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Fig. 1 in Enamel microstructure and dental histology in a heterodontosaurid dinosaur: Heterodontosaurus tucki

Fig. 1. Heterodontosaurid dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962 (BP/1/9007), from Lower Jurassic upper Elliot Massospondylus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. Left partial maxillary tooth row in lingual view; preserves partial crowns with wear facets. Blue plane indicates location of histological transverse sections from the middle of the tooth row.

Fig. 7 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of buccal and lingual enamel from distinct regions of the dental axis in upper (dP4, A–D) and lower (dp4, E, F) deciduous premolars of Toxodon sp. Symbols represent different percentages of enamel zones from the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) up to theouter enamel surface. Microstructural features are obtained from longitudinal (A, B) and transversal sections (C–E). Illustration based on Lindenau (2005).

Fig. 2 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Enamel microstructure in upper molar of Toxodon sp. from the upper Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (southern Coastal Plain, Santa Vitória Formation). Scanning electron micrographs of transversal sections of the ectoloph (A1) and paracone, including the anterior fold (A2–A4). MCN-PV 30077.PHIS-055, M3, general view of enamel exhibiting Schmelzmuster with three enamel types (A1), Hunter-Schreger bands in the enamel of loop from anterior fold on the protocone and modified radial enamel below the dashed line (A2), enamel of outermost loop from anterior fold on the metacone, in opposite position to that observed in A2 (A3, A4). Arrows indicate difference in depth between Hunter-Schreger bands. Dashed line in A1 indicates the morphology of enamel-dentine junction.

Fig. 6 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of enamel in upper permanent molar (A, B) and lower permanent premolar (C) and molar (D–K) of Toxodon sp. A, B. M3. C. p4. D–K. m1–2. Symbols represent different percentages of enamel zones from the enamel-dentine junction EDJ) up to the outer enamel surface. A. Ectoloph (mesial distal). B. Anterior fold (distal). C. Buccal enamel. D. Hypoconulid. E. Meta-entoconid fold mesial loop close to internal portion of fold). F. Meta-entoconid fold (distal loop close to internal portion of fold). G. Ento-hypoconulid fold (mesial loop). Illustration based on Lindenau (2005). H. Ento-hypoconulid fold (distal loop). I. Meta-entoconid fold (distal loop). J. Meta-entoconid fold (innermost area of the distal loop). K. Meta-entoconid fold (internal portion).

Fig. 5 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of buccal enamel in upper (A, B) and lower (C–E) incisors of Toxodon sp. A. I1. B. I2. C, D. i1. E. i3. Areas close to mesial (C) and distal (D) portions of the dental axis. Illustration based on Lindenau (2005). Abbreviation: EDJ, enamel-dentine junction.

FIGURE 7 in Paleoecology of the Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Béon 1, Montréal-du-Gers (late early Miocene, SW France): Insights from dental microwear texture analysis, mesowear, and enamel hypoplasia

FIGURE 7. Percentages of specimens above anisotropy (epLsar> 0.005) or complexity (Asfc> 2) cutpoints by species, facet, and preparation type. Triangles: living rhinoceros' species; circles: Béon 1 fossil rhinocerotids; size proportional to the number of specimens.

FIGURE 8 in Paleoecology of the Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Béon 1, Montréal-du-Gers (late early Miocene, SW France): Insights from dental microwear texture analysis, mesowear, and enamel hypoplasia

FIGURE 8. Barplots of mesowear scores on permanent teeth by method (ScoreA, ScoreB, Ruler) and by species. A- ScoreA: mesowear score based on Winkler and Kaiser (2011); B- ScoreB: mesowear score adapted from Fortelius and Solounias (2000); C- Ruler: mesowear score based on Mihlbachler et al. (2011). Only one tooth per specimen was considered.

FIGURE 1 in Paleoecology of the Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Béon 1, Montréal-du-Gers (late early Miocene, SW France): Insights from dental microwear texture analysis, mesowear, and enamel hypoplasia

FIGURE 1. Location map of Béon 1 locality, Montréal-du-Gers (MN4; mid-Orleanian, late early Miocene, south western France). The locality of Béon 1 is located (red circle) on the map of France (upper left corner) and on the zoom of south western France. Main cities (grey circles; bold) and rivers are indicated on the zoomed map. Dashed line represents the Spain-France frontier. Modified from Antoine and Duranthon (1997).

FIGURE 5 in Paleoecology of the Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Béon 1, Montréal-du-Gers (late early Miocene, SW France): Insights from dental microwear texture analysis, mesowear, and enamel hypoplasia

FIGURE 5. Comparison of the DMTA patterns by species, facet and preparation type. Upper graphs: hand-prepared specimens; lower graphs: sand-prepared specimens. Left graphs: grinding facet; right graphs: shearing facet. Boxplots of anisotropy and complexity were plotted along with the dotplots to facilitate graph interpretation.

FIGURE 5 in Tooth enamel microstructure in North American Phytosauria (Diapsida:Archosauriformes): Implications for biogeography and ecology of a Late Triassic clade of crocodylian-like predators

FIGURE 5. SEM captures of Smilosuchus teeth from the lower Chinle of New Mexico (4.1–2) and Arizona (4.3–6). 5A—NMMNH P-36146 type U tooth with well-developed columns; 5B—NMMNH P-36148 type B tooth in longitudinal view along the carina with faint LIGs in the inner half of the enamel; 5C—NMMNH 59648 type U tooth overview of transverse section showing the contributions of enamel and dentine to the fluting; 5D—NMMNH P-59648 type U tooth fluting along lingual surface; 5E—NMMNH P-59650 type B tooth along labial margin of enamel with well-developed columns; 5F—NMMNH P-59650 type B tooth along lingual margin of enamel. Scale bars for 5.1, 5.4–6 equal 50 µm, 5.2 scale bar equals 100 µm and 5.3 scale bar equals 2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Tooth enamel microstructure in North American Phytosauria (Diapsida:Archosauriformes): Implications for biogeography and ecology of a Late Triassic clade of crocodylian-like predators

FIGURE 7. SEM captures of Machaeroprosopus teeth from the Petrified Forest Formation of New Mexico. 7A— NMMNH P-33103 type U tooth, overview of transverse cross-section; 7B—NMMNH P-33103 type U tooth with welldeveloped columns; 7C—NMMNH P-33103 type U tooth fluting with contribution solely from the enamel; 7D— NMMNH P-33105 type I tooth, overview of transverse cross-section; 7E—NMMNH P-33105 type I tooth denticle and maximum enamel thickness; 7F—NMMNH P-33105 type I tooth with well-developed columns. Both overview scale bars equal 2 mm. Enamel image scale bars equal 50 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Tooth enamel microstructure in North American Phytosauria (Diapsida:Archosauriformes): Implications for biogeography and ecology of a Late Triassic clade of crocodylian-like predators

FIGURE 4. SEM captures of Angistorhinus teeth from the Popo Agie Formation of Wyoming. 4A—NMMNH P-36190 type I tooth, transverse section across a denticle; 4B—NMMNH P-36190 type I tooth tangential view of enamel, polygonal columnar enamel packages evident on lower half of image; 4C—NMMNH P-36190 type I tooth enamel from labial margin of tooth; 4D—NMMNH P-36190 type I tooth enamel from lingual margin of tooth; 4E—NMMNH P-36192 type B tooth enamel preserves thin columnar packages; 4F—NMMNH P-36191 type B tooth with a few faint LIGs near OES. All scale bars equal 50 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Tooth enamel microstructure in North American Phytosauria (Diapsida:Archosauriformes): Implications for biogeography and ecology of a Late Triassic clade of crocodylian-like predators

FIGURE 6. SEM captures of "Rutiodon" teeth. 6A—NCSM 23303 type B tooth in transverse section with well-developed columns along lingual margin and abundant LIGs; 6B—NCSM 23303 type B tooth in transverse section with well-developed columns along labial margin and abundant LIGs; 6C—NCSM 24322A type U tooth in tangential section showing polygonal columnar packages ~10 µm above EDJ with abundant LIGs; 6D—NCSM 24322B type U tooth in longitudinal section showing minimum thickness of enamel along posterior margin just above tooth base with abundant LIGs; 6E—NCSM 25043 type C? tooth in transverse section with thin (~10 µm wide) well-developed columnar enamel with abundant LIGs in outer half of enamel; 6F—NCSM 25075 type I tooth in transverse section of well-developed columnar enamel with abundant LIGs. All scale bars equal 50 µm.

Fig. 12 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 12. Cladogram summarizing relationships among major lineages of Perissodactyla and the evolution of various HSB configurations. Boxes on the right indicate HSB configurations in various perissodactyl taxa. Boxes on the tree itself indicate changes in HSB configuration, as inferred from the distribution of HSB configurations given this phylogeny. The phylogeny is a conservative estimate of perissodactyl relationships drawn from Hooker (1989, 1994), Froehlich (1999), and Holbrook (1999, 2009).

Fig. 8 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 8. Compound HSB configuration in Hyrachyus minimus (Fischer, 1829) (KOE 4050); middle Eocene, Geiseltal, Germany. Tangential section of the protoconid of a lower molar in three sequential levels. A. Outer layer with vertical HSB. B. Middle level with a transitional orientation of the HSB. C. Inner layer with transverse HSB.

Fig. 11 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 11 Curved HSB configuration in Moropus elatus. A. Buccal aspect of M2. B. detailed mapping of visible HSB in the paracone (modified from Koenigswald 1994). doi:10.4202/app.2010.0021

Fig. 6 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 6. Curved HSB configuration in Heptodon calciculus Cope, 1880 (KOE 4035, 4036); early Eocene, Willwood Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. A. Tangential section of the posterior loph of a lower molar with two fields of curved HSB with the typical interface. B. Tangential section of the protoconid of a lower molar with the transverse HSB. Abbreviation: if, interface between fields of HSB.

Fig. 4 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of the four configurations of Hunter−Schreger Bands (HSB) found in Perissodactyla: A. Transverse HSB configuration. B. Curved HSB configuration with interface. C. Compound HSB configuration with transverse HSB in an inner layer and vertical HSB in an outer layer. D. Vertical HSB configuration.

Fig. 10 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 10. HSB configuration in the incisors of the rhinocerotid Menoceras arikarense (Barbour, 1906) (USNM 412981); early Miocene, Arikaree Formation, Agate, Nebraska, USA. A. The lower incisor with an almost vertical shearing blade has transverse HSB. B, C. In the upper incisor with a shearing blade oblique to the growing axis the HSB are almost vertical.

Fig. 2 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 2. Appearance of the HSB in variable light. A. Scheme of the fiber optic light guide effect of enamel prisms. Those prisms illuminated perpendicular to the long axis reflect brightly, while those illuminated parallel to the long axis appear dark. B. Transverse HSB illuminated from the left side in an incisor of the artiodactyl Myotragus. Note the regular bifurcation of the light bands to the left, of the dark bands to the right. C–E. Vertical HSB in an etched ground section of a molar of Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) (Upper Pleistocene, Germany KOE 59) illuminated from different sides. Light source on the left (C), light source on the right (D), light source perpendicular to the direction of the bands (E), highlighting the transitional zones. White dotted lines connect identical spots.