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48 results for “Echidna”
Data from: Echidna venom gland transcriptome provides insights into the evolution of monotreme venom
Monotremes (echidna and platypus) are egg-laying mammals. One of their most unique characteristic is that males have venom/crural glands that are seasonally active. Male platypuses produce venom during the breeding season, delivered via spurs, to aid in competition against other males. Echidnas are not able to erect their spurs, but a milky secretion is produced by the gland during the breeding season. The function and molecular composition of echidna venom is as yet unknown. Hence, we compared the deeply sequenced transcriptome of an in-season echidna crural gland to that of a platypus and searched for putative venom genes to provide clues into the function of echidna venom and the evolutionary history of monotreme venom. We found that the echidna venom gland transcriptome was markedly different from the platypus with no correlation between the top 50 most highly expressed genes. Four peptides found in the venom of the platypus were detected in the echidna transcriptome. However, these genes were not highly expressed in echidna, suggesting that they are the remnants of the evolutionary history of the ancestral venom gland. Gene ontology terms associated with the top 100 most highly expressed genes in echidna, showed functional terms associated with steroidal and fatty acid production, suggesting that echidna "venom" may play a role in scent communication during the breeding season. The loss of the ability to erect the spur and other unknown evolutionary forces acting in the echidna lineage resulted in the gradual decay of venom components and the evolution of a new role for the crural gland.
Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization of 'Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi' (family Spirochaetaceae) in echidna ticks, Bothriocroton concolor
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on flaB, groEL, glpQ and gyrB gene sequences, and concatenated gene sequences of 'Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi' genotypes A, B, and C identified in Bothriocroton concolor ticks from echidnas. Brachyspira pilosicoli (AY241832), Treponema pallidum (NZ_CP010566), Escherichia coli (X56907) and Spirochaeta lutea (JNUP01000064) were used as outgroups for each gene, respectively. Sequences determined in this study are indicated in bold type. Node labels represent posterior probabilities. Bars, substitutions per nucleotide position.
FIGURES 3-4 in Ixodes barkeri n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from the short-beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, with a revised key to the male Ixodes of Australia, and list of the subgenera and species of Ixodes known to occur in Australia
FIGURES 3-4. Ixodes barkeri, male, holotype. 3. Ventral habitus; 4. Dorsal habitus. Scale bar 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 1–2 in Ixodes barkeri n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from the short-beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, with a revised key to the male Ixodes of Australia, and list of the subgenera and species of Ixodes known to occur in Australia
FIGURES 1–2. Ixodes barkeri, male, holotype. 1. Ventral habitus; 2. Dorsal habitus. Scale bar 1.0 mm. Two of the legs of this specimen had broken off the body of the tick so images of the legs from the other side of the tick were pasted onto this image.
FIGURE 10 in Ixodes barkeri n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from the short-beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, with a revised key to the male Ixodes of Australia, and list of the subgenera and species of Ixodes known to occur in Australia
FIGURE 10. Geographic distribution of ticks from short-beaked echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus. Records of Ixodes barkeri are in red, other species of ticks (Bothriocroton concolor, B. tachyglossi, Amblyomma australiense, A. echidnae and A. moyi) are in blue. (Google Maps).
FIGURES 5-9. Ixodes spp., males. 5 in Ixodes barkeri n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from the short-beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, with a revised key to the male Ixodes of Australia, and list of the subgenera and species of Ixodes known to occur in Australia
FIGURES 5-9. Ixodes spp., males. 5. Ixodes barkeri, capitulum, dorsal view; 6. Ixodes barkeri, capitulum, ventral view; 7. Ixodes barkeri, spiracular plate; 8. Ixodes barkeri, capitulum, ventral view; 9. Ixodes zaglossi, capitulum, ventral view. Arrows indicate the horn-like projection on palpal article 1.
Data from: Echidna venom gland transcriptome provides insights into the evolution of monotreme venom
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Data from: Energetics meets sexual conflict: the phenology of hibernation in Tasmanian echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus setosus)
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FIGURE 3. Echidna nebulosa. A in Review of the moray eels (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species
FIGURE 3. Echidna nebulosa. A: Dahab, Egypt; B: Dahab, Egypt. Photos by S.V. Bogorodsky.
Data from: Cool echidnas survive the fire
Fires have occurred throughout history, including those associated with the meteoroid impact at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary that eliminated many vertebrate species. To evaluate the recent hypothesis that the survival of the K-Pg fires by ancestral mammals was dependent on their ability to use energy-conserving torpor, we studied body temperature fluctuations and activity of an egg-laying mammal, the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), often considered to be a 'living fossil', before, during and after a prescribed burn. All but one study animal survived the fire in the prescribed burn area and echidnas remained inactive during the day(s) following the fire and substantially reduced body temperature during bouts of torpor. For weeks after the fire, all individuals remained in their original territories and compensated for changes in their habitat with a decrease in mean body temperature and activity. Our data suggest that heterothermy enables mammals to outlast the conditions during and after a fire by reducing energy expenditure, permitting periods of extended inactivity. Therefore, torpor facilitates survival in a fire-scorched landscape and consequently may have been of functional significance for mammalian survival at the K-Pg boundary.
On following pages: 4. Short-beaked Echidna (7achyglossus aculeatus). in Tachyglossidae
On following pages: 4. Short-beaked Echidna (7achyglossus aculeatus).
Figure 9 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 9 - Non-original tag (views of front and back) added at Tring or BMNH, and apparently bearing the handwriting of Tring taxidermist Fred Young. The tag bears a note suggesting that the original labels must be incorrect because the specimen corresponds to Rothschild's concept of Zaglossus bruijni goodfellowi, then considered endemic to the Indonesian island of Salawati, following his 1913 key (Rothschild 1913). The note seems to indicate that knowledge of the importance of this specimen has been obscured since or before the specimen's transfer from Tring to BMNH, as it was assumed by Young to be a mistake.
Figure 6 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 6 - Articulated right forelimb elements of the Kimberley Zaglossus (BMNH 1939.3315). Associated label notes "Zaglossus Kimberley N.W.A. (Tunney)" in Thomas' handwriting. Ventral view above, dorsal view below. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 3 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 3 - Dramatis personae. Clockwise from top: Australian natural history collector John T. Tunney (1871–1929), preparing specimens on the northern Australian expeditionary efforts during which his Zaglossus specimen was collected; M.R. (Michael Rogers) Oldfield Thomas (1858–1929), mammal taxonomist at the British Museum (Natural History), London, who studied the Tunney Zaglossus specimen; Lord L. (Lionel) Walter Rothschild (1868–1937), eccentric collector and naturalist who used his family fortune to amass a very large personal scientific collection, which became the Zoological Museum at Tring and included the Tunney Zaglossus specimen. Tunney portrait courtesy of the Western Australian Museum, Perth; Rothschild and Thomas portraits courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London.
Figure 5 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 5 - Cranium and dentaries of the Kimberley Zaglossus (BMNH 1939.3315). From top: dorsal view of the cranium, dorsal view of the dentaries, ventral view of the cranium, ventral view of the dentaries, and, at bottom, close-up views of Thomas' labeling of "Kimberley" on the specimen's palate (left) and dentary (right). Scale bar = 20 cm.
Figure 2 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 2 - Australian rock art of Zaglossus. Photograph of an Aboriginal rock art illustration from Arnhem Land depicting the characteristic long and down-curved beak (and whitish head of some specimens) of Zaglossus (see Murray and Chaloupka 1984). Photograph by G. Chaloupka.
Figure 1 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 1 - Map of the Greater Australian continent. Map includes an outline of the larger land mass know as "Sahul" or "Meganesia" that forms when the continental shelf (dark grey) is exposed during glaciation. Overlaid is the modern distribution of the three recognized species of Zaglossus: Zaglossus bartoni (red), Zaglossus bruijnii (yellow), and Zaglossus attenboroughi (blue diamond), with the Kimberley record of Zaglossus bruijnii highlighted by a yellow star. Other possible Australian records of Zaglossus cf. bruijnii are numbered by general locality: 1 Pleistocene fossil remains from Naracoorte, South Australia, referred to Zaglossus cf. bruijnii by Murray (1978a) 2 Aboriginal rock art (probably late Pleistocene in age) from Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (see Figure 2) 3 Aboriginal reports of a second, larger echidna taxon, in addition to Tachyglossus, present in the East Kimberley (Kununurra, Western Australia) in recent (20th century) memory (see text).
Figure 8 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 8 - Specimen export list. A list of specimens shipped from Perth to Tring included in a letter, dated 25 April 1904, from Bernard Woodward at the Western Australian Museum to Oldfield Thomas, detailing the transfer of Tunney specimens to Rothschild at Tring. The list includes his number 347 (now BMNH 1939.3315), an echidna identified as "Echidna aculeata" (i.e. Tachyglossus aculeatus) prior to Thomas' examination of the specimen in London, where he realized it is a Zaglossus; we have circled and highlighted this entry in the list.
Figure 4 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 4 - Study skin of the Kimberley Zaglossus (BMNH 1939.3315), bearing the original field tags of John T. Tunney. From top: dorsal, ventral, right lateral, and left lateral views. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 7 from: Helgen K, Portela Miguez R, Kohen J, Helgen L (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. ZooKeys 255: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.255.3774
Figure 7 - John Tunney's original field labels attached to the skin of BMNH 1939.3315. A front of card skin tag (attached with sturdy twine to right ankle of study skin) bearing original data, providing the specimen's field number, date of collection, age and sex, and locality B back of same card skin tag bearing original data, detailing the specimen's measurements, context of collection, and abundance C cloth tag bearing original field number ("N 347"), wired tightly to right ankle of study skin. See text for details.
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