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Fig. 8 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 8. Disparity and diversity fluctuations through the Early and Middle Devonian; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Sum of ranges (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). B. Sum of variances (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Average displacement (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). Confidence intervals (error bars) are computed after 1000 bootstraps. See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 1 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of Morocco (modified from Klug 2002b). The square shows the area where Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids are reported (Tafilalt and Ma'der basins).

Fig. 2 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic scheme for the Early and Middle Devonian of the Anti-Atlas of Morocco, showing the distribution of superfamilies through time. Ammonoid biozonation from (Klug 2002a; Aboussalam and Becker 2011; Bockwinkel et al. 2015; Becker et al. 2019). Absolute ages from the Geological Time Scale v. 5.0 (Walker et al. 2018). "Sobolewia sp. nov." and "Afromaenioceras sp. nov" have been introduced by Becker et al. (2004), and Lunupharciceras sp. nov." by Aboussalam and Becker (2011); these new taxa have not yet been formally described but they are mentioned in several studies where they are used to establish the biozonation (e.g., Becker et al. 2004; Aboussalam and Becker 2011).

Fig. 10 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 10. Disparity and diversity fluctuations through the Early and Middle Devonian ammonoid zones (biozones numbered from 1 to 30, see Fig. 2); based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Sum of ranges (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). B. Sum of variances (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Average displacement black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). Confidence intervals (error bars) are computed after 1000 bootstraps.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Data from 'Disparate inventories of hypoxia gene sets across corals align with inferred environmental resilience'

Aquatic deoxygenation has been flagged as an overlooked but key factor driving mass bleaching-induced coral mortality as oxygen supplies lower to concentrations that can elicit an aerobic metabolic crisis i.e., hypoxia. Surprisingly little is known of the fundamental hypoxia responsive gene set inventory corals possess to respond to deoxygenation. It is unclear whether variation in gene copy number across species exist that potentially affect gene expression with subsequent differences in the effectiveness of a given stress response. Here, we used an ortholog-based meta-analysis to investigate how hypoxia gene inventories differed amongst coral species to assess putative copy number variation (CNV) across 24 coral protein sets from species with a sequenced genome that span corals from the robust and complex clade. We found approximately a third of the investigated genes exhibited copy number differences, and these differences were species-specific rather than the robust-complex split. Zipped folders of OrthoFinder results: 'Results_Feb16' contains results including all 24 coral species from 7 genera (Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Montastrea, Montipora, Obricella, Porites). 'gene_sets_acropora_acuminata_only' contains results including just one species per genera with Acropora acuminata. 'gene_sets_acropora_cytherea_only' contains results including just one species per genera with Acropora cytherea. 'gene_sets_acropora_digitifera_only' contains results including just one species per genera with Acropora digitifera.   Results and Interpretations from these analyses are published open access here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.834332">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.834332</a> Full citation: Alderdice R, Hume BCC, Kühl M, Pernice M, Suggett DJ, Voolstra CR. Disparate inventories of hypoxia gene sets across corals align with inferred environmental resilience. Front Mar Sci. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.834332 Scripts are available here: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6396671#.YoYpoS8RoZg">https://github.com/didillysquat/alderdice_2021</a>

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Data from: Evolution of fungal phenotypic disparity

Organismal grade multicellularity has been achieved only in animals, plants, and fungi. All three kingdoms manifest phenotypically disparate body plans, but their evolution has only been considered in detail for animals. Here we seek to test the general relevance of hypotheses on the evolution of animal body plans by characterising the evolution of fungal phenotypic variety (disparity). The distribution of living fungal form is defined by four distinct morphotypes: flagellated, zygomycetous, sac-bearing, and club-bearing. The discontinuity between morphotypes is a consequence of the extinction of phylogenetic intermediates, indicating that a complete record of fungal disparity would present a much more homogeneous distribution of form. Fungal phenotypic variety gradually expands through time for the most part but sharply increases with the emergence of multicellular body plans. Simulations show these temporal trends to be decidedly non-random, and at least partially shaped by hierarchical contingency. Fungal phenotypic distance is decoupled from changes in gene number, genome size, and taxonomic diversity. Only differences in organismal complexity, the number of traits that constitute an organism, at the cellular and multicellular levels present a meaningful relationship with fungal disparity. Both animals and fungi exhibit a gradual increase in disparity through time, resulting in distributions of form made discontinuous by the extinction of phylogenetic intermediates. These congruences hint at a common mode of multicellular body plan evolution.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

FIGURE 7. Morphological and size disparity within the latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionids. A–E in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 7. Morphological and size disparity within the latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionids. A–E. First upper molars (M1), in occlusal view, drawn to the same scale. A. Barbatodon oardaensis, right M1 UBB ODAN-Mt-13, Oarda de Jos (site TB1), southwestern Transylvanian Basin (from Codrea et al., 2014).B. Small kogaionid (Kogaionon n. sp. or Barbatodon oardaensis; see text for details), left M1 UBB (specimen number not available), Totești-baraj (site RB1), Hațeg Basin (from Codrea et al., 2002). C. Indeterminate kogaionid (?Kogaionon n. sp. in Csiki and Grigorescu, 2002), left M1 LPB (FGGUB) M.1624, Fântânele, Vălioara (site DC2), Hațeg Basin (see Csiki and Grigorescu, 2002). D. Kogaionon ungureanui, left M1 ISER SPT/001 (P4 marks preceding last premolar), Sânpetru (site SP1), Hațeg Basin. E. Barbatodon transylvanicus, right M1 UBB P-Mt3-4, Pui (site PB5), Hațeg Basin (from Solomon et al., 2016). F–J. First lower molars (m1), in occlusal view, drawn to the same scale. F. Barbatodon transylvanicus, right m1 LPB (FGGUB) M.1635, Pui (site PB3), Hațeg Basin. G. Indeterminate kogaionid (Hainina sp. B in Csiki and Grigorescu, 2000), right m1 LPB (FGGUB) M.1613, Fântânele, Vălioara (site DC2), Hațeg Basin. H. Indeterminate kogaionid (Barbatodon n. sp. or Barbatodon oardaensis; see text for details), left m1 UBB TBM V.442, NălațVad (site RB2), Hațeg Basin (from Smith et al., 2002). I. Barbatodon oardaensis, left m1 UBB ODAN-Mt-15, Oarda de Jos (site TB1), southwestern Transylvanian Basin (from Codrea et al., 2014). J. Indeterminate kogaionid, left m1 LPB (FGGUB) M.1618, Fântânele, Vălioara (site DC2), Hațeg Basin. K–O. Ultimate lower premolars (p4), labial view, drawn to the same scale. K. Indeterminate kogaionid, right p4 in dentary fragment MMIRS 655, Petrești-Arini (site TB2), southwestern Transylvanian Basin (see Csiki-Sava et al., 2012). L. Barbatodon oardaensis, left p4 UBB ODAN-Mt-1, Oarda de Jos (site TB1), southwestern Transylvanian Basin (from Codrea et al., 2014). M. Barbatodon oardaensis, right p4 UBB Ng2-01, Negoiu (site RM2), Rusca Montană Basin (from Codrea et al., 2017a). N. Barbatodon transylvanicus, left p4 in dentary LPB (FGGUB) M.1635, Pui (site PB3), Hațeg Basin. O. Barbatodon tran-

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Data from: Mosaic evolution underlies feliform morphological disparity

Constraint is a fundamental concept in evolutionary theory. Morphology and ecology both are limited by functional, historical, and developmental factors to a subset of the theoretical range species could occupy. Cat-like carnivorans (Feliformia) offer a unique opportunity to investigate phenotypic constraint, as several feliform clades are purported to be limited to generalized ecomorphological roles, while others possessing extremely specialized durophagous (bone-crushing) and sabertooth morphology. We investigated the evolutionary history of feliforms by considering their phylogeny, morphological disparity and rates of evolution. We recover results that show a mosaic pattern exists in the degree of morphological disparity per anatomical region per clade and ecology. Non-hypercarnivores, such as viverrids (civets and genets), Malagasy euplerids and lophocyonids (extinct hypocarnivores) have the greatest dental disparity, while hypercarnivores (felids, nimravids, many hyaenids) have the lowest dental disparity but highest cranial and mandibular disparity (excluding dentition). However, high disparity is not necessarily associated with high rates of evolution, but instead with ecological radiations. We reveal that relationships between specialization and disparity are not as simple as past research has concluded. Instead, morphological disparity results from an anatomical mosaic of evolution, where different ecologies correlate with and likely channel unique patterns/combinations of disparity per anatomical partition.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Morphospace disparity and species diversity in Sri Lankan phytophagous scarab beetles – a comparison by forest types, altitude, and sites

The files contain the supporting information and raw data of the masnucript, Morphospace disparity and species diversity in Sri Lankan phytophagous scarab beetles – a comparison by forest types, altitude, and sites. It includes the following: Raw Data: Suppl. Table 1: Details of sampling sites (Sri Lanka); L number, coordinates, elevation, elevation zone and forest types. Elevation zones; EZ1: 0-500m, EZ2: 501-1000m, EZ3: 1001-1500m, EZ4: 1501-2000m, EZ5; 2001-2500m. Forest types; WL: evergreen wet lowland forests, DL: evergreen dry lowland forests, SM: sub-montane forests, MO: montane forests. Suppl. Table 2. Morphometric measurements and metadata of all studied specimens. Metadata include species identification, voucher number, occurrence data regarding sampling location in Sri Lanka, elevation zone (EZ), and forest type (F). Units of measurements are mm. WL: evergreen wet lowland forests, LD: evergreen dry lowland forests, SM: sub-montane forests, MO: montane forests; EZ1: 0-500m, EZ2: 501-1000m, EZ3: 1001-1500m, EZ4: 1501-2000m, EZ5; 2001-2500m; L1: Aranayake; L2: Riverston; L3: NIFS Arboretum; L4: Deenston; L5: Nuwara Eliya; L6: Horton Plains; L8: Hiyare; L9: Kottawa; L10: Kanneliya; L11: Piduruthalagala; L12: Uda Peradeniya; L13: Gannoruwa; L14: Udawattakele. Morphological measurements abbreviations are explained in Sup. Fig.1. Results: Suppl. Table 3: Proportion of variance explained by PC axes in principal component analysis for the data subsets of lineages (derived from shape and size data). Values of axes reflecting the 95% of explained cumulative variation are highlighted in bold. Suppl. Table 4: Euclidean distances between species (mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by forest types and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). WL: Wet lowland; DL: Dry lowland; SM: Sub-montane; MO: Montane. Suppl. Table 5: Euclidean distances between species mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by elevational zones and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). EZ1: 0-500m. EZ2: 501-1000m. EZ3: 1001-1500m. EZ4: 1501-2000m. EZ5: 2001-2500m. Suppl. Table 6: Euclidean distances between species (mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by localities (L1-14), and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Suppl. Table 7: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for shape and size forest types and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. WL: Wet lowland; DL: Dry lowland; SM: Sub-montane; MO: Montane. Suppl. Table 8: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores for shape and size partitioned for elevational zones and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. EZ1: 0-500m. EZ2: 501-1000m. EZ3: 1001-1500m. EZ4: 1501-2000m. EZ5: 2001-2500m. Suppl. Table 9: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for localities and lineages for shape (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. Suppl. Table 10: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for localities and lineages for size (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics.   Figure S1. Illustration of the measured morphological traits (after Eberle et al., 2014). Schematic drawings of a Sericini beetle, in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, and (C) lateral aspect. Body: BH - maximal body height, EH - maximal elytra height, EL - maximal elytra length, Eld - maximal diagonal elytra length, Elmb - length from maximal body width to elytral apex, EW - maximal elytra width, Ewb - elytral width at middle of scutellum, PL - maximal pronotum length, PW - maximal pronotum width; Head: ED - maximal eye diameter, HW - maximal head with including eyes, IOD - minimal interocular distance (dorsal view); Legs: MCL - maximal length of metacoxa, MFL - maximal length of metafemur, MFW - maximal width of metafemur, MTL - maximal length of metatibia, MTW - maximal width of metatibia, PFL - maximal length of profemur, PFW - maximal width of profemur, PTL - maximal length of protibia. Figure S2. Biplots of PC1 and 2 from principal components analysis, illustrating trait contribution to the principal patterns of morphospace (raw measurements). Trait abbreviations are explained in Figure S1. Figure S3. Patterns of morphospace disparity of all Pleurosticts derived from raw measurements in individual localities. Symbols represent genus or other family-group level, color of symbols single species.   Figure S4. Patterns of morphospace disparity of Sericini derived from raw measurements in individual localities. Colored dots represent single species. Locality L12 had no Sericini recorded.   Figure S5. Patterns of morphospace disparity (PCA plots of PC1 and PC2) derived from raw measurements of Sericini chafers partitioned for forest types (A), elevation zones (B), localities (C)(enlarged visualization from Fig. 2). Colored dots represent single species, outlines grouping entities grouped by forest types, elevation zone, or locality.

Fig. 5 in Surface Coat Differences between and Non-Invasive Entamoeba dispar Invasive Entamoeba histolytica

Fig. 5. Confocal, and fluorescence intensity assays were carried-out using FITC-conjugated streptavidin (1: 100) for the localization of biotinylated proteins in E. dispar (A, C) and E. histolytica (B, D). Observation conditions were the same for both species, but had to be modified for E. dispar to improve image quality, since the high intensity of fluorescence produced distortion of the image. E – Graphical representation in arbitrary fluorescence units. Bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 1 in Surface Coat Differences between and Non-Invasive Entamoeba dispar Invasive Entamoeba histolytica

Fig. 1. Transmission electron photomicrographs of amoebas treated with ruthenium red and cationized ferritin. E. histolytica (A) and E. dispar (B) stained with ruthenium red. The stain on the cell surface of E. histolytica is seen as a dense solid layer. In contrast, in E. dispar the stain is observed as a slight deposit. Small groups of ferritin particles were observed in E. histolytica (C) while substantially large particles clumps were found in E. dispar (D). Bar: 0.1 µm.

Fig. 4 in Surface Coat Differences between and Non-Invasive Entamoeba dispar Invasive Entamoeba histolytica

Fig. 4. (A) Silver staining of the protein profile of E. dispar and E. histolytica, and densitometry analysis of the 60 kDa band as loading control. (B) Biotinylated patterns of membrane proteins of E. dispar and E. histolytica.

Fig. 2. A and B in Surface Coat Differences between and Non-Invasive Entamoeba dispar Invasive Entamoeba histolytica

Fig. 2. A and B. Cell coat of E. histolytica and E. dispar as observed in thin sections after treatment with Con A. The cell coat of E. histolytica (A) was observed as a thick layer of relatively homogenous electron- dense precipitate all along the cell surface. In contrast, in E. dispar, (B) the cell coat was strongly positive. Bar: 0.1 µm. C to D. Confocal and phase contrast microscopy images of amoebae after incubation with fluoresce- in-tagged Concanavalin A. As observed by confocal microscopy (C) and phase contrast (D) in E. histolytica trophozoites the displacement of surface lectin receptors formed a defined cap at the posterior pole of the cell, but such structure is not formed by E. dispar and only irregular patches were seen (E) confocal and (F) phase contrast. Bar: 20 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Figure 1 in The Solar Activity Cycles and the Outbreaks of the Gypsy Moth - Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Serbia

Figure 1. Gypsy moth outbreaks and the solar flux at 2.8 GHz in the period 1948–2016 (the solar flux at 2.8 GHz data source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/correlation/solar.data)

Fig. 5 in Morphological disparity in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula

Fig. 5. Disparity values computed for morphospace of each extant and Plio−Pleistocene large carnivore guild. Lines define 95% confidence interval under 999 randomizations. Extant is for all living taxa (N = 34) while Plio−Pleistocene stand for all fossil taxa (N = 23). Kruger, Africa is for Africa, Gunung Lensung, Indonesia for Indonesia, Otishi for South America,, Yellowstone for North America, Krokonose for Czech Republic. Fossil communities are ordered from the youngest to the oldest: Aurelian, 0.3 Ma; Galerian 3, 0.45 Ma; Galerian 2, 0.6 Ma; Galerian 1, 0.8 Ma; Pirro, 1.1 Ma; Valdi− Chiana, 1.5 Ma; Up Valdarno, 1.9 Ma; Montopoli, 2.6 Ma; Triversa, 3.2 Ma.

Fig. 3 in Morphological disparity in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula

Fig. 3. Scatter plots of RW1 (X axis, scale −0.40 / +0.40) versus RW2 (Y axis, scale −0.40 / +0.40). Each extant large carnivore guild is highlighted by closed circles. The Kruger, Africa guild represents Africa, Krokonose is for Czech Republic, Gunung Lensung, Indonesia Lensung for Indonesia, Otishi for South America and Yellowstone for North America.

Fig. 4 in Morphological disparity in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula

Fig. 4. Scatter plots of RW1 (X axis, scale −0.40 / +0.40) versus RW2 (Y axis, scale −0.40 / +0.40). Each Plio−Pleistocene carnivore guild is highlighted by closed circles. Guild are representative of distinct Paleo−Communities trough time: Triversa, 3.2 Ma; Montopoli, 2.6 Ma; Up Valdarno, 1.9 Ma; ValdiChiana, 1.5 Ma; Pirro, 1.1 Ma; Galerian 1, 0.8 Ma; Galerian 2, 0.6 Ma; Galerian 3, 0.45 Ma; and Aurelian, 0.3 Ma.

Fig. 6 in Morphological disparity in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula

Fig. 6. Scatter plot of log number of artiodactyls vs. large carnivore disparity values. Open circles, extant ecosystems; closed, fossil ecosystems. A linear trendline is placed on extant data points. Open circles represent extant ecosystem including Kruger, Africa, Africa; Gunung Lensung, Indonesia Lensung, Indonesia; Otishi, South America; Yellowstone, North America; Krokonose, Czech Republic. Closed circles are fossil communities: Triversa, 3.2 Ma; Montopoli, 2.6 Ma; Up Valdarno, 1.9 Ma; Valdi− Chiana, 1.5 Ma; Pirro, 1.1 Ma; Galerian 1, 0.8 Ma; Galerian 2, 0.6 Ma; Galerian 3, 0.45 Ma; and Aurelian, 0.3 Ma.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Рис. 2. ТеΛо гусеницы непарного шеΛкопряΑа, погибшей от вируса яΑерного по- ΛиэΑроза. Фото Δ. Куренщикова Fig. 2. The corpse of a gypsy moth caterpillar that died from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Photo by D. Kurenshchikov in Sensitivity of caterpillars of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Erebidae) from the South of Khabarovsk Territory to various strains of nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Рис. 2. ТеΛо гусеницы непарного шеΛкопряΑа, погибшей от вируса яΑерного по- ΛиэΑроза. Фото Δ. Куренщикова Fig. 2. The corpse of a gypsy moth caterpillar that died from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Photo by D. Kurenshchikov