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30 results for “Early land plants”
Data from: Constraining the role of early land plants in Early Palaeozoic weathering and global cooling
How the colonization of terrestrial environments by early land plants over 400 Ma influenced rock weathering, the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and phosphorus, and climate in the Palaeozoic is uncertain. Here we show experimentally that mineral weathering by liverworts—an extant lineage of early land plants—partnering arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, like those in 410 Ma-old early land plant fossils, amplified calcium weathering from basalt grains threefold to sevenfold, relative to plant-free controls. Phosphate weathering by mycorrhizal liverworts was amplified 9–13-fold over plant-free controls, compared with fivefold to sevenfold amplification by liverworts lacking fungal symbionts. Etching and trenching of phyllosilicate minerals increased with AM fungal network size and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Integration of grain-scale weathering rates over the depths of liverwort rhizoids and mycelia (0.1 m), or tree roots and mycelia (0.75 m), indicate early land plants with shallow anchorage systems were probably at least 10-fold less effective at enhancing the total weathering flux than later-evolving trees. This work challenges the suggestion that early land plants significantly enhanced total weathering and land-to-ocean fluxes of calcium and phosphorus, which have been proposed as a trigger for transient dramatic atmospheric CO2 sequestration and glaciations in the Ordovician.
Data from: Mitochondrial phylogenomics of early land plants: mitigating the effects of saturation, compositional heterogeneity, and codon-usage bias
Phylogenetic analyses using concatenation of genomic-scale data have been seen as the panacea to resolving the incongruences among inferences from few or single genes. However, phylogenomics may also suffer from systematic errors, due to the, perhaps cumulative, effects of saturation, among-taxa compositional (GC content) heterogeneity, or codon-usage bias plaguing the individual nucleotide loci that are concatenated. Here we provide an example of how these factors affect the inferences of the phylogeny of early land plants based on mitochondrial genomic data. Mitochondrial sequences evolve slowly in plants and hence are thought to be suitable for resolving deep relationships. We newly assembled mitochondrial genomes from 20 bryophytes, complemented these with 40 other streptophytes (land plants plus algal outgroups), compiling a data matrix of 60 taxa and 41 mitochondrial genes. Homogeneous analyses of the concatenated nucleotide data resolve mosses as sister-group to the remaining land plants. However, the corresponding translated amino acid data support the liverwort lineage in this position. Both results receive weak to moderate support in maximum likelihood analyses, but strong support in Bayesian inferences. Tests of alternative hypotheses using either nucleotide or amino-acid data provide implicit support for the respective optimal topologies. By analyzing the nucleotide data, we found that the 3rd codon positions are more saturated than the 1st and 2nd codon positions, and excluding these from the analyses leads to a topology congruent with that obtained using amino-acid data. Further, we determined that land plant lineages differ in their nucleotide composition, and in their usage of synonymous codon variants. Composition heterogeneous Bayesian analyses employing a non-stationary model that accounts for variation in among-lineage composition, and inferences from degenerated nucleotide data that avoids the effects of synonymous mutations that underlie codon-usage bias, again recovered liverworts being sister to the remaining land plants. These analyses indicate that the discrepancy between the nucleotide-based and the amino acid-based trees is caused by the lineage specific, parallel compositional bias, or synonymous mutations driving codon-usage bias, as well as saturation in the 3rd codon positions. While genomic data may generate highly supported phylogenetic trees, these inferences may be artifacts. We suggest that phylogenomic analyses should assess the possible impact of potential biases through comparisons of protein coding gene data and their amino-acids translations, by analyzing data modeling compositional bias, and by excluding nucleotide noisy signals due to saturation or codon-usage bias. We caution against relying on any one presentation of the data (nucleotide or amino acid) or any one type of analysis even when analyzing large-scale data sets, no matter how well-supported, without fully exploring the effects of substitution models.
The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution
<p>Hornworts, liverworts, and mosses are three early diverging clades of land plants, together composing the bryophytes. Here we report the draft genome sequence of the hornwort <a name="_Hlk532977332"><i>Anthoceros</i></a><i> angustus</i>. Phylogenomic inferences confirm the monophyly of bryophytes, with hornworts sister to liverworts and mosses. The simple morphology of hornworts correlates with low genetic redundancy in plant body plan while the basic transcriptional regulation toolkit for plant development has already been established in this early land plant lineage. Although the <i>Anthoceros</i> genome is small and characterized by minimal redundancy, expansions are observed in gene families related to RNA editing, UV protection and desiccation tolerance. The genome of <i>A. angustus</i> bears the signatures of horizontally transferred genes from bacteria and fungi, in particular of genes operating in stress response and metabolic pathways. Our study provides insight into the unique features of hornworts and their molecular adaptations to life on land.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Conflicting phylogenies for early land plants are caused by composition biases among synonymous substitutions
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Data from: Constraining the role of early land plants in Early Palaeozoic weathering and global cooling
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Data from: Mitochondrial phylogenomics of early land plants: mitigating the effects of saturation, compositional heterogeneity, and codon-usage bias
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The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution
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FIGURE 1 in The Early Land Plants Today project (ELPT): A community-driven effort and a new partnership with Phytotaxa
FIGURE 1. Units used to report the distribution at a large-scale following the level 2 areas of Brummitt (2001). See Table 1 for translation of the number codes.
FIGURE 1 in A special issue of Phytotaxa dedicated to Bryophytes: The closest living relatives of early land plants
FIGURE 1. Pleurozia purpurea Lindberg (1877: 16), Fiji (Photo: Matt von Konrat). Pleurozia holds a pivotal position in liverwort classification and evolution. Traditionally, Pleurozia with its complicate-bilobed leaves, has been included in or near Porellales within the leafy liverworts. Recently, Crandall-Stotler et al. (2009) placed Pleurozia in its own order in the Metzgeriidae which is supported by most molecular analyses. Pleurozia has an interesting morphology with trap-like structures in the water sacs of their leaves. Experimental evidence provided by Hess et al. (2005) showed that the structures in the water sacs are able to trap individuals of Blepharisma Americana (Ciliata). This is only the second liverwort genus where evidence has been provided to indicate that the lobules function in zoophagy.
The land plant-specific MIXTA-MYB lineage is implicated in the early evolution of the plant cuticle and the colonization of land
GEO Series GSE155419. Marchantia polymorpha. 9 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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