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Figure 2 in Use of time-at-temperature data to describe dive behavior in five species of sympatric deep-diving toothed whales

Figure 2. Mean locations of time-at-temperature (TAT) histograms and time-at-depth (TAD) histograms from transmitter tags deployed on each of five species in the Great Bahama Canyon: (a) melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra, NSPOT = 9, NSPLASH = 4), (b) shortfinned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus, NSPOT = 12, NSPLASH = 3), (c) sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, NSPOT=21, NSPLASH = 6), (d) Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris, NSPOT = 3, NSPLASH = 9), and (e) Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris, NSPOT = 1, NSPLASH = 6). The mean locations were derived by fitting a movement model (Johnson et al. 2008) to smooth and filter irregularly spaced Argos telemetry estimates from SPOT and SPLASH tags, respectively. The study area boundary and U.S. Navy's Atlantic Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) are also shown.

Figure 5 in Use of time-at-temperature data to describe dive behavior in five species of sympatric deep-diving toothed whales

Figure 5. Boxplots comparing approximate dive depth distributions derived using time-attemperature (TAT) data from SPOT satellite tags, to time-at-depth (TAD) summaries, generated from directly observed dive depth time series from SPLASH satellite tag deployments on (a) melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra), (b) short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), (c) sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), (d) Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris), and (e) Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris). Mean of bottom depths (MBD) at the continuous time correlated random walk (CTCRW) maximum likelihood estimated locations of TAT histograms are shown on each plot.

Figure 4 in Use of time-at-temperature data to describe dive behavior in five species of sympatric deep-diving toothed whales

Figure 4. Illustrating three representations of 8.5 d time series of melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra, (a–c), and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus, (d–f) time-at-temperature (TAT) histograms. Column 1 shows the median and variability in the proportion of time spent in 12 depth/temperature strata in a box-plot representation. Column 2 shows a time series representation with a fixed depth scale and variable box dimensions representing the local estimated depths of TAT strata. Column 3 shows the same data in an analogous representation, but with a depth scale that indicates the study-area-wide central tendency of isotherm depths and internal box dimensions that remain fixed.

Figure 3 in Use of time-at-temperature data to describe dive behavior in five species of sympatric deep-diving toothed whales

Figure 3. Prediction surfaces of the (a) linearly approximated depth observations and estimated mean depth field of three example isotherms (8°C, 14°C, and 20°C), that were predicted using five interpolation methods: (b) 0.5° grid cell mean, (c) HYCOM reanalysis, (d) quadratic linear model, (e) objective analysis based on the quadratic linear model, and (f) generalized additive model. The color scale in each panel represents a 250 m range centered on median observed depth of each displayed isotherm, thus the relatively muted color contrast in the 20°C series of plots reflects the lower total variability in isotherm depth at this temperature level when compared with the 8°C and 14°C series of plots.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Extending full-plate tectonic models into deep time: Linking the Neoproterozoic and the Phanerozoic

This file describes the plate model accompanying Merdith et al. (in review), 'A continuous, kinematic full-plate motion model from 1 Ga to present'.  It is a compilation of four plate models: Domeier (2016; 2018); Merdith et al. (2017); Young et al. (2019) and presented purely in a palaeomagnetic reference frame derived from Tetley (2018). This directory contains Merdith_etal_2021_ESR_v1.2.4.gproj, which is a GPlates project file that will load the following: 1000_0_rotfile_Merdith_etal.rot - the Global Rotation Model but with a purely paleomagnetic reference frame 1000_410-*{Convergence/Divergence/Transform/Topologies}-Merdith_etal.gpml - the plate topologies for 1000 to 410 Ma 410-250_plate_bounds_Merdith_etal.gpml - the plate topologies for 410 to 250 Ma 250-0_plate_bounds_Merdith_etal.gpml - the plate topologies for 250 to 0 Ma TopologyBuildingBlocks_Merdith_etal.gpml - building blocks for some topologies between 410 and 0 Ma coastlines_Merdith_etal.gpml - a Global Coastline file (mainly for the past 400 Ma) continents_Merdith_etal.gpml - a Global Continent shapes file (for the past 1 Ga) cratons_Merdith_etal.gpml - a Global cratonic shapes file (for the past 1 Ga) static_polygons_Merdith_etal.gpml - a Global static polygon file (for the past 1 Ga) 1000-410_poles.gpml - collection of palaeomagnetic data used to constrain the model between 1000 and 410 Ma (corresponds to Table 1 in the associated publication) For the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the plates comprising the Pacific Ocean traditionally move in a separate reference to the other ocean basins and continental motions, instead defined by hotspot motion. In order to preserve the plate motion of the Pacific relative to the continental domains where the new GAPWAP was implemented, we extracted relative plate rotations between the Pacific (plateID: 901) and Africa (plateID: 701) in 5 Ma intervals between 250 and 83 Ma from the Young et al. (2019) model, which has been corrected for errata as discussed in Torsvik et al. (2019). This results in the same relative motion of all Pacific plates to continental plates; however it slightly alters the absolute position of the Pacific plates between 250 and 83 Ma. Studies interested in short(er) timescale (< 5 Ma) analysis or absolute plate motions should use a different model that explicitly links plate motion with the mantle (e.g. (Muller et al. 2019; Tetley et al. 2019)). To be clear, if you want to analyse the Pacific Ocean, including hotspot motion, Hawaiian-Emperor Bend kinematics etc. you should not use this model. To load these datasets in GPlates do the following: 1.  Open GPlates 2.  Pull down the GPlates File menu and select Open Project 3.  Click to select the GPROJ file 4.  Click Open Alternatively, drag and drop the GPROJ file onto the globe. You now have a global present day continents loaded in GPlates as well as the underlying rotation model and evolving plate topologies.  Play around with the GPlates buttons to make an animation, select features, draw features, etc. For more information, read the GPlates manual which can be downloaded from <a href="https://www.gplates.org">www.gplates.org.</a>  The agegrids associated with this model were subsquently developed as part of the <a href="../records/10910449" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Muller et al. 2022</a> model and can be accessed at: <a href="https://repo.gplates.org/webdav/PlateModel_Age_SR_Grids/Muller_etal_2022_SE/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://repo.gplates.org/webdav/PlateModel_Age_SR_Grids/Muller_etal_2022_SE/</a>.

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Deep-time convergent evolution in animal communication presented by shared adaptations for coping with noise in lizards and other animals

Convergence in communication appears rare compared to other forms of adaptation. This is puzzling, given communication is acutely dependent on the environment and expected to converge in form when animals communicate in similar habitats. We uncover deep-time convergence in territorial communication between two groups of tropical lizards separated by over 140 million years of evolution: the Southeast Asian Draco and Caribbean Anolis. These groups have repeatedly converged in multiple aspects of display along common environmental gradients. Robot playbacks to free-ranging lizards confirmed the most prominent convergence in display is adaptive, as it improves signal detection. We then provide evidence from a sample of the literature to further show convergent adaptation among highly divergent animal groups is almost certainly widespread in nature. Signal evolution is therefore curbed towards the same set of adaptive solutions, especially when animals are challenged with the problem of communicating effectively in noisy environments.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Dataset: Variation in leaf reflectance spectra across the California flora partitioned by evolutionary history, geographic origin, and deep time

We collected leaf reflectance data from plants in a common garden where plants from across California are grown. We focused on 10 regions of the California Floristic Province represented at the Regional Parks Botanic Garden (RPBG). During the summer of 2020 and the early-fall of 2021, we visited RPBG with a back-pack spectroradiometer (ASD Fieldspec 4 and Fieldspec Pro) with an attached leaf clip and plant probe with its own light source (part number A122327). From each accessible plant we collected leaf-level reflectance spectra (380 to 2500 nm, 3 nm in the VNIR, 10 nm in the SWIR) from ~3 representative leaves). This dataset includes 631 region-by-species mean leaf-level reflectance spectra, both in raw reflectance as well as subjected to Continuum Removal.

Fig. 5 in Deep time extinction of largest insular ant predators and the first fossil Neoponera (Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Miocene age Dominican amber

Fig. 5 Size distribution of extant and extinct ant predators on Hispaniola. Principal component 1 derived from PCA of three morphometric traits across taxa. Fossil ants (yellow) exhibit larger body sizes than extant taxa (gray) on average and among extremes. Note: plot includes alate (queen) specimens, including the largest known fossil ant species, an undescribed Fulakora queen

Fig. 4 in Deep time extinction of largest insular ant predators and the first fossil Neoponera (Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Miocene age Dominican amber

Fig. 4 Morphospace of Hispaniolan predatory ants in fossil and extant communities. Morphometric data comprise head length, head width, and Weber's length across 35 extant and 26 fossil species

Fig. 1 in Deep time extinction of largest insular ant predators and the first fossil Neoponera (Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Miocene age Dominican amber

Fig. 1 Photomicrographs of Neoponera vejestoria sp. nov. (Holotype, MNHNSD FOS 18.01). A Head in frontal view. B Body in dorsal view. C Body in lateral view. Scale bars: A 1 mm; B, C 2 mm

Fig. 3 in Deep time extinction of largest insular ant predators and the first fossil Neoponera (Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Miocene age Dominican amber

Fig. 3 Principal component analysis morphospace of Neoponera ants according to species group. The sampling comprised 47 species represented by 12 linear morphological measurements. PC1 corresponds with the overall body size. Neoponera vejestoria is denoted with the blue star. The first five principal components of the Neoponera dataset make up 98% of the total variance. Principal component 1 comprises 84.14% of the variance; principal component 2 reflects the overall body shape, mainly in the pronotal width and petiolar dimensions (see Additional file 1: Fig. S4), comprising 5.61% of the variance

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

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Data from: Frog limbs in deep time: is jumping locomotion at the roots of the anuran Bauplan?

The unique body plan of frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) has been largely conserved from at least 200 Myr and its evolution from a more generalized tetrapod condition is still poorly understood, in part due to the scarce early fossil record of Salientia, the anuran total-group. The origin of the anuran Bauplan has been classically explained as an adaptation to jumping, but recent studies incorporating new data in a phylogenetic context have challenged the popular jumping hypothesis. Here we revisit and test this hypothesis from a palaeobiological perspective by integrating limb data from a wide range of extant and fossil frogs. We first explored the evolution of limb proportions from the Jurassic to the Paleogene to understand when the present limb diversity originated and whether, and to what extent, limb proportions have been conserved over the last 200 Myr. We then inferred the locomotor capabilities of extinct species by phylogenetic flexible discriminant analysis and, from these inferences, we studied the locomotor diversity of frogs over geological time and reconstructed the ancestral state for frog-like salientians. The evolution of limb proportions is characterized by an early diversification that was underway in the Jurassic, followed by a repeated convergence over a limited area of the morphospace that was already explored by the Early Cretaceous. In agreement with this early limb diversity, the Jurassic stem species were also locomotory diverse and their inferred locomotor modes do not support the jumping hypothesis. We propose that the patterns found herein of repeated convergent evolution of both limb proportions and locomotor capabilities over geological time hamper any attempt to confidently infer the ancestral locomotion mode and, therefore, it might be time to start focusing on other hypotheses on the origin of the anuran Bauplan that are not related to locomotion.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Data for "ChickenSense: A low-cost deep learning-based solution for real-time poultry feed intake monitoring using sound technology"

The dataset includes two types of data: scale and audio. The scale data is recorded using a hanging scale and measures the feeders' weight with a 5 Hz frequency. The audio data contains 1824 hours of recorded audio using a piezo-electric sensor attached to a bucket feeder to capture vibrations as audio signals with a sampling rate of 48 kHz. Each .wav file contains 15 minutes of audio recording. Along with the raw data, a part of the dataset containing 36 30-second audio recordings was sampled and labeled in four classes, including pecking, singing, anomaly, and silence, resulting in 3319 labeled events.