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328 results for “Ecology: community”
Fig. 6 in Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the region of Cape Emine (central Bulgarian Black sea coast). Part II. Ecological parameters and community structure
Fig. 6. Cluster analysis of the carabid assemblages of the region of Cape Emine, using the index of similarity of Jaccard.
Fig. 5 in Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the region of Cape Emine (central Bulgarian Black sea coast). Part II. Ecological parameters and community structure
Fig. 5. Indices of α-diversity: Species diversity of Margalef, Shannon and Hill (left) and Evenness, Simpson's concentration of dominance and diversity (right).
Fig. 4 in Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the region of Cape Emine (central Bulgarian Black sea coast). Part II. Ecological parameters and community structure
Fig. 4. Distribution of the specimens by gender in the individual sampling sites (♀ – female, ♂ – male, n – not determined) (number of specimens).
Fig. 2 in Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the region of Cape Emine (central Bulgarian Black sea coast). Part II. Ecological parameters and community structure
Fig. 2. Distribution of specimens of ground beetles on the levels of the dominant structure for the entire carabid complex (number of specimens).
Fig. 3 in Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the region of Cape Emine (central Bulgarian Black sea coast). Part II. Ecological parameters and community structure
Fig. 3. Distribution of the specimens by gender during the different seasons (♀ – female, ♂ – male, n – not determined) (number of specimens).
Рис. 2. Основные места концентрации фуражирующих особей Bombus distinguendus в АрхангеΛьской обΛасти: 1 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг с Trifolium pratense и Trifolium repens в окрестностях гороΑа Мезень; 2 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг по обочине Αороги с Centaurea scabiosa в окрестностях сеΛа ХоΛмогоры; 3 – Агроценоз со Stachys palustris в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина; 4 — РуΑераΛьное сообщество с Chamaenerion angustifolium в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина Fig. 2. Typical foraging habitats of Bombus distinguendus in Arkhangelsk Oblast: 1 — Meadow with Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens near the town of Mezen; 2 — Roadside meadow with Centaurea scabiosa near the village of Kholmogory; 3 — Agricultural habitat with Stachys palustris in the delta of the Northern Dvina River; 4 — Ruderal community with Chamaenerion angustifolium in the delta of the Northern Dvina River in Bombus distinguendus Morawitz, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia: Distribution, ecology and conservation
Рис. 2. Основные места концентрации фуражирующих особей Bombus distinguendus в АрхангеΛьской обΛасти: 1 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг с Trifolium pratense и Trifolium repens в окрестностях гороΑа Мезень; 2 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг по обочине Αороги с Centaurea scabiosa в окрестностях сеΛа ХоΛмогоры; 3 – Агроценоз со Stachys palustris в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина; 4 — РуΑераΛьное сообщество с Chamaenerion angustifolium в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина Fig. 2. Typical foraging habitats of Bombus distinguendus in Arkhangelsk Oblast: 1 — Meadow with Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens near the town of Mezen; 2 — Roadside meadow with Centaurea scabiosa near the village of Kholmogory; 3 — Agricultural habitat with Stachys palustris in the delta of the Northern Dvina River; 4 — Ruderal community with Chamaenerion angustifolium in the delta of the Northern Dvina River
Data and scripts for Predictable Ecological Response to Rising CO2 of a Community of Marine Phytoplankton
<p>Rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and ocean acidification are fundamentally altering conditions for life of all marine organisms, including phytoplankton. Differences in CO<sub>2</sub> related physiology between major phytoplankton taxa lead to differences in their ability to take up and utilise CO<sub>2</sub>. These differences may cause predictable shifts in the composition of marine phytoplankton communities in response to rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. We report an experiment in which 7 species of marine phytoplankton, belonging to 4 major taxonomic groups (cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, diatoms and coccolithophores) were grown at both ambient (500 µatm) and future (1000 µatm) CO<sub>2</sub> levels. These phytoplankton were grown as individual species, as cultures of pairs of species and as a community assemblage of all seven species in two culture regimes (high-nitrogen batch cultures and lower-nitrogen semi-continuous cultures, though not under nitrogen limitation). All phytoplankton species tested in this study increased their growth rates under elevated CO<sub>2</sub> independent of the culture regime. We also find that, despite species-specific variation in growth response to high CO<sub>2</sub>, the identity of major taxonomic groups provides a good prediction of changes in population growth and competitive ability under high CO<sub>2</sub>. The CO<sub>2</sub>-induced growth response is a good predictor of CO<sub>2</sub>-induced changes in competition (R<sup>2</sup>>0.93) and community composition (R<sup>2</sup>>0.73). This study suggests that it may be possible to infer how marine phytoplankton communities respond to rising CO<sub>2</sub> levels from the knowledge of the physiology of major taxonomic groups, but that these predictions may require further characterisation of these traits across a diversity of growth conditions. These findings must be validated in the context of limitation by other nutrients. Also, in natural communities of phytoplankton, numerous other factors that may all respond to changes in CO2, including nitrogen fixation, grazing and variation in the limiting resource will likely complicate this prediction.</p>
Fig. 2 in Protocol for collecting Mutillidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) in ecological studies: species-area effects on Mutillidae communities
Fig. 2. Rarefaction of Mutillidae species in each fragment (A) and general (B) sampled in Cerrado fragments from January to December 2012.
Figure 5 in Species composition and ecological structure of ground beetle communities (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in reclaimed rock dumps in the south of Western Siberia
Figure 5. Ratio of species (first columns) and numerical (second columns) abundance of ground beetle trophic classes, %
Fig. 1 in Environmental and ecological factors driving trematode parasite community assembly in central Alberta lakes
Fig. 1. Host-Parasite diversity correlations. Spearman rank correlations of A) snail and trematode richness, pooled by site, B) non-pooled, sample-based, snail and trematode richness, C) snail and trematode effective species based on Shannon index (exp(H)) for all lakes, and D) effective species by each site at Buffalo Lake. PP = Pelican Point, RS = Rochon Sands, TN = The Narrows.
Fig. 3 in Environmental and ecological factors driving trematode parasite community assembly in central Alberta lakes
Fig. 3. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of trematode component communities. Relative abundances of trematode species by sample are constrained by environmental variables from the best-fit model (community \lake trophic status \+ ecoregion \+ latitude). Trematode species abbreviations are shown in grey. CCA results are in red as eigenvectors. Ecoregions are identified with a blue dotted line. The trophic status of each lake is identified with an ellipse.
Fig. 2 in Environmental and ecological factors driving trematode parasite community assembly in central Alberta lakes
Fig. 2. Multivariate Homogeneity of Group Dispersion for Trematode Communities. Bray-Curtis dissimilarities were used to examine the homogeneity of variance among samples (trematode species counts) when grouped by different geographical or anthropogenic-use distinctions. The left panels show the twodimensional visualizations of the data by Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) plots. Each grouping is labeled in the center, and ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals. The right panels provide a boxplot of the distance to centroid for each group in the multivariate analysis. A) samples grouped by site, B) grouped by river basin, C) grouped by ecoregion, D) group by site-type or anthropogenic use (beach or boat launch). Statistical significance for differences between groups is indicated by an asterisk.
Species diversity and community structure of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera) in two ecological hotspots of Iran: implication for conservation
<p><span><span>Species diversity and community structure of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera) <a name="_Hlk115346465"></a>in two ecological hotspots of <a name="_Hlk115825047"></a><span>Iran</span>: implication for conservation </span></span></p> <p><span>Parisa Abdoli<sup>1</sup>, Ali Asghar Talebi<sup>1</sup></span><a title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup><span><span>*</span></span></sup></a><span>, Nickolas G. Kavallieratos<sup>2</sup>, Samira Farahani<sup>3­</sup> and Rasoul Khosravi<sup>4</sup> </span></p> <p><em><span> </span></em></p> <p><span>1. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. Iran. <a name="_Hlk533412392"></a>talebia@modares.ac.ir; P.abdoli@modares.ac.ir</span></p> <p><span>2. Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens; 75 Iera Odos <span> </span>str., 11855 Athens, Attica, Greece. </span><span>nick_kaval@aua.gr</span></p> <p><span>3. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I. R. Iran.<span> </span></span><a href="mailto:s.farahani@rifr-ac.ir"><span>s.farahani@rifr-ac.ir</span></a></p> <p><span><span>4. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, r-khosravi@shirazu.ac.ir</span></span></p> <div><br> <div> <p><a title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span><span><span>*</span></span></span></a><span> </span>Correspondence<span>. E-mail: talebia@modares.ac.ir</span></p> <p> </p> </div> </div>
Data from: The spatial patterns of community composition, their environmental drivers and their spatial scale dependence vary markedly between fungal ecological guilds
<p><strong><span>Aim</span></strong></p> <p><span>How community composition varies in space and what governs the variation has been extensively investigated in macroorganisms. However, we have only limited knowledge for microorganisms, especially fungi, despite their ecological and economic significance. Based on previous research, we define and test a series of hypotheses regarding the composition of fungal communities, its most influential drivers and their spatial scale dependence. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Location</span></strong></p> <p><span>Czech Republic.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Time period</span></strong></p> <p><span>Present.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Taxa studied</span></strong></p> <p><span>Fungi.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong></p> <p><span>We analyzed the distance decay relationships, community composition and its drivers (physical distance, litter and soil chemistry, tree composition, climate) in fungi, using multivariate analyses. We compared the results across three fungal ecological guilds (ectomycorrhizal fungi, saprotrophs and yeasts), two forest microhabitats (litter and bulk soil) and six spatial scales (from 5 m to 80 km) that comprehensively cover the Czech Republic.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results</span></strong></p> <p><span>We found that, similar to macroorganisms, the ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs showed marked distance-decay relationships</span><span>,</span><span> and their community composition was driven mainly by vegetation and dispersal at local scales, but at regional scales, by environmental effects. In contrast, the third fungal guild, the unicellular yeasts, showed little distance decay, suggesting extraordinary spatial homogeneity, as often seen in microorganisms, such as bacteria.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Main conclusions</span></strong></p> <p><span>Our results underscore the remarkable variation in the community ecology of fungi, which seems to range well-known patterns both from the macro- and the microworld. Knowledge of these patterns advances our understanding of the ecology of fungi, rather understudied organisms of significant ecological and economic importance, which our findings identify as a potentially suitable model for bridging the gaps between the biogeography of micro- and macroorganisms. </span></p>
Impact of forest disturbance on microarthropod communities depends on underlying ecological gradient and species traits
<p>Dataset and R scripts used in the publication "Impact of forest disturbance on microarthropod communities depends on underlying ecological gradient and species traits", PeerJ</p>
Data from: Inferring ecological selection from multidimensional community trait distributions along environmental gradients
<p>Understanding the drivers of community assembly is critical for predicting the future of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecological selection ubiquitously shapes communities by selecting for individuals with most suitable trait combinations. Detecting selection types on key traits across environmental gradients and over time has the potential to reveal underlying abiotic and biotic drivers of community dynamics. Here we present a model-based predictive framework to quantify multidimensional trait distributions of communities (community trait niches), which we use to identify ecological selection types shaping communities along environmental gradients. We apply the framework to over 3600 boreal forest understory plant communities with results indicating that directional, stabilizing, and divergent selection all modify community trait niches and that the selection type acting on individual traits may change over time. Our results provide novel and rare empirical evidence for divergent selection within a natural system. Our approach provides a framework for identifying key traits under selection and facilitates the detection of processes underlying community dynamics.</p>
Data from: Inferring ecological selection from multidimensional community trait distributions along environmental gradients
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Data from: Differential use of nest materials and niche space among avian species within a single ecological community
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Data for: Ecological pathways connecting drought to stream invertebrate community shifts across space and time
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SSP: An R package to estimate sampling effort in studies of ecological communities
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