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Fig. 18 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 18. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion johnsoni compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 20 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 20. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion merriami compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 24 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 24. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion skinneri compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 31 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 31. Log-ratio diagram of cranial parameters of Hippotheriium primigenium from Höwenegg, Germany, compared with C. merriami. June and Midway quarries, Nebraska.

Fig. 23. Cormohipparion skinneri, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 23. Cormohipparion skinneri, F:AM 73909, Gidley Horse Quarry, Clarendon beds, Texas, medial Clarendonian. A, lateral view of cranium, modified from MacFadden (1984: fig. 133A). B, occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth dentition, reversed. After MacFadden (1984: fig. 133B). C, occlusal view of right lower cheek tooth dentition, reversed. D, right lateral view of mandible (reversed). After MacFadden (1984: fig. 136). Note dashed-line X showing the configuration of the metaconid, metastylid, and ectoflexid in P4 (for premolars) and the H pattern on M1 (for M1 and M2).

Fig. 30 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 30. Cladogram of species of Cormohipparion, the LACM specimen, and Hippotherium primigeniuim with outgroups of Parahippus leonensis, ''Merychippus'' primus, M. insignis. Tree length is 124; Consistency Index is 0.742; Retention Index is 0.782; Homoplasy Index is 0.258. Bootstrap values are in boldface. Based on a character distribution analysis via MacClade 4.08. Nodes 1–8 are as in fig. 27. At Node 9, the maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures form an obtuse angle (14:0); the posterior border of the premolar prefossette has 8–9 plis (23:4). C. matthewi is distinguished by having a reduced MSTHT to ca. 42 mm (18:3), and a lower premolar ectoflexid that penetrates the space between the metaconid and metastylid (31:0). At Node 10, the molar posterior prefossette increases to 10 or more (24:5); the premolar postfossette plis increase to 2–3 (27:1); the molar postfossette plis similarly increase to 2–3 (28:1); and the molar pli caballin is usually double (30:2) The LACM specimen of Cormohipparion is distinguished by having reverted to a P2 protocone that attaches to the protoloph within 20–30% wear (20:2); an increase in premolar posterior prefossette plis to 10 or more (23:5); and an increase in premolar plis caballin to 4 (29:4). Node 11 has no distinguishing characteristics but is the point at which C. occidentale and H. primigenium diverge from the LACM specimen of Cormohipparion. H. primigenium is distinguished by the IOF located above the P2–P3 boundary (10:0); the low position of the IOF relative to the ventral border of the orbit (11:0); the maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures forming an acute angle (14:1); the maxillo-lacrimal and lacrimo-jugal sutures forming an acute angle; the dP1/P2 length ratio retained at ca. 60% (17:1); and their being 8–9 molar anterior postfossette plis. C. occidentale is distinguished in having an unworn cheek tooth MSTHT 60–66 mm (18:6); their being 8–9 molar posterior prefossette plis (24:4); and the orbit being posterior to M3 (38:2). At Node 12, the IOF is located above P2 (36:1). C. fricki is distinguished by having a palpable anterior rim of the DPOF (8:1); molars have 2–3 plis on the anterior border of the prefossette (22:1); the protocone retains a spur (35:0); and the orbit is posterior to M3 (38:2). C. skinneri is distinguished by having the lower premolar ectoflexid making an X-pattern with the metaconid/metastylid (31:2).

Fig. 27 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 27. Cladogram of species of Cormohipparion, with outgroups of Parahippus leonensis, ''Merychippus'' primus, M. insignis. Tree length is 93; Consistency Index is 0.849; Retention Index is 0.770; Homoplasy Index is 0.208. Bootstrap values are in boldface. Based on a character distribution analysis via MacClade 4.08. Node 1 is the outgroup, Parahippus leonensis. Node 2 shows that ''M.'' primus can be distinguished by the lacrimo-jugal and maxillo-lacrimal sutures forming a right angle (15:0). At Node 3, the mesodont taxa M. insignis + Cormohipparion are distinguished by having an anteriorly oriented nasomaxillary fossa (5:1); maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures form an acute angle (14:2); P2 protocone connecting to the protoloph in late wear (50–60%; 20:4); premolar anterior postfossette plis are 2–3 (25:1); molar anterior postfossette plis are 2–3 (26:1); molar pli caballin is usually single (30:1); protocone is isolated from, rather than connected to, the protoloph (34:1); and the orbit is positioned above M3 (38:1). Merychippus insignis is distinguished by having the IOF above P4 (10:2); the length ratio of dP1–P2 is about 50% (17:1); the hypoconal groove in the cheek teeth has 1–2 plis (33:1). At Node 4 (Cormohipparion), the lacrimal fossa is absent (1:1); the anterior end of the lacrimal fossa thus is absent (4:2); the IOF is aligned with the lower one-third of the orbit (12:1); the lacrimal is pointed anteriorly (13:1); the upper premolars have 4–5 plis in the posterior border of the prefossette (23:2); the upper molars have 4–5 plis in the posterior border of the prefossette (24:2); the lower premolar ectoflexid retracts from the metaconid/metastylid in early wear (31:1); and the IOF is located below the anterior end of the nasomaxillary fossa (37:1) C. goorisi is distinguished by having the P2 protocone connect to the protoloph within 40–50% wear (20:3); the lower premolar isthmus is not developed in early wear (32:1). At Node 5, there are 4–5 plis in the premolar anterior border of the postfossette (25:2); the premolar pli caballin is usually double (29:2); and the protocone lacks a spur (35:1).

Fig. 14. Cormohipparion matthewi. F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 14. Cormohipparion matthewi. F:AM 71802, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska. A, lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of upper cheek tooth dentition.

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Text-fig. 2. Measurements (Μm) of the width of IPM and PE prisms of various types of enamel in representatives of Equidae from the "tarpan" group. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 2. Measurements (Μm) of the width of IPM and PE prisms of various types of enamel in representatives of Equidae from the "tarpan" group.

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Text-fig. 3. Tendency of changes in IPM and PE width indicators in different types of enamel of the Equidae species of the "tarpan" group. I–III – types of enamel. a: IPM; b: PE. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 3. Tendency of changes in IPM and PE width indicators in different types of enamel of the Equidae species of the "tarpan" group. I–III – types of enamel. a: IPM; b: PE.

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Figure 3 in Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Samos, Greece

Figure 3: Comparison of Samos "Cremohipparion matthewi" species with selected later Miocene Holarctic and Ethiopian smaller horses. A. MC III maximum length (ML) versus distal articular width (DAW). B. MT III ML versus DAW. 1 = "Cremohipparion matthewi" (Samos; AMNH: 23054b—e, 22933,23054, Q5 no numbers, 22893; Bernor, personal observation); 2 = "Hipparion macedonicum" (Ravin de Pluie, Greece; RPL 38; Koufos, Table 9 — insert); 3 = sitifense (Sahabi, Libya; 27P25B, MC III; 1P25B, MT III; Bernor et al., 1987); 4 = gromovae (La Fontana, Spain; Tobien, personal observation); 5 = "S*. platyodus (China; Qiu et al., 1987:95);6 = Calippus (XMAS Quarry, Nebraska AMNH 98 (Bernor, personal observation); 7 = Pseudhipparion sp., XMAS Quarry AMNH 202 (Bernor, personal observation).

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Figure 2 in Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Samos, Greece

Figure 2: Cremohipparion nikosin. sp., BSP 1899 VII31 b. A. Skull fragment, left lateral view; B. Left maxillary cheek tooth series.

Fig. 3 in Equus kiang (Perissodactyla: Equidae)

Fig. 3.—Geographic distribution of Equus kiang. The bold line delineates the species distribution. The distribution areas of the proposed subspecies are indicated as follows: 1, E. k. holdereri; 2, E. k. kiang; 3, E. k. polyodon;? 5 uncertain subspecies identification (modified from Schaller 1998 and used with permission of the author).

Fig. 5.—A in Equus kiang (Perissodactyla: Equidae)

Fig. 5.—A group of Equus kiang feeding in a mixed vegetation patch of grasses and sedges in the alpine steppe of eastern Ladakh, India. Photograph by S. D. Côte´.

Fig. 4.—A in Equus kiang (Perissodactyla: Equidae)

Fig. 4.—A group of female Equus kiang with 1 foal in summer from eastern Ladakh, India. Used with permission of the photographer E J. Van Gruisen.

Fig. 1 in Equus kiang (Perissodactyla: Equidae)

Fig. 1.—An adult male Equus kiang (subspecies kiang) in summer coat from eastern Ladakh, India (33u189N, 78u009E). Used with permission of the photographer E J. Van Gruisen.

FIG. 12. — E in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 12. — E, right lower pm2-m3 (IZP 3-1013/Ya) of Equus sp. from Yakhabed; F, right lower pm3-m3 (IZP 2-881/L-2) of E. aff. sivalensis from Lakhuti 2. Scale bar: E, 0.78 cm; F, 0.8 cm.

FIG. 11 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 11. — Simpson's ratiodiagram, comparing the metapodials (Mc top; Mt bottom) of Equus sivalensis from the Indian subcontinent with those from Lakhuti 2, using means of samples. Standard as in Fig. 7.

FIG. 12. — A, left lower m1-2 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 12. — A, left lower m1-2 (IZP 4-762/D) of E. sp. from Obigharm; B, right lower m1-2 (IZP 7-1127/Kh) of E. sp. from Khudji; C, right lower pm3-4 (IZP 7-1127/Kh) of a caballoid horse from Khudji; D, left lower pm3-4 (IZP 7-1128/Kh) of?E. hemionus from Khudji. Scale bar: A, 1.18 cm; B, 1.15 cm; C, 1.19 cm; D, 1.1 cm.

FIG. 10 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 10. — Simpson's ratiodiagram, comparing the metapodials (Mc top; Mt bottom) of the small horses from Aktogai, Yakhabed, Lakhuti 1 and Obigharm, using means of samples. Standard and measurements as in Fig. 7. Note flattening of proximal (measure 3) and distal (measure 6) diameters of the bones.