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118 results for “Early life history”
Data from: Palaeohistology and life history of the early Palaeocene taeniodont Conoryctes comma (Mammalia: Eutheria)
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Data from: Egg size and the adaptive capacity of early life history traits in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Offspring traits are greatly influenced by maternal effects and these maternal effects may provide an important pathway through which populations can adapt to changing thermal environments. We investigated the effect of egg size on the among and within population variation in early life history traits among introduced Great Lakes Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations under varying thermal conditions. We reared Chinook salmon from three populations in a common garden hatchery study at 6.5°C, 9.4°C, and 15.2°C, and measured a variety of fitness-related traits during development. We found that most of the among population variation in early life history traits was explained by egg size. However, the contribution of egg size to the among population variation decreased with an increase in temperature suggesting that other effects, such as genetic, contribute at high temperature. Within populations, egg size explained much of the dam variance and maternal effect for traits in every temperature, whereas egg size generally had little to no influence on the sire variance and heritability. Overall, our results demonstrate the significant contribution egg size makes to shaping early life history phenotypes among and within populations, and suggests that egg size is an important pathway through which offspring phenotypes can evolve on contemporary timescales.
Data from: Hybridization alters early life-history traits and increases plant colonization success in a novel region
Hybridization is hypothesized to promote invasiveness, but empirical tests comparing the performance of hybrid versus parental taxa in novel regions are lacking. We experimentally compared colonization ability of populations of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) versus populations of advanced-generation hybrids between wild and cultivated radish (R. sativus) in a southeast Texas pasture, well beyond the known invasive range of hybrid radish. We also manipulated the strength of interspecific competition to better generalize across variable environments. In both competitive environments, hybrid populations produced at least three times more seeds than wild radish populations, a distinction that was driven by greater hybrid seedling emergence, earlier hybrid emergence and more hybrid seedlings surviving to flower, rather than by greater individual fecundity. Flowering duration in hybrids was less negatively affected by competition than it was in wild radishes, while early emergence was associated with subsequent high seed output in both biotypes. Our data show that hybridization can enhance colonization success in a novel region, and, by comparison with previous studies, that the life-history traits enhancing hybrid success can differ across regions, even for lineages originating from the same hybridization event. These results imply a much larger arena for hybrid success than previously appreciated.
Data from: Effects of food restriction across stages of juvenile and early adult development on body weight, survival, and adult life history
Organisms have to allocate limited resources among multiple life-history traits, which can result in physiological trade-offs, and variation in environmental conditions experienced during ontogeny can influence reproduction later in life. Food restriction may lead to an adaptive reallocation of the limited resources among traits as a phenotypically plastic adjustment, or it can act as an overall constraint with detrimental effects throughout reproductive life. In this study, we investigated experimentally the effects of food restriction during different stages of the juvenile and early adult development on body weight, survival and reproductive success in females and males of the European earwig Forficula auricularia. Individuals either received limited or unlimited access to food across three different stages of development (fully crossed) allowing us to identify sensitive periods during development and to test both additive and interactive effects of food limitation across stages on development and reproduction. Food restriction during the early and late juvenile stage had additive negative effects on juvenile survival and adult body weight. With regard to reproductive success of females which produce up to two clutches in their lifetime, restriction specifically in the late juvenile stage led to smaller first and second clutch size, lower probability of second clutch production and reduced hatching success in the second clutch. Reproductive success of females was not significantly affected when their male mates experienced food restriction during their development. Our findings in general support the 'silver-spoon' hypothesis in that food restriction during juvenile development poses constraints on development and reproduction throughout life.
FIGURE 9 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 9. Astrapogon juveniles: (A) Astrapogon puncticulatus, USNM 393404, 14 mm SL, 5488, reared specimen; (B) Astrapogon stellatus, USNM 393413, 10 mm SL, 6449, reared specimen; (C) Astrapogon stellatus, USNM 393413, 13 mm SL, 6450, reared specimen.
FIGURE 8 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 8. Astrapogon larvae: (A) Astrapogon alutus, 5 mm SL, 6041; (B) Astrapogon alutus, 6 mm SL, 6040; (C) Astrapogon stellatus, 7 mm SL, 6038; (D) Astrapogon puncticulatus, 9.5 mm SL, 4449; (E) Astrapogon puncticulatus, USNM 393909, 12 mm SL, 5396; (F) Astrapagon puncticulatus, USNM 393407, 13 mm SL, 7125; (G) Astrapagon puncticulatus, 8.5mm SL, 7262.
FIGURE 3 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 3. Phaeoptyx juveniles: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393373, 22 mm SL, 5144; (B) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393352, 19 mm SL, 6371; (C) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393399, 21 mm SL, 7741.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 2. Phaeoptyx larvae: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, 12 mm SL, 5039; (B)Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393356, 15 mm SL, 7013, (C) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393358, 15.5 mm SL, 7080; (D) Phaeoptyx xenus, 8 mm SL, 6161.
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences showing three genetically distinct lineages of Belizean Phaeoptyx.
FIGURE 7. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 7. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences showing three genetically distinct lineages of Belizean Astrapogon.
FIGURE 4 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 4. Phaeoptyx adults: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393372, 40 mm SL, 5143; (B) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393376, 30 mm SL, 5303; (C) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393338, 30 mm SL, 5269; (D) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393327, 38 mm SL, 5052; (E) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393395, 38 mm SL, 6298; (F) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393393, 28 mm SL, 5465.
FIGURE 5 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 5. Teeth of Phaeoptyx conklini (A), USNM 365171, 38 mm SL, and Phaeoptyx pigmentaria (B), USNM 347318, 19 mm SL.
FIGURE 14 in The early life history of Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae): morphology of larval and juvenile stages
FIGURE 14. Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965). Pleon of juveniles. A, crab II; B, crab III; C, crab IV; D, crab V, female; E, crab V, male; F, crab VI, female; G, crab VI, male; H, crab VII, female; I, crab VII, male; J, crab VIII, female; K, crab VIII, male. Scale bars= 500 µm.
FIGURE 13 in The early life history of Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae): morphology of larval and juvenile stages
FIGURE 13. Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965). Juvenile growth from from metamorphosis through the first six crab stages. A, duration (days) of successive stages described with a second-order polynomial regression equation; B, cumulative time of development to successive stages (t, days; transformed to t+1), logarithmic regression equation.
FIGURE 11 in The early life history of Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae): morphology of larval and juvenile stages
FIGURE 11. Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965). First juvenile. A, antennule; B, antenna; C, mandible, palp; D, maxillule; E, maxilla; F, first maxilliped; G, second maxilliped; H, third maxilliped; I–L, pereiopods 2–5, dactyls; M, pleon, dorsal view. Scale bar= 100 µm.
FIGURE 10 in The early life history of Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae): morphology of larval and juvenile stages
FIGURE 10. Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965). Juveniles. A, first juvenile, dorsal view; B, carapace shape, crabs I–IX. Scale bars of A= 900 µm; of B= 2 mm.
FIGURE 15 in The early life history of Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae): morphology of larval and juvenile stages
FIGURE 15. Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965). Gonopores. A–E, male, crabs V–IX; F, female, crab V. Co, coxa; p, pereiopod; S, sternite. Arrows indicate gonopores. Scale bar = 500 µm.
FIGURE 9 in The early life history of Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae): morphology of larval and juvenile stages
FIGURE 9. Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965). Megalopa. A, pereiopods 3 and 4, coxa in ventral view; B, sternum;; C, pleon, dorsal view; D, pleon, lateral view; E, telson, dorsal view; F–I, pleopods 1–4; J, uropod. Scale bars = 200 µm.
FIGURE 8 in The early life history of Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae): morphology of larval and juvenile stages
FIGURE 8. Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965). Megalopa. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, antennules; D, antenna; E, mandibular palp; F, maxillule; G, maxilla; H, first maxilliped; I, second maxilliped; J, third maxilliped. Scale bars of A, B and H–J = 200 µm; of C–G = 100 µm.
FIGURE 7 in The early life history of Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae): morphology of larval and juvenile stages
FIGURE 7. Chiromantes ortmanni (Crosnier, 1965). Zoea VI. A, first maxilliped; B, second maxilliped; C, second maxilliped, endopod; D, third maxilliped and pereiopods; E, second pleopod, exopod; F, telson. Scale bars of A–E = 100 µm; of F = 200 µm.
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