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231 results for “Decoupling”
Data from: Taxonomic and functional turnover are decoupled in European peat bogs
In peatland ecosystems, plant communities mediate a globally significant carbon store. The effects of global environmental change on plant assemblages are expected to be a factor in determining how ecosystem functions such as carbon uptake will respond. Using vegetation data from 56 Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs across Europe, we show that in these ecosystems plant species aggregate into two major clusters that are each defined by shared response to environmental conditions. Across environmental gradients, we find significant taxonomic turnover in both clusters. However, functional identity and functional redundancy of the community as a whole remain unchanged. This strongly suggests that in peat bogs, species turnover across environmental gradients is restricted to functionally similar species. Our results demonstrate that plant taxonomic and functional turnover are decoupled, which may allow these peat bogs to maintain ecosystem functioning when subject to future environmental change.
Data from: Decoupling between growth rate and storage remobilization in broadleaf temperate tree species
<p>1. Temperate trees rely on carbon (C) and nutrient remobilisation from storage to resume growth after winter. Minimum storage levels during the growing season suggest that remobilisation could signify that C availability is insufficient to meet growth demands; consequently, growth might be C and/or nutrient limited. However, it remains unclear whether higher growth demands are covered by higher remobilization. This study examined whether higher C and nutrient demands associated with fast growth or deciduousness, rely on greater remobilisation.</p> <p>2. In 11 sympatric deciduous and evergreen angiosperm tree species from southern South América, the magnitude of seasonal remobilisation of C and nutrient storage was assessed as the seasonal minimums (relative to seasonal maximums) of whole tree non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and pools. The basal area increment and stem wood density were determined for each tree, from which the biomass radial increment (BRI) was estimated. The effects of leaf habit and BRI on the seasonal minimums NSCs and nutrient concentrations and pools were analysed using linear mixed-effects models.</p> <p>3. Radial growth was not related to seasonal minimum NSC or nutrient concentrations and pools in either the evergreens or deciduous angiosperms; thus, faster growth was not associated with greater remobilisation of C or nutrient stores. Further, larger trees grew faster than smaller ones, but did not have higher remobilisation. Deciduous species had higher year-round whole tree NSC and nutrient concentrations than evergreens; however, both groups had similar BRI and seasonal minimum concentrations and pools of NSCs and nutrients.</p> <p>4. Neither growth rate nor leaf habit drove the magnitude of C and nutrient remobilisation in the angiosperm trees examined here, indicating no C or nutrient limitation. This result contradicts the view that growth and storage strongly regulate one another, as proposed by a growth-storage trade-off.</p>
Decoupled jaws promote trophic diversity in Cichlid fishes
Functional decoupling of oral and pharyngeal jaws is widely considered to have expanded the ecological repertoire of cichlid fishes. But, the degree to which the evolution of these jaw systems is decoupled and whether decoupling has impacted trophic diversification remains unknown. Focusing on the large Neotropical radiation of cichlids, we ask whether oral and pharyngeal jaw evolution is correlated and how their evolutionary rates respond to feeding ecology. In support of decoupling, we find relaxed evolutionary integration between the two jaw systems, resulting in novel trait combinations that potentially facilitate feeding mode diversification. These outcomes are made possible by escaping the mechanical trade-off between force transmission and mobility, which characterizes a single jaw system that functions in isolation. In spite of the structural independence of the two jaw systems, results using a Bayesian, state-dependent, relaxed-clock model of multivariate Brownian motion indicate strongly aligned evolutionary responses to feeding ecology. So, while decoupling of prey capture and processing functions released constraints on jaw evolution and promoted trophic diversity in cichlids, the natural diversity of consumed prey has also induced a moderate degree of evolutionary integration between the jaw systems, reminiscent of the original mechanical trade-off between force and mobility.
Data from: Decoupled responses of soil bacteria and their invertebrate consumer to warming, but not freeze-thaw cycles, in the Antarctic Dry Valleys
Altered temperature profiles resulting in increased warming and freeze–thaw cycle (FTC) frequency pose great ecological challenges to organisms in alpine and polar ecosystems. We performed a laboratory microcosm experiment to investigate how temperature variability affects soil bacterial cell numbers, and abundance and traits of soil microfauna (the microbivorous nematode Scottnema lindsayae) from McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. FTCs and constant freezing shifted nematode body size distribution towards large individuals, driven by higher mortality among smaller individuals. FTCs reduced both bacterial and nematode abundance, but bacterial cell numbers also declined under warming, demonstrating decoupled consumer–prey responses. We predict that higher occurrence of FTCs in cold ecosystems will select for large body size within soil microinvertebrates and overall reduce their abundance. In contrast, warm temperatures without FTCs could lead to divergent responses in soil bacteria and their microinvertebrate consumers, potentially affecting energy and nutrient transfer rates in soil food webs of cold ecosystems.
Data from: From cryptic to colourful: evolutionary decoupling of larval and adult colour in butterflies
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Many animals undergo complete metamorphosis, where larval forms change abruptly in adulthood. Colour change during ontogeny is common, but there is little understanding of evolutionary patterns in these changes. Here we use data on larval and adult colour for 246 butterfly species (61% of all species in Australia) to test whether the evolution of colour is coupled between life stages. We show that adults are more variable in colour across species than caterpillars and that male adult colour has lower phylogenetic signal. These results suggest that sexual selection is driving colour diversity in male adult butterflies at a broad scale. Moreover, colour similarities between species at the larval stage do not predict colour similarities at the adult stage, indicating that colour evolution is decoupled between young and adult forms. Most species transition from cryptic coloration as caterpillars to conspicuous colouration as adults, but even species with conspicuous caterpillars change to different conspicuous colours as adults. The use of high-contrast coloration is correlated with body size in caterpillars but not adults. Taken together, our results suggest a change in the relative importance of different selective pressures at different life stages, resulting in the evolutionary decoupling of coloration through ontogeny. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Decoupling of growth, physiological state, and subsequent performance in a developmentally manipulated songbird
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>It is generally assumed that larger juveniles are more physiologically mature, hence their overall condition and subsequent performance are higher. Yet, some taxa face extreme workload transitions during development (e.g., nest departure in birds), which may select for non-linear growth profiles that decouple relationships between body size and physiological state, making associations between development<span> </span>and juvenile performance uncertain. We manipulated perceived mass in European starlings approaching fledging using 4.0 g weighted backpacks, measuring subsequent growth trajectories (mass, wing length) and physiological state (aerobic capacity, energy state, oxidative status) to test whether body size and physiology are developmentally coupled during a non-linear growth phase (pre-fledging mass recession). Nanotag radio transmitters were then used to track post-fledging performance (activity, activity-slope, dispersal). Weighted nestlings had greater pre-fledging mass recession and lower oxidative status than controls, but equal aerobic capacity and energy state. Haemoglobin and dROMs, as well as metrics of growth and body size, predicted post-fledging performance in control birds, whereas weighted birds showed no correlation between fledgling state and performance. Our data suggest mass-independent development of some physiological traits in species with non-linear growth profiles, potentially with a context-dependent oxidative cost, and that physiology (not just body size) may predict post-fledging performance.</span></p>
Decoupled responses of above- and below-ground beta-diversity to nitrogen enrichment in a typical steppe
<p>Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition affects biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. However, we do not know whether the effects of N on above-ground plant β-diversity are coupled with changes occurring in the soil seed bank. We conducted a long-term N-addition experiment in a typical steppe and found that above-ground β-diversity increased and then decreased with increasing N addition, whereas below-ground β-diversity decreased linearly. This suggests decoupled dynamics of plant communities and their soil seed bank under N enrichment. Species substitution determined above- and below-ground β-diversity change via an increasing role of deterministic processes with N addition. These effects were mostly driven by differential responses of the above-ground vegetation and the soil seed bank β-diversities to N-induced changes in environmental heterogeneity, increased soil inorganic N concentrations and soil acidification. Our findings highlight the importance of considering above- and below-ground processes simultaneously for effectively conserving grassland ecosystems under N enrichment.</p>
Decoupling of nitrogen and phosphorus release from fine and coarse roots during seven years of decomposition
<ol> <li><span>Belowground litter decomposition represents an important source of the limiting nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to forest soils, but roots also immobilize these nutrients during the decomposition process.</span></li> <li> <span>Despite clear implications for soil fertility, the rates and drivers of nutrient immobilization and release </span><span>(as the percent of increase and decrease of the initial pool) </span><span>from root litter remain poorly understood, especially in coarse roots (> 2 mm diameter).</span> </li> <li> <span>To address this gap, we conducted a seven-year field decomposition experiment using roots from three species, across five diameter classes (</span><span>< 1 mm, 1–2 mm, 2–5 mm, 5–10 mm, and 10–20 mm</span><span>) in a temperate forest.</span> </li> <li> <span>Nitrogen and P dynamics were largely decoupled over the course of the experiment, and both </span><span>varied </span><span>by</span><span> species and root diameter. Roots released P to the surrounding soil within the first year of decomposition. In contrast, roots immobilized N for much longer, with the coarsest roots remaining a net N sink after 7 years.</span><span> Long-term N release was jointly controlled by initial nutrient and carbon (C) quality, whereas P release and decomposition rate </span><span>were</span><span> better predicted by initial C quality. Initial root nutrients well predicted the difference between long-term N versus P release.</span> </li> <li> <span><em>Synthesis</em>.</span><span> Our results highlight the fact that N and P dynamics should be considered separately when modelling nutrient release during root decomposition and suggest that the functional diversity of belowground biomass may have considerable afterlife effects on the relative availability of N and P in soil. We conclude that root litter, especially coarse root litter, represents a</span><span>n</span><span> underappreciated N sink in forest soils.</span> </li> </ol>
Decoupling of uptake and transport-related traits in absorptive roots across coexisting herbaceous species in alpine meadows
<div>The anatomical structure of roots determines their function. Coexisting species complementarily forage nutrients by roots themselves (e.g., root strategy) and their fungal partners (e.g., mycorrhizal strategy), leading to a tradeoff between root strategy and mycorrhizal strategy. However, few studies have specifically evaluated whether and how the root anatomical structures are involved in this tradeoff, especially for species in alpine ecosystems limited by extreme climate.Here, absorptive root anatomical and chemical traits and three key root traits commonly associated with nutrient foraging strategies, i.e., root strategy indicated by first-order root length and root branching intensity and mycorrhizal strategy indicated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization, were examined across 68 herbaceous species in alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau.We observed that absorptive roots with higher branching intensity had more protoxylem poles, thinner cortices and smaller cortical cells, whereas absorptive roots with higher mycorrhizal colonization and longer first-order roots consistently had thicker cortices and larger cortical cells. Unexpectedly, root cortical traits responsible for nutrient uptake were decoupled from stelar traits specialized in water and nutrient transportation. The decoupling may be related to the non-coordinated changes in soil water and nutrient availability in the meadows of the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, we found that root cortical thickness and stelar radius increased at a similar rate rather than well-reported different rates with increasing root diameter. Our results demonstrate that root internal makeup plays an integral role in forming the diverse nutrient foraging strategies in belowground. These findings provide new insights into our understanding of plant coexistence and responses of alpine meadows to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.</div>
Decoupling the rheological responses of a soft solid emulsion with liquid inclusions
<p>Data used to write the paper Decoupling the rheological responses of a soft solid emulsion with liquid inclusions submitted to Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter for the Focus Issue on Materials with Liquid Inclusions (DOI: 10.1088/1361-648X/ad61ad)</p>
CESM2 Mechanically Decoupled (MD) for "Summer westerly wind intensification weakens Southern Ocean seasonal cycle under global warming" - submitted to Geophysical Research Letters
<p>CESM2 Experiment names:</p> <ul> <li>MD = mechanically decoupled model (referred to as MD in paper)</li> <li>FC = fully coupled model (referred to as FC in paper)</li> </ul> <p>Decoding file names:</p> <ul> <li>ensmean refers to ensemble mean</li> <li>trend refers to linear trend over 1950-2014</li> </ul> <p>Variables:</p> <ul> <li>SST = sea surface temperature</li> <li>HMXL = mixed layer depth</li> <li>WSPDSRFAV = horizontal total wind speed average at the surface</li> </ul>
Data for "Diel Variability and Decoupled pH-Oxygen Dynamics Drive Metabolic Plasticity in Kelp Crabs from an Upwelling Seascape".
<p>Data for “<span>Diel Variability and Decoupled pH-Oxygen Dynamics Drive Metabolic Plasticity in Kelp Crabs from an Upwelling Seascape</span>”.</p> <p>By Vargas, C.A. et al.</p> <p> </p> <p>Two files:</p> <p>Readme.txt</p> <p>Diel cycle Taliepus upwelling dataset.xlsx</p> <p> </p> <p>-Sheet “Upwelling index” Time-series of “u” and “v” component of the wind, and calculated upwelling index (UI) for two coastal sites in Arauco Gulf, an upwelling shadow (US) area, and an active upwelling (AU) area. Dataset used in Figure 1A.</p> <p>-Sheet “Time series”. Time-series data of seawater temperature (T), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH for an upwelling shadow (US) area, and an active upwelling (AU) area. T in ºC, DO in mg L-1, and pH units. Dataset used in Figure 1D, E, Figure 2A, B, C, and Figure 3A, B, C, D.</p> <p>-Sheet “O2 consumption and C production”. Results data for oxygen consumption (umol O2 g-1 h-1), carbon production (umol C g-1 h-1), and respiratory quotient (RQ) during incubations. Datast used in Figure 5A, B, C, D, E, F.</p> <p>-Sheet “Glucose and lactate content”. Results data for hemolymph pH, glucose and lactate content (mg mg-tissue-1) in Taliepus dentatus muscle during incubations. Datast used in Figure 6A, B, C, D, E, F.</p> <p>All date and time (Date_Time) data format (mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm:ss)</p>
Data and files for: Decoupling cooperation and punishment in humans shows that punishment is not an altruistic trait
<p>Economic experiments have suggested that cooperative humans will altruistically match local levels of cooperation ('conditional cooperation') and pay to punish non-cooperators ('altruistic punishment'). Evolutionary models have suggested that if altruists punish non-altruists this could favour the evolution of costly helping behaviours (cooperation) among strangers. An often-key requirement is that helping behaviours and punishing behaviours form one single, conjoined trait ('strong reciprocity'). Previous economics experiments have provided support for the hypothesis that punishment and cooperation form one conjoined, altruistically motivated, trait. However, such a conjoined trait may be evolutionarily unstable, and previous experiments have confounded a fear of being punished with being surrounded by cooperators, two factors that could favour cooperation. Here, we experimentally decouple the fear of punishment from a cooperative environment and allow cooperation and punishment behaviour to freely separate (420 participants). We show, that if a minority of individuals are made immune to punishment, they (1) learn to stop cooperating on average despite being surrounded by high levels of cooperation, contradicting the idea of conditional cooperation; and (2) often continue to punish, 'hypocritically', showing that cooperation and punishment do not form one, altruistically motivated, linked trait.</p>
Challenging a host-pathogen paradigm: Susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is decoupled from genetic erosion
<p>The putatively positive association between host genetic diversity and the ability to defend against pathogens has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the chytrid fungus <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>), has emerged in recent decades as a cause of dramatic declines and extinctions across the amphibian clade. Bd susceptibility can vary widely across populations of the same species, but the relationship between standing genetic diversity and susceptibility has remained notably underexplored so far. Here, we focus on a putatively <em>Bd</em>-naive system of two mainland and two island populations of the common toad (<em>Bufo bufo</em>) at the edge of the species' range, and use controlled infection experiments and dd-RAD sequencing of >10,000 SNPs across 95 individuals to characterise the role of host population identity, genetic variation and individual body mass in mediating host response to the pathogen. We found strong genetic differentiation between populations and marked variation in their susceptibility to Bd. This variation was not, however, governed by isolation-mediated genetic erosion, and individual heterozygosity was even found to be negatively correlated with survival. Individual survival during infection experiments was strongly positively related to body mass, which itself was unrelated to population of origin or heterozygosity. Our findings underscore the general importance of context-dependency when assessing the role of host genetic variation for the ability of defence against pathogens.</p>
Bamboo climatic tolerances are decoupled from leaf functional traits across an Andean elevation gradient
Widespread changes in temperature and precipitation patterns present plant species with new and combined stresses that affect their performance and distribution. Functional traits are indicators of plant resource use-acquisition strategies and thus they are commonly used to understand the geographic distributions of plant species and species' potential responses to climate change. To date, most studies have targeted a few easy-to-measure leaf traits even though other traits, such as climatic tolerances, could provide valuable information directly related with species' current and future distributions. Here, we measured both leaf functional traits and indices of physiological tolerance to heat (T50) and drought (Cell Membrane Stability) in 28 woody bamboo populations from 22 narrow-ranged species along a > 3000 m elevation gradient in the southern Peruvian Andes. We found that bamboo leaf functional traits remain fairly constant with a combination indicative of an acquisitive strategy (low leaf mass area and high nitrogen per mass) along the elevation gradient, despite drastic changes in environment and fast species turnover. Heat and drought tolerances of bamboos varied widely along the gradient and were negatively correlated to each other. Drought tolerance of bamboo populations was positively related with elevation and with precipitation seasonality while heat tolerance decreased at higher, colder elevations. When analyzed for individuals within each species or for individuals within each elevation, the two metrics of climatic tolerances did not show a consistent relationship, contrasting with the expectation of a potential trade-off between heat and drought tolerance. We also found that the measured leaf functional traits were not good predictors of climatic tolerances. Our results illustrate the diversity and complexity of the relationships between functional strategies and environmental gradients and highlight the limitations of using basic (i.e., "soft") leaf traits to understand plant distributions and climatic tolerances.
Data for: Industrial energy development decouples ungulate migration from the green wave
<p>The ability to freely move across the landscape to track the emergence of nutritious spring green-up (termed "green-wave surfing"), is key to the foraging strategy of migratory ungulates. Across the vast landscapes traversed by many migratory herds, habitats are being altered by development with unknown consequences for surfing. Using a unique long-term tracking dataset, we found that when energy development occurs within mule deer (<em>Odocoileus hemionus</em>) migration corridors, migrating animals become decoupled from the green wave. During the early phases of a coalbed natural gas development, deer synchronized their movements with peak green-up. But faced with increasing disturbance as development expanded, deer altered their movements by holding up at the edge of the gas field and letting the green wave pass them by. Development often modified only a small portion of the migration corridor but had far-reaching effects on behavior before and after migrating deer encountered it, thus reducing surfing along the entire route by 38.65% over the 14-year study period. Our study suggests that industrial development within migratory corridors can change the behavior of migrating ungulates and diminish the benefits of migration. Such disruptions to migratory behavior present a common mechanism whereby corridors become unprofitable and could ultimately be lost on highly developed landscapes.</p>
Decoupled hydroclimate of Central and Southwestern Iran controlled by the strength of southerly-westerly jets during Marine Isotope Stage 3
<p><span>Abstract</span></p> <p><span>The regional impact of abrupt glacial climate variability remains poorly constrained for arid southwestern Asia, particularly winter dynamics during Marine Isotope Stage 3, due to limited paleoarchives in the Middle East. Here, we present novel continuous speleothem records of δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C for Southwestern and Central Iran, spanning the interval ~50-30 ka. Stable-isotope signals in the two stalagmites are generally uncorrelated and do not exhibit a consistent response</span><span> </span><span>to Greenland stadials or interstadials; however, both show a positive δ<sup>18</sup>O excursion that coincides with Heinrich event 4. We explore the potential mechanisms for intermittent coupling of speleothem </span><span>δ</span><sup><span>18</span></sup><span>O across Iran through isotope-enabled atmospheric modelling outputs, from which we utilize the spatial </span><span>δ</span><sup><span>18</span></sup><span>O gradient as a proxy for wintertime westerly vs. southerly jet strength. Our results suggest that during Heinrich event 4 and several Greenland stadials, stronger westerly winds enhanced Mediterranean moisture contributions to both sites and reduced aridity in southern Iran.</span></p>
Symbionts out of sync: decoupled physiological responses are widespread and ecologically important in lichen associations
<p>A core vulnerability in symbioses is the need for coordination between the symbiotic partners, which are often assumed to be closely physiologically integrated. We critically re-examine this assumed integration in lichen symbioses, recovering a long overlooked yet fundamental physiological asymmetry in carbon balance. We examine the physiological, ecological and transcriptional basis of this asymmetry in the lichen <em>Evernia mesomorpha</em>. This carbon balance asymmetry depends on hydration source and aligns with climatic range limits. Differences in gene expression across the <em>E. mesomorpha</em> symbiosis suggest that the physiologies of the primary lichen symbionts are decoupled. Furthermore, we use gas-exchange data to show that asymmetries in carbon balance are widespread and common across evolutionarily disparate lichen associations. Using carbon balance asymmetry as an example, we provide evidence for the wide-ranging importance of physiological asymmetries in symbioses.</p>
Source data - Engineering Modular and Tunable Single Molecule Sensors by Decoupling Sensing from Signal Output
<p>Research data supporting the findings of "<em>Engineering Modular and Tunable Single Molecule Sensors by Decoupling Sensing from Signal Output</em>" by Lennart Grabenhorst, Martina Pfeiffer, Thea Schinkel, Mirjam Kümmerlin, Gereon A. Brüggenthies, Jasmin B. Maglic, Florian Selbach, Alexander T. Murr, Philip Tinnefeld and Viktorija Glembockyte. For questions concerning this data, please reach out to Philip Tinnefeld or Viktorija Glembockyte.</p>
Considering decoupled phenotypic diversification between ontogenetic phases in macroevolution: An example using Triggerfishes (Balistidae)
<p>Across the Tree of Life, most studies of phenotypic disparity and diversification have been restricted to adult organisms. However, many lineages have distinct ontogenetic phases that differ from their adult forms in morphology and ecology. Focusing disproportionately on the evolution of adult forms unnecessarily hinders our understanding of the pressures shaping evolution over time. Non-adult disparity patterns are particularly important to consider for coastal ray-finned fishes, which often have juvenile phases with distinct phenotypes. These juvenile forms are often associated with sheltered nursery environments, with phenotypic shifts between adults and juvenile stages that are readily apparent in locomotor morphology. Whether this ontogenetic variation in locomotor morphology reflects a decoupling of diversification dynamics between life stages remains unknown. Here we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of locomotor morphology between adult and juvenile triggerfishes. We integrate a time-calibrated phylogenetic framework with geometric morphometric approaches and measurement data of fin aspect ratio and incidence and reveal a mismatch between morphospace occupancy, the evolution of morphological disparity, and the tempo of trait evolution between life stages. Collectively, our results illuminate how the heterogeneity of morpho-functional adaptations can decouple the mode and tempo of morphological diversification between ontogenetic stages.</p>
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