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FIG. 2 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 2. Tonicia calbucensis, southern ecotype, South Chile, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 m, BL 20.5 mm, 04.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve I, dorsal view. B. Valve V, dorsal view. C. Valve VIII, dorsal view. D. Valve VII, detail of tegmentum in central area. E. Valve VII, rostral view. F. Valve VIII, lateral view. РИС. 2. Tonicia calbucensis, южный Экотип, южное Чили, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 м, BL 20,5 мм, 04.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Головной Щиток вид сверху. B. Щиток V, вид сверху. C. Щиток VIII, вид сверху. D. Щиток VII, деталь тегментума в центральном поле. E. Щиток VII, вид спереди. F. Щиток VIII, вид сбоку.

FIG. 8 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 8. Tonicia calbucensis, northern ecotype, Chile, Las Cruces, intertidal, BL 16.9 mm, 18.11.2008, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve I, dorsal view. B. Valve VI, dorsal view. C. Valve VIII, dorsal view. D. Valve VI, jugal area. E. Valve VI, rostral view. F. Valve VIII, lateral view. РИС. 8. Tonicia calbucensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Лас Крусес, литораль, BL 16,9 мм, 18.11.2008, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Головной Щиток вид сверху. B. Щиток VI, вид сверху. C. Щиток VIII, вид сверху. D. Щиток VI,.югальное поле. E. Щиток VI, вид спереди. F. Щиток VIII, вид сбоку.

FIG. 1 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 1. Photos of live specimens of Tonicia calbucensis. A. Northern ecotype, Coquimbo (~29°S). B. Northern ecotype, Talcahuano (~36°S). C. Southern ecotype, Huinay (~41°S). D. Southern ecotype Valdivia (~39°S). РИС. 1. Фотографии живых ЭкЗемплЯров Tonicia calbucensis. A. Северный Экотип, Коквимбо (~29°S). B. Северный Экотип, Талькахуано, (~36°S). C. Южный Экотип, Уйнай (~41°S). D. Южный Экотип, ВальдивиЯ (~39°S).

FIG. 3 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 3. Tonicia calbucensis, southern ecotype, South Chile, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 m, BL 20.5 mm, 04.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve VII, jugal area. B, D. Dorsal spicules. C. Dorsal, marginal and ventral spicules. РИС. 3. Tonicia calbucensis, южный Экотип, южное Чили, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 м, BL 20,5 мм, 04.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Щиток VII, югальное поле. B, D. Дорсальные спикулы. C. Дорсальные, маргинальные и вентральные спикулы.

FIG. 15 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 15. Tonicia chilensis, southern ecotype, Chile, Magellan Strait, 53°37'S, 70°56'W, 0.5–3.0 m, BL 18.5 mm, 18.05.2000, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve I, dorsal view. B. Valve II, dorsal view. C. Valve V, dorsal view. D. Valve VIII, dorsal view. E. Valve V, jugal and pleural areas. F. Valve V, rostral view. G. Valve VIII, lateral view. РИС. 15. Tonicia chilensis, южный Экотип, Чили, пролив Магеллана, 53°37'S, 70°56'W, 0.5–3.0 m, BL 18.5 mm, 18.05.2000, собрал. B. Sirenko. A. Головной Щиток вид сверху. B. Щиток II, вид сверху. C. Щиток V, вид сверху. D. Щиток VIII, вид сверху. E. Щиток V, югальное и плевральное полЯ. F. Щиток V, вид спереди. G. Щиток VIII, вид сбоку.

FIG. 17 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 17. Shape differences in Tonicia ecotypes, resulting from combined principal components analysis. The two species studied are shown in different colors. A. Tonicia calbucensis. B. Tonicia chilensis. РИС. 17. РаЗличиЯ в форме Экотипов Tonicia, полученные в реЗультате комбинированного аналиЗа основных компонентов. Два иЗученных вида покаЗаны раЗными цветами. A. Tonicia calbucensis. B. Tonicia chilensis.

FIG. 14 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 14. Tonicia chilensis, northern ecotype, Chile, Calfuco, intertidal, BL 20.6 mm, 16.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A, B. Radula. РИС. 14. Tonicia chilensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Калфуко, литораль BL 20,6 мм, 16.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A, B. Радула.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Egg Batches Parasitism Of Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea Pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae), From Two Atlas Cedar Ecotypes In Algeria

Fig. 3. Distribution of the number of egg rows in relation to the twig diameter in Chréa (A), and Ouled Yagoub (B).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Egg Batches Parasitism Of Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea Pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae), From Two Atlas Cedar Ecotypes In Algeria

Fig. 1. Eggs batches of Thaumetopoea pityocampa: A — cylindrical form; B — egg batches in thick twigs; C — types of eggs.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Further evidence from common garden rearing experiments of heritable traits separating lean and siscowet lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes

Genetic evidence of selection for complex and polygenically regulated phenotypes can easily become masked by neutral population genetic structure and phenotypic plasticity. Without direct evidence of genotype-phenotype associations, it can be difficult to conclude to what degree a phenotype is heritable or a product of environment. Common garden laboratory studies control for environmental stochasticity and help to determine the mechanism that regulates traits. Here we assess lipid content, growth, weight, and length variation in full and hybrid F1 crosses of deep and shallow water sympatric lake charr ecotypes reared for nine years in a common garden experiment. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and quantitative-trait-loci (QTL) genomic scans are used to identify associations between genotypes at 19,714 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) aligned to the lake charr genome and individual phenotypes to determine the role that genetic inheritance plays in ecotype phenotypic diversity. Lipid content, growth, length, and weight differed significantly among lake charr crosses throughout the experiment suggesting that pedigree plays a large role in lake charr development. Polygenic scores of 15 SNPs putatively associated with lipid content and/or condition factor indicated that ecotype distinguishing traits are polygenically regulated and additive. A QTL identified on chromosome 38 contained >200 genes, some of which were associated with lipid metabolism and growth, demonstrating the complex nature of ecotype diversity. The results of our common garden study further indicate that lake charr ecotypes observed in nature are pre-determined at birth and that ecotypes differ fundamentally in lipid metabolism and growth.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Chromosomal inversions from an initial ecotypic divergence drive a gradual repeated radiation of Galápagos beetles

Island faunas exhibit some of the most iconic examples where similar forms repeatedly evolve within different islands. Yet, whether these deterministic evolutionary trajectories within islands are driven by an initial, singular divergence and the subsequent exchange of individuals and adaptive genetic variation between islands remains unclear. Here, we address this issue using a gradual, repeated evolution of low-dispersive highland ecotypes from a dispersive lowland ecotype of Calosoma beetles along the island progression of the Galápagos. We show that repeated highland adaptation involved selection on multiple shared alleles within extensive chromosomal inversions that originated from an initial adaptation event on the oldest island. These highland inversions first spread through dispersal of highland individuals. Subsequent admixture with the widely distributed lowland ecotype resulted in polymorphic dispersive populations from which the highland populations evolved on the youngest islands. Our findings emphasize the significance of an ancient divergence in driving repeated evolution and highlight how a mixed contribution of inter-island colonization and within-island evolution can shape parallel species communities on islands.

opencc-by-4.0May 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Grouping and genetic diversity of different watermelon ecotypes based on agro-morphological traits and ISSR marker

Fig. 1. Grouping the watermelon ecotypes based on agro-morphological traits using UPGMA method. The symbols for the ecotypes are presented in Table 1.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Social network differences and phenotypic divergence between stickleback ecotypes

Elucidating the mechanisms underlying differentiation between populations is essential to our understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes. While social network analysis has yielded numerous insights in behavioral ecology in recent years, it has rarely been applied to questions about population differentiation. Here, we use social network analysis to assess the potential role of social behavior in the recent divergence between two three-spined stickleback ecotypes, "whites" and "commons". These ecotypes differ significantly in their social behavior and mating systems as adults, but it is unknown when or how differences in social behavior develop. We found that as juveniles, the white ecotype was bolder and more active than the common ecotype. Furthermore, while there was no evidence for assortative shoaling preferences, the two ecotypes differed in social network structure. Specifically, groups of the white ecotype had a lower clustering coefficient than groups of the common ecotype, suggesting that groups of the white ecotype were characterized by the formation of smaller subgroups, or 'cliques'. Interestingly, ecotypic differences in clustering coefficient were not apparent in mixed groups composed of whites and commons. The formation of cliques could contribute to population divergence by restricting the social environment that individuals experience, potentially influencing future mating opportunities and preferences. These findings highlight the insights that social network analysis can offer into our understanding of population divergence and reproductive isolation.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Adaptation to distinct habitats is maintained by contrasting selection at different life stages in sunflower ecotypes

Conspecific populations living in adjacent but contrasting microenvironments represent excellent systems for studying natural selection. These systems are valuable because gene flow is expected to force genetic homogeneity except at loci experiencing divergent selection. A history of reciprocal transplant and common garden studies in such systems, and a growing number of genomic studies, have contributed to understanding how selection operates in natural populations. While selection can vary across different fitness components and life stages, few studies have investigated how this ultimately affects allele frequencies and the maintenance of divergence between populations. Here, we study two sunflower ecotypes in distinct, adjacent habitats by combining demographic models with genome-wide sequence data to estimate fitness and allele frequency change at multiple life stages. This framework allows us to estimate that only local ecotypes are likely to experience positive population growth (λ>1) and that the maintenance of divergent adaptation appears to be mediated via habitat- and life-stage-specific selection. We identify genetic variation, significantly driven by loci in chromosomal inversions, associated with different life history strategies in neighbouring ecotypes that optimize different fitness components and may contribute to the maintenance of distinct ecotypes.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

DNA methylation differences between stick insect ecotypes

Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, can influence gene regulation and affect phenotypic variation, raising the possibility that they contribute to ecological adaptation. To begin to address this issue requires high-resolution sequencing studies of natural populations to pinpoint epigenetic regions of potential ecological and evolutionary significance. However, such studies are still relatively uncommon, especially in insects, and are mainly restricted to a few model organisms. Here, we characterize patterns of DNA methylation for natural populations of Timema cristinae adapted to two host plant species (i.e., ecotypes). By integrating results from sequencing of whole transcriptomes, genomes, and methylomes, we investigate whether environmental, host, and genetic differences of these stick insects are associated with methylation levels of cytosine nucleotides in CpG context. We report an overall genome-wide methylation level for T. cristinae of ~14%, being enriched in gene bodies and impoverished in repetitive elements. Genome-wide DNA methylation variation was strongly positively correlated with genetic distance (relatedness) but also exhibited significant host-plant effects. Using methylome-environment association analysis, we pinpointed specific genomic regions that are differentially methylated between ecotypes, with these regions being enriched for genes with functions in membrane processes. The observed association between methylation variation with genetic relatedness and the ecologically-important variable of host plant suggest a potential role for epigenetic modification in T. cristinae adaptation. To substantiate such adaptive significance, future studies could test if methylation has a heritable component and the extent to which it responds to experimental manipulation in field and laboratory studies.