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Fig. 3 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily
Fig. 3. Proviverrine mammal Parvagula palulae Lange-Badré in Godinot et al., 1987 from Fournes (A, C, D) and Fordones (B), France, early Eocene. A. UM/FNR 53, right fragmentary dentary bearing p4; labial (A 1), lingual (A2), and occlusal (A3) views. B. UM/FDN 153, left trigonid of m1?; occlusal (B 1), labial (B2), and lingual (B3) views. C. UM/FNR 52, left trigonid of m1?; occlusal (C1), labial (C2), and lingual (C3) views. D. UM/FNR 51, right m1?; labial (D 1), occlusal (D2), and lingual (D3) views. The frame distinguishes the sole specimen from Fordones.
Fig. 1 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily
Fig. 1. Eocene palaeogeographic map showing the possible localisation of Rians, Palette, Fournes, Fordones, and Le Quesnoy (France), Dormaal and Erquelinnes (Belgium), Silveirinha (Portugal), and Abbey Wood (England). The earliest proviverrines are restricted to the Southern European Province, while the sinopines are mainly located in the Northern European Province. Redrawn from Marandat et al. (2012: fig. 1).
Fig. 5 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily
Fig. 5. Comparison of the p4 (A, C) and m1 (B, D) of the early Eocene Proviverrinae and Sinopinae. A, B. Parvagula palulae Lange-Badré in Godinot et al., 1987 from Fournes, France. A. UM/FNR 53, right p4; occlusal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. UM/FNR 51, right m1; occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C, D. Prototomus minimus Smith and Smith, 2001 from Dormaal, Belgium. C. IRSNB M1286, right p4; lingual (C1) and occlusal (C2) views. D. IRSNB M1287, left m1; lingual (D1) and occlusal (D2) views, reversed. Not to scale.
The original figure plates and associated images for "A new fossil species of the reticulated beetle genus Cupes (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Cupedidae) from Eocene Baltic amber"
<p>The original figure plates and associated images for "<strong>A new fossil species of the reticulated beetle genus <em>Cupes</em> (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Cupedidae) from Eocene Baltic amber</strong>" in Zootaxa.</p> <p> </p> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The single extant species of the reticulated beetle genus <em>Cupes</em> Fabricius is confined to North America. In contrast, a diverse and abundant fossil record of the genus has been documented in Cenozoic deposits in Europe, especially in Eocene Baltic amber. This paper describes another species, <em>Cupes balticus</em> <strong>sp. n.</strong>, as the eighth named species of the genus from Baltic amber. The discovery of an additional <em>Cupes</em> species further evidences the hidden paleodiversity of reticulated beetles in European Eocene forests.</p> <p> </p> <p>Yamamoto, S. (2024) A new fossil species of the reticulated beetle genus <em>Cupes</em> (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Cupedidae) from Eocene Baltic amber. Zootaxa, 5432(4), 451–460. DOI: 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.5432.4.1</p>
Data from: Mosaicism in a new Eocene pufferfish highlights rapid morphological innovation near the origin of crown tetraodontiforms
Tetraodontiformes (pufferfishes and kin) is a taxonomically and structurally diverse, widely-distributed clade of acanthomorphs, whose members often serve as models for genomics and, increasingly, macroevolutionary studies. Morphologically disparate Palaeogene fossils suggest considerable early experimentation, but these flattened specimens often preserve limited information. We present a three-dimensionally preserved beaked tetraodontiform from the early Eocene (c. 53 Ma) London Clay Formation, UK. Approximately coeval with the oldest crown tetraodontiforms, †Ctenoplectus williamsi gen. et sp. nov. presents an unprecedented combination of characters, pairing a fused beak-like dentition with prominent dorsal-fin spines that insert atop transversely-expanded pterygiophores roofing the skull. Bayesian total-evidence tip-dating analysis indicates that †Ctenoplectus represents the sister lineage of Triodontidae and highlights considerable levels of homoplasy in early tetraodontiform evolution. According to our dataset, rates of morphological character evolution were elevated at the origin of crown Tetraodontiformes, especially within gymnodonts, but declined after the principal body plans were established. Such 'early burst' patterns are regarded as a hallmark of adaptive radiations, but are typically associated with diversification at smaller spatiotemporal scales. However, denser sampling of Neogene and Recent taxa is needed to confirm this pattern.
Data from: Large-scale phylogeny of chameleons suggests African origins and Eocene diversification
Oceanic dispersal has emerged as an important factor contributing to biogeographic patterns in numerous taxa. Chameleons are a clear example of this, as they are primarily found in Africa and Madagascar, but the age of the family is post-Gondwanan break-up. A Malagasy origin for the family has been suggested, yet this hypothesis has not been tested using modern biogeographic methods with a dated phylogeny. To examine competing hypotheses of African and Malagasy origins, we generated a dated phylogeny using between six and 13 genetic markers, for up to 174 taxa representing greater than 90 per cent of all named species. Using three different ancestral-state reconstruction methods (Bayesian and likelihood approaches), we show that the family most probably originated in Africa, with two separate oceanic dispersals to Madagascar during the Palaeocene and the Oligocene, when prevailing oceanic currents would have favoured eastward dispersal. Diversification of genus-level clades took place in the Eocene, and species-level diversification occurred primarily in the Oligocene. Plio-Pleistocene speciation is rare, resulting in a phylogeny dominated by palaeo-endemic species. We suggest that contraction and fragmentation of the Pan-African forest coupled to an increase in open habitats (savannah, grassland, heathland), since the Oligocene played a key role in diversification of this group through vicariance.
Fig. 1 in Eocene lantern fruits from Gondwanan Patagonia and the early origins of Solanaceae
Fig. 1. Physalis infinemundi sp. nov. and selected herbarium specimens of Physalis calyces. (A to C) P. infinemundi holotype, MPEF-Pb 6434a,b. (A) MPEF-Pb 6434a, preserving pedicel attachment, venation compressed into the matrix behind the pedicel, four of the presumed five lobe tips, and the coalified berry revealed by cleavage through the calyx. (B) MPEF-Pb 6434b, preserving a slen- der pedicel segment. (C) MPEF-Pb 6434a, showing the secondary vein narrowly bifurcating at the arrow, before the lobe sinus visible in (A). (D and E) P. angustifolia, BH 000079053, showing general features and preservation similar to the fossil holotype and secondary vein bifurcation at the arrow (berry dried and shrunken). (F) P. glutinosa, MICH 1295968, showing exposure of the (dried and shrunken) berry via calyx breakage as in (A) and (B). Scale bar, 1 cm. (G and H) P. infinemundi paratype, MPEF-Pb 6435a (G) and 6435b (H), showing invaginated, angled calyx with all five lobes preserved [arrows in (G)], intersecondary veins, and numerous veins compressed into the matrix behind the base. (I) P. angustifolia, MICH 1514118, showing rounded aspect similar to (G) and (H) versus elongate aspect of the same species in (D); compression of veins behind the pedicel (righthand specimen) similar to both fossils; and distortion effects of flattening under a stem (left-hand specimen) similar to the compression preservation in (G) and (H).
Fig. 2 in Eocene lantern fruits from Gondwanan Patagonia and the early origins of Solanaceae
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Physalis infinemundi sp. nov. and selected Solanaceae species. Strict consensus of 2835 most parsimonious trees of 3510 steps (CI = 0.438, RI = 0.726), based on a total evidence analysis using morphology and five gene partitions (ITS, waxy, matK, ndhF, and trnL-F; 7070 total characters). Decay indices are included above each branch (20) (higher indices represent stronger support). Labeled major clades follow (10). See the text and supplementary materials (20) for details and fig. S 1 for the maximum likelihood tree.
Fig. 2 in Eocene lantern fruits from Gondwanan Patagonia and the early origins of Solanaceae
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Physalis infinemundi sp. nov. and selected Solanaceae species. Strict consensus of 2835 most parsimonious trees of 3510 steps (CI = 0.438, RI = 0.726), based on a total evidence analysis using morphology and five gene partitions (ITS, waxy, matK, ndhF, and trnL-F; 7070 total characters). Decay indices are included above each branch (20) (higher indices represent stronger support). Labeled major clades follow (10). See the text and supplementary materials (20) for details and fig. S 1 for the maximum likelihood tree.
Fig. 2 in Eocene lantern fruits from Gondwanan Patagonia and the early origins of Solanaceae
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Physalis infinemundi sp. nov. and selected Solanaceae species. Strict consensus of 2835 most parsimonious trees of 3510 steps (CI = 0.438, RI = 0.726), based on a total evidence analysis using morphology and five gene partitions (ITS, waxy, matK, ndhF, and trnL-F; 7070 total characters). Decay indices are included above each branch (20) (higher indices represent stronger support). Labeled major clades follow (10). See the text and supplementary materials (20) for details and fig. S 1 for the maximum likelihood tree.
Fig. 2 in Eocene lantern fruits from Gondwanan Patagonia and the early origins of Solanaceae
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Physalis infinemundi sp. nov. and selected Solanaceae species. Strict consensus of 2835 most parsimonious trees of 3510 steps (CI = 0.438, RI = 0.726), based on a total evidence analysis using morphology and five gene partitions (ITS, waxy, matK, ndhF, and trnL-F; 7070 total characters). Decay indices are included above each branch (20) (higher indices represent stronger support). Labeled major clades follow (10). See the text and supplementary materials (20) for details and fig. S1 for the maximum likelihood tree.
Figure 17 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 17. †Titanonarke megapterygia sp. nov. from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, MCSNV IG.135576; B, detail of the head and hyoid apparatus. Abbreviations: ao, antorbital cartilage; cb, ceratobranchials; hym, hyomandibula; me, Meckel's cartilage; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; sca, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual; rf, rostral fontanelle; ro, rostral cartilage. Scale bars = 50 mm.
Figure 12 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 12. †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site. Close-up of the distal end of pelvic fins of MCSNV IG.91128, which is supposed to be the unique male individual based on the presence of claspers. Abbreviations: cla, clasper; dfr, first dorsal-fin radials, pelvic radials. Scale bar = 50 mm.
Figure 9. A in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 9. A, synarcual and pectoral girdle of Narcine brasiliensis (AMNH 95343) in dorsal view; B, synarcual and pectoral girdle of †Titanonarke molini (MCSNV IG.VR.91359) in ventral view. The arrowheads indicate the posteriorly directed lateral stays of the synarcual. The arrows indicate the posteriorly directed scapular process of the scapulocoracoid. Abbreviations: cb, ceratocranchials; sca, scapulocoracoid; ss, suprascapula; syn, synarcual. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 6 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 6. †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, the juvenile individual MCSNV IG.VR.91359; B, reconstruction. Abbreviations: ao, antorbital cartilage; cb, ceratobranchials; hym, hyomandibula; la, labial cartilages; me, Meckel's cartilage; mes, mesopterygium; met, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsule; pel, prepelvic process; pub, puboischiadic bar; pq, palatoquadrate; pro, propterygium; ps, pseudohyoid; rad, pectoral radials; ro, rostral cartilage; sca, scapulocoracoid; ss, suprascapula; syn, synarcual. Scale bars = 50 mm.
Figure 4 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 4. Juvenile individuals of †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, MCSNV IG.VR.91359; B, MCSNV IG.135581. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 16. A, B, D in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 16. A, B, D, †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site; A, close-up of the abdominal region of MGP-PD 26275 showing the embryo; the anterior region of the body lies on the lower portion of the photo; B, reconstruction; D, detail of the vertebral column of the embryo indicated in B with a dotted rectangle. C, dissected specimen of Potamotrygon tigrina (IUWP 7361) showing the position of the left uterus, just next to the stomach. Abbreviations: int, intestine; liv, liver; lu, left uterus; na, neural arches; ru, right uterus; st, stomach; vc, vertebral centra. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; D = 1 mm.
Figure 15. A, B in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 15. A, B, †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site; A, detail of the abdominal region in MGP-PD 26275 showing the stomach content; B, reconstruction; note also the embryo lying next to the stomach. C, D, close-up of some of the larger foraminifera of the genus †Alveolina in the stomach of MGP-PD 26275. E, dissected specimen of Torpedo nobiliana in ventral view (ESB tn200707_159) showing the position of the stomach, used to identify the accumulation in MGP-PD 26275 as gut contents. Abbreviations: int, intestine; liv, liver; met, metapterygium; pub, puboischiadic bar; sca, scapulocoracoid; st, stomach, syn synarcual. Scale bars: A, B = 50 mm; C, D = 2 mm.
Figure 3 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 3. †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, MCSNV IG.VR.67290; B, MCSNV IG.91128/9. Scale bars = 100 mm.
Figure 1. A in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes
Figure 1. A, location and geological map of the Bolca area. B, stratigraphical section of the uppermost part of the Monte Postale sequence. Modified from Marram̀a et al. (2016c).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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