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360 results for “Defence”
Fig. 2 in The almost invisible league: crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators
Fig. 2. Three members of the almost invisible league: Priocharax ariel (top centre), Palaemonetes carteri (bottom left), Microphilypnus amazonicus (bottom right) in aquarium under artificial light. Same specimens as in Fig. 1 except for M. amazonicus (17.8 mm SL, INPA 25244).
Fig. 5. A in The almost invisible league: crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators
Fig. 5. A juvenile Centropomus mexicanus (12.9 mm SL, ZUEC 6171) gorged with eleotrid fish prey, photographed in field aquarium under artificial light.
Fig. 1 in The almost invisible league: crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators
Fig. 1. The studied igapó habitat in Amazonia (top left) with leaf-litter debris on the bottom; the eleotrid fish Microphilypnus amazonicus camouflaged on a decomposing leaf (17.5 mm SL, INPA 25244, top right), the characid fish Priocharax ariel hovering in the water column close to a dead leaf (14.3 mm SL, INPA 25243, bottom left), and the palaemonid shrimp Palaemonetes carteri crawling on a dead leaf (23. 7 mm TL, INPA 1432, bottom right). The cryptic effect of each species' colour pattern is lessened under artificial light (photographed in aquarium).
Fig. 4. A in The almost invisible league: crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators
Fig. 4. A larval Eleotris pisonis (8.8 mm SL, ZUEC 6169, left) and a juvenile Eucinostomus melanopterus (11.3 mm SL, ZUEC 5378, right) photographed in field aquarium under artificial light.
Figure 9. Mapped and reconstructed soldier head shapes positioned across a Termitidae phylogeny. Nodes a–g in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 9. Mapped and reconstructed soldier head shapes positioned across a Termitidae phylogeny. Nodes a–g are referred to in the text.
Figure 10 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 10. The EES axes and values of morphometric variation that support a revised soldier defence classification. a, Planicapritermes; b, Dihoplotermes; c, Cavitermes; d, Termes.
Figure 4 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 4. Outline data treatment for eigenshape analysis. Original outline described by 300 x,y points: S, start point; F, finish point; LM, landmark point. Converted to 250 equally spaced x,y coordinate points of the open outline. x,y plot of the f points with a 99% tolerance criterion to retain the outline between LM, S and F points.
Figure 2. x,y in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 2. x,y coordinate outline data are converted to a series of f (angular deviation) data points, which have been plotted. The position of the geometric landmark for extended eigenshape analysis is labelled.
Figure 1 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 1. The soldier termite mechanical defensive mechanisms described by Prestwich (1984). Reprinted with permission, from the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 29 © 1984 by Annual Reviews http://www.annualreviews.org
Figure 5. Head capsule EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 5. Head capsule EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of dorsal head capsule shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 3 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 3. Soldier head features independently analysed; straight lines represent the size measurements: dots, landmark points; S, start point; F, finish point.
Data and code for analysis in "Fighting over defence chemicals disrupts mating behaviour"
<p>Data and annotated code for analysis in "Fighting over defence chemicals disrupts mating behaviour". The point at which each data sheet is used in the analysis is specified in the code and code for each respective figure in paper is also given. A renv lockfile is also included for version control, but all package versions are also included in paper's methods section.</p>
Data from: the flashy escape: support for dynamic flash colouration as anti-predator defence
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Pollen chemical and mechanical defences restrict host-plant use by bees
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Data for: Maternal provisioning of offspring with defence chemicals in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect
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Ripple effects in a communication network: Anti-eavesdropper defence elicits elaborated sexual signals in rival males
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Data and Code from Pritchard & Vallejo-Marin (2020) "Floral vibrations by buzz-pollinating bees achieve higher frequency, velocity and acceleration than flight and defence vibrations"
<p>Data and Code from Pritchard & Vallejo-Marin (2020) "Floral vibrations by buzz-pollinating bees achieve higher frequency, velocity and acceleration than flight and defence vibrations" Journal of Experimental Biology. doi: 10.1242/jeb.220541</p>
Data from: The effect of root-associated microbes on plant growth and chemical defence traits across two contrasted elevations,
<p>1. Ecotypic differences in plant growth and anti-herbivore defence phenotypes are determined by the complex interactions between the abiotic and the biotic environment.</p> <p>2. Root-associated microbes (RAMs) are pervasive in nature, vary over climatic gradients, and have been shown to influence the expression of multiple plant functional traits related to biomass accumulation and biotic interactions. We addressed how variation in climatic conditions between lowland and sub-alpine habitats in the Alps and RAMs can independently or interactively affect plant growth and anti-herbivore defence trait expression.</p> <p>3. To address the contribution of climate and RAMs on growth and chemical defences of high- and low-elevation Plantago major ecotypes, we performed a full-factorial reciprocal transplant field experiment at two elevations. We coupled it with plant functional trait measurements and metabolomics analyses.</p> <p>4. We found that local growing climatic conditions mostly influenced how the ecotypes grew, but we also found that the high- and low-elevation ecotypes improved biomass accumulation if in the presence of their own-elevation RAMs. Second, we found that while chemical defence expression was affected by climate, they were also more highly expressed when plants were inoculated with low elevation RAMs.</p> <p>5. Synthesis – Our research demonstrated that RAMs from contrasted elevations impact how plants grow or synthesize toxic secondary metabolites. At low elevation, where biotic interactions are stronger, RAMs enhance plant biomass accumulation and the production of toxic secondary metabolites.</p>
Effects of soil salinity on the expression of direct and indirect defences in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
<p>Previous studies have reported effects of abiotic factors on herbivore-induced plant defences based on effects on single plant traits. However, plants commonly express multiple defences simultaneously and these traits are often correlated. Thus, a fuller understanding of abiotic-context dependency in plant defence requires measuring multiple traits and addressing their patterns of correlated expression.</p> <p>We evaluated the effects of soil salinity on the induction of direct (phenolic compounds, gossypol gland density) and indirect (volatile organic compounds, extrafloral nectar) defensive traits in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We asked whether soil salinity affects the induction of these traits, and whether it shapes trait correlations potentially underlying salinity effects on trait induction. We conducted a factorial experiment with 16 cotton genotypes where we manipulated soil salinity and defence induction by applying artificial leaf damage (25% mechanical damage and caterpillar oral secretions) and measured defence levels at different time points post-damage.</p> <p>Leaf damage induced most traits except gossypol gland density, whereas salinity did not have a mean effect (across constitutive and induced levels) on any of the measured traits. Nonetheless, salinity prevented the induction of phenolic compounds (condensed and hydrolysable tannins), and also affected trait correlations. Specifically, phenolic compounds were negatively associated with nectar production only under salinized conditions, an apparent trade-off that presumably affects the induced levels of phenolic compounds. In addition, positive correlations between phenolic compounds and gland density and root biomass observed under control conditions were lost under salinized conditions.</p> <p>By investigating the effects of soil salinity on the expression of multiple direct and indirect defensive traits and their underlying correlations, these findings build toward a better understanding of how abiotic context-dependency shapes plant allocation to and expression of multiple defensive traits.</p>
Aphid infestation differently affects the defences of nitrate-fed and nitrogenfixing Medicago truncatula and alters symbiotic nitrogen fixation
<p>Legumes can meet their nitrogen requirements through root nodule symbiosis, which could also trigger plant systemic resistance against pests. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, a legume pest, can harbour different facultative symbionts (FS) influencing various traits of their hosts. It is, therefore, worth determining if and how the symbionts of the plant and the aphid modulate their interaction. We used different pea aphid lines without FS or with a single one (Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica) to infest Medicago truncatula plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti (symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF)) or supplemented with nitrate (non-inoculated (NI)). The growth of SNF and NI plants was reduced by aphid infestation, while aphid weight (but not survival) was lowered on SNF compared to NI plants. Aphids strongly affected the plant nitrogen fixation depending on their symbiotic status, suggesting indirect relationships between aphid- and plant-associated microbes. Finally, all aphid lines triggered expression of Pathogenesis-Related Protein 1 (PR1) and Proteinase Inhibitor (PI), respective marker for salicylic and jasmonic pathways, in SNF plants, compared to only PR1 in NI plants. We demonstrate that the plant symbiotic status influences plant–aphid interactions while that of the aphid can modulate the amplitude of the plant's defence response.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.