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FIG. 4 in The Serrialis Bone, Interparietals, "X" Elements, Entotympanics, And The Composition Of The Notoungulate Caudal Cranium

FIG. 4. Caudal cranium of adult Nesodon ovinus, as illustrated and interpreted by Roth (1903: pl. III, fig. 2; original magnification, cited as approximately one-third natural size); lateral aspect. The label "serrial" is simply floated over the external acoustic meatus, with no bounding sutures indicated, making it impossible to evaluate Roth's (1903) reason for discriminating it as such. Roth's key (terminology translated, updated, and annotated as in fig. 3): 3, occipital condyle; 4, paroccipital process; 5, retrotympanic process; 6a, "pars mastoidea" (= caudal section of pars canalicularis, exposed on margin of posttemporal canal); 7, crista meatus; 9, glaserian fissure; 11, retroarticular process; 12, mandibular fossa; 13, articular tubercle; 14, "incisura mastoidea" (= cleft between crista meatus and retrotympanic process); 21, external acoustic meatus.

FIG. 3 in The Serrialis Bone, Interparietals, "X" Elements, Entotympanics, And The Composition Of The Notoungulate Caudal Cranium

FIG. 3. Skull of an adult Pachyrukhos typicus, as illustrated and interpreted by Roth (1903: pl. I, fig. 6; original magnification, cited as approximately natural size); oblique dorsolateral aspect. Roth's key (translated), with controversial names in quotation marks, preferred name following in parentheses: 1, supraoccipital; 4, paroccipital process; 5, retrotympanic process; 6, "pars mastoidea" (= epitympanic theca); 6a, crista lateralis; 16, auditory bulla; 19, "sutura mastoideo-supraoccipitalis" (= supraoccipito-thecal suture); 21, external acoustic meatus; 36, parietal; 37, squamosal; 38, squamoso-parietal suture; 41, "sutura squamoso-mastoidea (escamo-serrial)" (= actually parieto-thecal suture in this specimen, as the squamosal bar has broken away; see text).

FIG. 2 in The Serrialis Bone, Interparietals, "X" Elements, Entotympanics, And The Composition Of The Notoungulate Caudal Cranium

FIG. 2. Skull of a specimen of Toxodon, apparently juvenile (after Roth, 1903: text-fig. A; scale not provided), showing extent of supposed serrialis (gray shading) and other novel ossifications according to boundaries implied by Roth's determinations of supposed sutures. In fact, none of the elements so delimited qualifies as an independent ossification (see text). Abbreviations according to original caption: a, b, elementum serriale = prosquamosum; c, elementum posttympanicum = quadratum; mae, external acoustic meatus; pa, parietale; qui, elementum zygoma = quatrojugale; so, supraocipitale; sq, squamosum; ty, tympanicum; 1, sutura squamoso-parietalis; 2, sutura squamoso-serrialis; 3, sutura zygoma-serrialis; 4, [not provided in original]; 5, sutura mastoideo-posttympanica; 6, incisura mastoidea; 7, fissura glaseri. Although this has yet to be demonstrated for Toxodon, some of these alleged sutures could be the result of Roth's misinterpreting borders related to thecal alae—thin sheets of bone formed by the exoccipital, supraoccipital, and petrosal which encroach onto the squamosal thecae and sometimes form self-sutures, to varying extents among notoungulate taxa (cf. Paedotherium, fig. 12B–F).

FIG. 1 in The Serrialis Bone, Interparietals, "X" Elements, Entotympanics, And The Composition Of The Notoungulate Caudal Cranium

FIG. 1. Oldfieldthomasia cf. debilitata AMNH-VP 28600, left hemicranium in ventral (A; above), oblique ventrolateral (B; opposite), and caudal (C; opposite) aspects (after Simpson [1936], slightly modified and relabeled). Scale bar in C = 0.5 cm (all to same scale). Most but not all of the features identified in Simpson's (1936) original illustrations are included in the following key (updated with modern nomina where necessary): 1,?foramen; 2, part of (preotic) squamoso-alisphenoid suture; 3, apparent "suture" (in fact a fracture) delimiting element Xa according to Simpson (see text); 4, exposed cellule (not stylomastoid foramen, contra Simpson); 5, fractured area in tympanic roof; 6, broken edge of bulla; 7, retroarticular sinus, exposed by breakage; 8, floor of epitympanic sinus (not posttemporal canal/"mastoid foramen," contra Simpson). The specimen is obviously in poor condition, with many broken (br) structures. In the drawings as originally published, bone was not properly differentiated from matrix still adherent to inner walls of epitympanic sinus. In C, Simpson evidently assumed that the matrix-filled area (asterisk, *) incorporated the actual caudal wall of the theca, and that the declivity medial to it (8) was therefore the "mastoid foramen" (= posttemporal canal). Declivity is in fact curved floor of epitympanic sinus, not an aperture; true posttemporal canal lies, as indicated, more medially and dorsally within a groove appearing on original drawing but not called out as such. Stylomastoid and hypoglossal foramina originally drawn slightly out of place (now corrected); hyoid recess cannot be seen from this angle (thus omitted); and leader for Xp points to nothing interpretable as an independent element (as in original drawing). In A, small arrows with italicized figure numbers indicate approximate planes of virtual sections (figs. 6, 7).

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elemental composition of alloys - ReINTEGRA

Open access to acquired data (analysed), generated by the ReINTEGRA project (GA 886609, H2020, European Union, through Clean Sky 2 JU) along the research of the End-of-Life of novel welded Al-Li aerostructures. Research pertaining to Task 1.1 (WP1), Deliverable D1.  Acquired data on chemical composition limits of Al-Li alloys and alloys for welding wires, collected from the international registration records published by the Aluminum Association (TEAL sheets) and from publicly available MSDS of aluminium welding wires manufactured by SAFRA S.P.A. and AlcoTec Wire Co, have been processed and analysed. Data analysis: <ul> <li>Graphical comparison of ranges of contents of main alloying elements and impurities in the alloy combined in FSW and LBW coupons</li> <li>Identify elements in welding wires alloys showing low-medium compatibility for Al-Li alloys</li> </ul> The data, analysed as part of the technical survey and experimental screening approach in WP1, have been the basis for further research on compatibility for recycling in WP3 and on the selection of the best EOL routes in WP2

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Fabrication, Characterization and Evaluation of an Alginate–Lignin Composite for Rare-Earth Elements Recovery

This dataset contains the raw data for the publication "Fabrication, Characterization and Evaluation of an Alginate–Lignin Composite for Rare-Earth Elements Recovery" by Fila et al, published in Materials. The upload includes raw data of physicochemical characterizations of alginate-based composite, i.e. alginate-lignin, including BET, SEM, TG, XPS and XRD analyses.

FIGURE 15 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 15. Line chart of the between-taxa elemental weight percentage comparison of both gorgonians and sea pens

FIGURE 12 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 12. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) linescan dataset. (A) EDS linescan site of interest BSE image in a cross-sectional view of a sea pen Stylatula sp. axial skeleton acquired by INCA Energy software using same region as Figure 11, horizontal linescan through the middle of the axis was applied for EDS analysis to examine the distribution of elements along the line. Scale bar = 900 μm. (B) Element linescan result displaying grouped linescans as colored: carbon (red), oxygen (orange), fluorine (yellow), sodium (green), magnesium (light green), aluminum (bright green), silicon (aqua), sulfur (light blue), calcium (blue), strontium (pink), ytterbium (purple), iron (hot pink).

FIGURE 10 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 10. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) linescan dataset. (A) EDS linescan site of interest BSE image in a cross-sectional view of a sea pen Virgularia sp. axial skeleton acquired by INCA Energy software using same region as Figure 9, horizontal linescan through the middle of the axis was applied for EDS analysis to examine the distribution of elements along the line. (B) Element linescan result displaying grouped linescans as colored: carbon (purple), oxygen (bright green), fluorine (pink), sodium (blue), magnesium (green), sulfur (teal), chlorine (red), calcium (light green), ytterbium (gold). (C) Sum spectrum of the linescan. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bar chart of the quantitative results from the sum spectrum.

FIGURE 9 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of a cross-sectional view of a sea pen Virgularia sp. axial skeleton. (A) In this secondary electron (SE) image a great degree of the radiating patterns well-arranged across the whole axial surface can be observed, such character is also used in the morphological phylogenetic studies of the calcaxonian gorgonians and sea pens. Scale bar = 200 μm. (B) Back-scattered electron (BSE) image. There seemed to be some chemical composition contrast appearing darker in the central portion of the axis, though several between-site area scans were performed, yet no differences in chemical composition can be found (data not shown); however, the between-site changes on weight percentage value of some elements can be detected as shown in the next Figure 10B. Scale bar = 200 μm.

FIGURE 5 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of a cross-sectional view of a gorgonian Ellisella sp. axial skeleton. (A) Secondary electron (SE) image. The axis of Ellisella sp. is featured by the concentric growth rings resembling that in trees, also by the slightly radiating patterns on the surface. These characters are useful for comparative morphology studies on calcaxonian gorgonians and sea pens. Scale bar = 200 μm. (B) Back-scattered electron (BSE) image. The compositional change is minute since again no detectable contrast is observed in the image though the topographical contrast is apparent like that in the SE image. Scale bar = 200 μm.

FIGURE 2 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 2. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) area scan dataset. (A) EDS site of interest BSE image in a cross-sectional view of a gorgonian Isis hippuris axial skeleton acquired by INCA Energy software using the same region as Figure 1, where spectrum 1 was collected across the full span of the maximum horizontal length of the axial surface and spectrum 2 was collected across the full span of the maximum vertical length of the axial surface. Scale bar = 100 μm. (B) Bar chart of the quantitative results from (C) spectrum 1 for reference in that the analytical results of the two sites are fairly similar as presented in Table 1.

Figure 8 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 8. Relationships between values of distribution coefficients (Kd Shell/Water Zn (A), Kd Shell/Water Sr (B) and Kd Shell/Water Al (C)) and principal component 1, revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.

Figure 6. Normed PCA factorial graph F1 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 6. Normed PCA factorial graph F1 × F2 of two revealed geographical groups of Beringiana beringiana samples (blue circles indicate samples from Primorsky Krai, Kunashir, Sakhalin, and Iturup islands; red circles indicate samples from Kamchatka Peninsula). Ellipses show 95 % confidence interval.

Figure 5 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 5. Relationships between Kd Shell/Sediment Al and Kd Shell/Water Al: (1) Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island, (2) Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island, (3) Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai, (4) Lebedinoe Lake, Iturup Island, (5) Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (6) Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (7) Chernoye Lake, Sakhalin Island.

Figure 4 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 4. Median joining networks of Beringiana beringiana (N = 50) based on the COI gene fragment. The circle size is proportional to the number of available sequences belonging to the given haplotype (the smallest = 1 sequence). The red numbers near branches indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions between haplotypes.

Figure 2 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 2. Shells of Beringiana beringiana specimens, collected from studied waterbodies: A – Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula (voucher number RMBH biv1212/2), B – Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai (RMBH biv1181/1), C – Lebedinoye Lake, Iturup Island (RMBH biv1254/2), D – Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island (RMBH biv1250/1), E - Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island (RMBH biv1251/1), F – Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula (RMBH biv1213/3). Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 1 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 1. Map of the studied region. Lakes: (1) Kurazhechnoye, Kamchatka Peninsula (n = 5), (2) Khalaktyrskoye, Kamchatka Peninsula (n = 5), (3) Lebedinoye, Iturup Island (n = 3), (4) Peschanoye, Kunashir Island (n = 3), (5) Chernoye, Sakhalin Island (n = 3), (6) Bolshoye Vavayskoye, Sakhalin Island (n = 3), (7) Vaskovskoye, Primorsky Krai (n = 3). n reveals the number of collected shells of Beringiana beringiana.

Figure 3. Principal components 1 and 2 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 3. Principal components 1 and 2 visualized by drawing synthetic outlines of extreme (±2SD) and mean shell shapes of Beringiana beringiana. The umbo position marked by star.

Figure 11 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 11. Relationships between values of KAl and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), d Shell/Sediment revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.