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42 results for “Docodonta”
Figure 7 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 7. Diagnostic mandibular features of Borealestes species. A1, A2, dentaries belong to Borealestes serendipitus, showing diagnostic features of Meckel's sulcus and mandibular symphysis. Bottom dentary (B), belongs to Borealestes cuillinensis. Shows diagnostic features of Meckel's sulcus and mandibular symphysis. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 8 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 8. Skull reconstruction of Borealestes serendipitus in lateral (top) dorsal (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. Green shaded areas represented in specimen NMS G.1992.47.121.1 and associated material. Dotted lines indicate unrepresented areas where boundaries unknown. 1 premaxilla; 2 anterior nasal foramina; 3 maxilla; 4 infraorbital foramen; 5 posterior nasal foramen; 6 lacrimal; 7 nasal; 8 lacrimal foramen; 9 zygomatic process of lacrimal; 10 jugal (not known); 11 infraorbital foramen; 12 frontal; 13 parietal; 14 interparietal suture; 15 sagittal crest; 16 squamosal; 17 dorsal flange of squamosal; 18 postparietal; 19 occipital condyles; 20 midline ridge of postparietal; 21 postparietal foramina; 22 septomaxilla; 23 anterior projection of nasal; 24 internarial bar; 25 anterior premaxillary foramen; 26 incisive foramen; 27 palatal posterior salient of premaxilla; 28 greater palatine foramen; 29 palatal process (not known); 30 glenoid fossa; 31 external auditory meatus; 32 fenestra vestibuli; 33 pars cochlearis; 34 orbital area (not known); 35 basicranium (not known); 36 pterygoid and basicranium (not known); 37 primary palate (not known); 38 I3 foramen; 39 posterior projection of premaxilla into incisive foramen; 40 coronoid process; 41 nuchal crest; 42 angular process of dentary; 43 masseteric foramen; 44 dentary; 45 mental foramen; 46 anterior premaxillary foramen. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
Figure 3 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 3. Borealestes cuillinensis cranial elements (NMS G.2020.4.1.1 parts AA and BB) visualization from µCT data. A, digital rendering of surface of NMS G.2020.4.1.1; B, digital rendering of NMS G.2020.4.1.1 with matrix semitransparent, showing cranial skeletal elements within the block. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
Figure 20 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 20. Borealestes serendipitus (NMS G.1992.47.121.1) left parietal. A, endocranial/ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, medial view; D, left lateral view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 2 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 2. Borealestes serendipitus cranial elements (NMS G.1992.47.121.1). Visualization from synchrotron µCT data. A, NMS G.1992.47.121.1, showing location of cranial elements; B, digital rendering of surface of NMS G.1992.47.121.1; C, digital rendering of surface of NMS G.1992.47.121.1 with matrix semitransparent, showing skeletal elements within the block. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
Figure 15 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 15. Borealestes cuillinensis (holotype, NMS G.2020.4.1.1) left maxilla. A, left maxilla with diagrammatic illustrations: A, left lateral view; B, occlusal view; C, dorsal/endocranial view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Dark grey areas on diagrammatic illustrations indicate broken surfaces. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 6 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 6. Dentition of Borealestes serendipitus and Borealestes cuillinensis for comparison. A, C, Borealestes serendipitus upper dentition of NMS G.1992.47.121.1 and lower dentition of NMS G.1992.47.121.3 (C mirrored for comparison). B, D, Borealestes cuillinensis NMS G.2020.4.1.1. Scale bars equal 1 mm.
Figure 19 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 19. Borealestes serendipitus (NMS G.1992.47.121.1) elements of cranium. A1–5, left frontal: A1, synchrotron µCT slice showing cross-section through left frontal; A2, ventral view; A3, dorsal view; A4, medial view; A5, left lateral view. B1–2, the left squamosal, reconstructed (originally in two misaligned pieces): B1, ventral view; B2, dorsal view; C, the occipital condyles. D1–4, postparietal: D1, posterodorsal view; D2, virtual slice from synchrotron µCT showing cross-section through postparietal; D3, anterior/endocranial view; D4, anteroventral view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 10 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 10. Borealestes cuillinensis (holotype, NMS G.2020.4.1.1) left mandible: A, occlusal view; B, lateral view; C, lingual view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. The triangle indicates the alignment of the ultimate molar to the coronoid process. Angular process broken during preparation and replaced digitally, broken lines indicate missing piece of process. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 5 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 5. Diagnostic dental features of Borealestes species, and Dobunnodon. A1–4, Borealestes serendipitus: A1, NMS G.1992.47.121.1 left M3 (mirrored) in occlusal view alongside diagrammatic illustration; A2, holotype BRSUG 20570 right m2 (mirrored) in occlusal view, cusps only, alongside diagrammatic illustration; A3, BRSUG 20570 right m2 (mirrored) crests only; A4, BRSUG 20570 right m2 (mirrored) in lingual view alongside diagrammatic illustration. B1–4, Borealestes cuillinensis: B1, NMS G.2020.4.1.1 right M3 in occlusal view alongside diagrammatic illustration; B2, NHMUK PV M46871 left upper molar in occlusal view (mirrored) with cusps marked; B3, NMS G.2020.4.1.1 m2 in occlusal view; B4 NMS G.2020.4.1.1 m2 in lingual view with cusps alongside diagrammatic illustration. C1–4, Dobunnodon mussettae: C1, holotype
Figure 9 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 9. Skull reconstruction of Borealestes cuillinensis in lateral (top) dorsal (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. Blue shaded areas represented in specimen NMS G.2020.4.1.1. Dotted lines indicate unrepresented areas where boundaries unknown. 1 premaxilla; 2 anterior nasal foramina; 3 maxilla; 4 infraorbital foramen; 5 posterior nasal foramen (not known); 6 lacrimal; 7 nasal; 8 lacrimal foramen; 9 zygomatic process of lacrimal; 10 jugal (not known); 11 infraorbital foramen (not known); 12 frontal (not known); 13 parietal (not known); 14 interparietal suture; 15 sagittal crest (not known); 16 squamosal; 17 dorsal flange of squamosal; 18 postparietal (not known); 19 occipital condyles; 20 midline ridge of postparietal; 21 postparietal foramina; 22 septomaxilla; 23 anterior projection of nasal; 24 internarial bar; 25 anterior premaxillary foramen
Figure 17 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 17. Borealestes cuillinensis (holotype, NMS G.2020.4.1.1) nasals and?lacrimal. A1–3, right nasals: A, ventral/ endocranial view; A2, dorsal view; A3, medial view. B1–3, right?nasal: B1, dorsal view; B2, lateral view; B3, medial/ endocranial view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 18 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 18. Borealestes cuillinensis (holotype, NMS G.2020.4.1.1) right lacrimal and diagrammatic illustrations: A, right lateral view; B, endocranial view; C, dorsal view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Dark grey areas on diagrammatic illustrations indicate broken surfaces. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 14 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 14. Borealestes serendipitus (NMS G.1992.47.121.1) palatal portion of cranium and left lacrimal. A, virtual slice from synchrotron µCT showing cross-section of palate. B, dorsal view with diagrammatic illustration below. C1–4, left lacrimal: C1, dorsal view; C2, left lateral view; C3 medial view; C4, ventral view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Dark grey areas on diagrammatic illustrations indicate broken surfaces. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 13 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 13. Borealestes serendipitus (NMS G.1992.47.121.1) palatal portion of cranium and right lacrimal. A1-2, palatal portion of cranium, A1, ventral view; A2, right lateral view with diagrammatic illustration below. B1–4, right lacrimal (see also Fig. 13); B1, right posterolateral view; B2, dorsal view; B3, medial view; B4 right lateral view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Dark grey areas on diagrammatic illustrations indicate broken surfaces. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Figure 11 in New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles
Figure 11. Borealestes cuillinensis (holotype, NMS G.2020.4.1.1) anterior part of right dentary and right premaxilla:. A1–3, right dentary: A1, right lateral view; A2, lingual view; A3, occlusal view. B1–2, fragment of right premaxilla: B1, right lateral view; B2, occlusal view. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar equals 1 mm, scale same throughout.
Data from: Postcrania of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) and the emergence of ecomorphological diversity in early mammals
<p>The Middle Jurassic witnessed the early diversification of mammal groups, including the stem-mammalian clade, Docodonta. Recent discoveries in China indicate docodontans exhibited ecomorphological diversity akin to small-bodied mammals living >100 million years later, in the Cenozoic. Our understanding of the emergence of this ecological diversity is hindered by a lack of Middle Jurassic fossil material from other parts of the world. The two partial postcranial skeletons of <i>Borealestes</i> described here come from the Kilmaluag Formation, Scotland. These are the most complete Mesozoic mammaliaform skeletons currently known from the UK, and among the best preserved in Europe. As an early member of Docodonta, <i>Borealestes</i> provides key anatomical information for understanding the clade's evolution, and the emergence of mammaliaform ecomorphological diversity. Using digital reconstructions from micro-CT and synchrotron scans, we describe the postcranial anatomy of <i>Borealestes</i> and provide an updated phylogenetic analysis incorporating cranial and postcranial characters. We find <i>Borealestes </i>species form a sister group to a clade comprising <i>Agilodocodon </i>and<i> Microdocodon</i>. To complement observational analyses of the skeleton, we carry out principle components analyses using 3D landmarks on a comparative dataset of 42 extant mammal taxa. Our results indicate <i>Borealestes </i>lacked specialisations for derived locomotor behaviour. We detect some similarity in the humerus between <i>Borealestes</i> and <i>Ornithorhynchus</i>. <i>Borealestes</i> is morphologically intermediate between the robust morphology of fossorial and semi-fossorial/semi-aquatic <i>Haldanodon </i>and <i>Docofossor</i>, and the gracile morphology for scansorial <i>Agilodocodon </i>and <i>Microdocodon</i>. We suggest ecological diversity in Docodonta may arise from an unspecialised basal bauplan, of which <i>Borealestes </i>may be representative.</p>
Data from: Postcrania of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) and the emergence of ecomorphological diversity in early mammals
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Figure 16 in Postcranial anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and its bearing for mammalian evolution
Figure 16. Strict consensus tree of 27 equally parsimonious trees for early mammals based on 280 cranio-mandibular and postcranial characters using PAUP 4.0b10 with heuristic branch-and bound search, set at random with 1000 replicates; starting seed = 1794832392. All characters unordered and with equal weight. Each of the 27 equally parsimonious trees has: Treelength = 956, CI = 0.500, RI = 0.763. Haldanodon (arrow) appears above the node of morganucodontids as sister taxon of the common ancestor of Hadrocodium and living mammals plus all of its descendants (node 2 in Luo et al., 2002: figs 1, 2). For character states and score for Haldanodon see the Appendix.
Figure 11. Haldanodon exspectatus, Gui Mam 30 in Postcranial anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and its bearing for mammalian evolution
Figure 11. Haldanodon exspectatus, Gui Mam 30/79. Left femur as originally embedded in a posterior (= ventral) aspect. The width of the shaft is exaggerated due to crushing during fossilization.
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