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FIGURE 4 in A New Species of Seed-harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex hoelldobleri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from the Mohave and Sonoran Deserts of North America

FIGURE 4. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex magnacanthus Cole alate queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body.

FIGURE 1 in A New Species of Seed-harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex hoelldobleri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from the Mohave and Sonoran Deserts of North America

FIGURE 1. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex magnacanthus Cole—HOLOTYPE worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body.

FIGURE 3 in A New Species of Seed-harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex hoelldobleri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from the Mohave and Sonoran Deserts of North America

FIGURE 3. Bivariate plots for workers: (A) maximum eye diameter versus head width, (B) ocular index versus head width, and (C) malar ratio versus head width (n = 63 for P. magnacanthus Cole, n = 59 for P. hoelldobleri Johnson, Overson & Moreau, plus 16 PARATYPE workers of P. magnacanthus that do not belong to the latter species [see text], n = 25 for P. mohavensis Johnson). Non-type workers were selected to represent the geographic range of each species.

FIGURE 5 in A New Species of Seed-harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex hoelldobleri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from the Mohave and Sonoran Deserts of North America

FIGURE 5. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex magnacanthus Cole male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body.

FIGURE 2 in A New Species of Seed-harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex hoelldobleri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from the Mohave and Sonoran Deserts of North America

FIGURE 2. Photographs of diagnostic characters to distinguish between workers of P. magnacanthus Cole and those of P. hoelldobleri Johnson, Overson & Moreau and P. m o h a v e n s i s Johnson. Photograph of P. magnacanthus PARATYPE worker: (A) eye and malar area (MOD = 0.44, OI = 29.5, MR = 0.98), and circumocular whorls indistinct to absent, moderately granulate toward vertex, and (B) circumocular whorls present. Photograph of P. hoelldobleri worker: (C) eye and malar area for HOLOTYPE worker (MOD = 0.36, OI = 23.2, MR = 1.17), and absence of circumocular whorls—rugae converging near vertex, and (D) absence of circumocular whorls—area posterior to eyes with faint rugae. Photograph of P. m o h a v e n s i s worker: (E) eye and malar area for PARATYPE worker (MOD = 0.33, OI = 21.7, MR = 1.36), and absence of circumocular whorlsrugae extending to vertex, with rugae becoming weak to absent on/near vertex, and (F) absence of circumocular whorls—rugae extending to vertex; vertex rugose.

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Figure 1 in Evolutionary reduction of female dispersal in Cataglyphis desert ants

Figure 1. External morphology of queen thorax in Cataglyphis (a) flying (C. bombycina) and (b) non-flying (C. velox). The relative sizes of pronotum (dorsal plate of T1) and mesonotum (T2) vary together with the presence or absence of wing muscles. The metanotum (T3) is reduced in all flying Hymenoptera.

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Figure 2 in Evolutionary reduction of female dispersal in Cataglyphis desert ants

Figure 2. Presence or absence of wing muscles inside Cataglyphis queen thorax. Thick parallel muscle fibres (only longitudinal seen in this plane) are present in (a) young queen of C. emmae, but completely absent in (b) brachypterous queen of C. hispanica. Phragmata are indicated with arrows (posterior phragma absent in C. hispanica).

Fig.5 in Neuroplasticity in desert ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - importance for the ontogeny of navigation

Fig.5: 3odel for processing of navigational information and sites of structural synaptic neuroplasticity in visual pathways after first sensory exposure and following learning walks. The left side depicts sensory input from the panoramic scenery, the geo- magnetic field and the sky polarization pattern with the position of the sun.Directional sky-compass information (compass cues: global vector) is processed via the anterior optic tract (AOT) to the lateral (LX) and central complex (CX), whereas snapshots from panoramic information (panoramic memories, local vectors) are processed via the anterior superior optic tract (ASOT) to the mushroom bodies (MB). The large difference in the numbers of plastic synaptic complexes (microglomeruli,MG) at the input of the MB and LX indicated in magenta. The sensory pathways for geomagnetic information, the input of the endogenous clock for time-compensation, the connection from the MB output to the CX, and connections to the motor output are still hypothetical and depicted as dashed lines. Regions of structural (synaptic) neuroplasticity and potentially affected downstream connections highlighted in magenta (see text for details). Further abbreviations: AOTU anterior optic tubercle, KC Kenyon cell, LA lamina, LO lobula, MBON mushroom body output neuron, ME medulla, TL tangential neuron.

Fig.1 in Neuroplasticity in desert ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - importance for the ontogeny of navigation

Fig.1: Individual life history and natural habitats of Cataglyphis ants. (A) The ants spend c. 4 weeks in the dark nest perform- ing interior tasks (callow, interior I, II) before they move on to perform learning walks close to the nest entrance for 2 - 3 days and finally to foraging using path integration and guidance by the panoramic scenery for c. 7 days until the ants die. The daily course of the sun (solar ephemeris) depicted as accumulated snapshots of different horizontal (azimuthal) positions across the sky together with visual panorama elements (in green) used for navigation. Further details in the text. (B) Natural habitat of Cataglyphis fortis and experimental test field in Tunisia (3enzel Chaker, Tunisia 34°57'N, 10°24'E). (C) Natural habitat of Cataglyphis nodus and experimental test field in Southern Greece. Fhotograph in (C) by Fauline Fleischmann (Schinias National Fark near 3arathon, Greece 38°08'N, 24°02'E).

Fig.4 in Neuroplasticity in desert ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - importance for the ontogeny of navigation

Fig.4: Wuantitative analyses of structural synaptic plasticity in visual integration centers in the lateral complex (LX) and mush- room body (MB) of Cataglyphis brains. (A) Anti-synapsin immunolabeled distinct synaptic complexes in the MB (visual) collar. The position in the brain indicated by the square in the 3B-calyx collarin (C). (B) Anti-synapsin and f-actinphalloidin co-labeled synaptic complexes in the bulb of the lateral complex (LX). The position in the brain indicated by the rectangle in the LX in (C). The density and numbers of synaptic complexes in the MB calyx (A) and lateral complex (B) are quantified using computer guided analyses.Scale bar in (B), also valid for (A) = 10 —m. (C) Brain of Cataglyphis fortis labeled with an antibody to synapsin (magenta), f-actin stained with phallodin (green) and cell nuclei labeled with Hoechst 3458 (blue). Scale bar = 100 —m. (D) 3D reconstruction and surface rendering of the individual components of the mushroom body (upper, frontal view) and central complex (lower, ventral view) for volume analyses in the brain of Cataglyphis nodus. Scale bar = 100 —m. Further abbreviations: co collar, EB ellipsoid body, FB fan-shaped body, NO noduli,PB protocerebral bridge, li lip. Combined from STIEB & al.2012 (C) and GROB & al. (2017) (D). Whole mount images in (A) and (B) provided by Kornelia Grübel.

Fig.3 in Neuroplasticity in desert ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - importance for the ontogeny of navigation

Fig.3: Two major visual pathways in the Cataglyphis brain. The visual pathway to the central complex (CX pathway, or sky-compass pathway) depicted in the right brain hemisphere of a C.fortis brain, the visual pathway to the mushroom body (MB pathway) shown on the left side. Brain labeled with an antibody to synapsin (magenta), f-actin staining by phallodin (green) and detection of cell nuclei by Hoechst 3458 (blue).Scale bar = 200 —m.Further abbreviations:AL antennal lobe,AOT anterior optic tract,AOTU anterior optic tubercle, ASOT anterior superior optic tract, co collar, CX central complex, DRA dorsal rim area, LA lamina, li lip, LO lobula, LX lateral complex, ME medulla. The brain image is from STIEB & al.(2012), and pathways combined from results by SCHMITT & al.(2016) and GROB & al. (2017).

Fig.2 in Neuroplasticity in desert ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - importance for the ontogeny of navigation

Fig.2: Learning walks in Cataglyphis nodus. (Left) Path and time course of an individual learning walk around the nest entrance (black star). Time is color coded, and indicated on the left, the compass (red) is pointing north (N). Firouettes, characteristic body rotations during which the antsstop to look back to the nest entrance indicated by arrows depicting the view direction during the longest stopping phases. Scale bar = 5cm. (Upper right) Mean gaze directions during the longest stopping phases in pirouettesare not significantly different from the nest direction (the inner circle indicates Rayleigh's critical value α = 0.05; further details in FLEISCHMANN & al. 2017). (Lower right) Schematic drawing showing C.nodus performing a pirouette with a nest-directed view during a stopping phase. The green circular arrow shows the center of rotation during a pirouette. The alignments of views during pirouettes were measured and quantified by tracking the tip of the mandibles and the position of the thorax (yellow spots). Further details in the text.Images and graphs modified from FLEISCHMANN& al. (2017).