies of resource use where changes in resource availability are non-linear or when strong constraints on access are imposed by behavior, incorporating time-integrated estimates of resource availability into analyses can improve insights into spatiotemporal patterns of resource use.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.