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58 results for “Eyespot”
Figs 12–14 in New Palaeontinidae (Cicadomorpha) from the Triassic of Central Asia: the earliest intimidating eyespots in Hemiptera
Figs 12–14. Intimidating eyespots: 12–13 — Papiliontina dracomima sp.n., Madygen, Triassic: 12 — reconstruction of the holotype with spread forewings (photomontage); 13 – forewing (costal margin looking down); 14 — Spirama retorta (Clerck, 1764) (Erebidae), female, India, recent; image by Vinayaraj, 2013, licence CC BY-SA 3.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirama#/media/File:Spirama_retorta_13.jpg Рис. 12–14. УстраШаюЩие глаЗчатые пЯтна: 12–13 — Papiliontina dracomima sp.n., Мадыген, триас: 12 — реконструкциЯ голотипа с отведенными в стороны передними крылЬЯми (фотомонтаж); 13 – переднее крыло (косталЬный край обраЩен вниЗ); 14 — Spirama retorta (Clerck, 1764) (Erebidae), самка, ИндиЯ, современнаЯ; фото Vinayaraj, 2013, licence CC BY-SA 3.0. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirama#/media/File:Spirama_retorta_13.jpg
Patterns of morphological variation highlight the effect of natural selection on eyespots modularity in the butterfly Morpho telemachus - Dataset
<p>Morphological correlations can stem from developmental constraints but also from selective pressures. Butterfly eyespots are repeated wing color pattern elements, widespread across species. As developmental serial homologues, they are controlled by similar developmental pathways imposing correlations among eyespots: selection on a single eyespot may induce correlated responses in all eyespots. We study the variations in the ventral eyespots of <em>Morpho</em> <em>telemachus</em>, where two different selective regimes are likely to act: while most eyespots are always-visible, two eyespots are conditionally-displayed: hidden at rest, they can be exposed when the butterflies are threatened, or during sexual interactions. We investigate how such contrasted selection across eyespots can alter the covariations imposed by their shared developmental origin. We quantified eyespots' co-variations within a large population of <em>M</em>. <em>telemachus</em> and compared the observed patterns to those found in <em>M</em>. <em>helenor</em>, where all eyespots are always-visible and thus probably affected by a similar selection regime. We found that <em>M</em>. <em>telemachus</em> conditionally-displayed eyespots are less variable than always-visible eyespots and that these two eyespots form a separate variational module in this species, in contrast to <em>M</em>. <em>helenor</em>. Our results suggest that eyespots' covariations were shaped by selection, highlighting how natural selection may promote the evolution of modularity.</p>
Data for: Butterfly eyespots exhibit unique patterns of open chromatin
<p>How the precise spatial regulation of genes is correlated with spatial variation in chromatin accessibilities is not yet clear. Previous studies that analysed chromatin from homogenates of whole-body parts of insects found little variation in chromatin accessibility across those parts, but single-cell studies of <em>Drosophila </em>brains showed extensive spatial variation in chromatin accessibility across that organ. In this work we studied the chromatin accessibility of butterfly wing tissue fated to differentiate distinct colors and patterns in pupal wings of <em>Bicyclus anynana</em>. We observed that three dissected wing regions showed unique chromatin accessibilities. Open chromatin regions specific to eyespot color patterns were highly enriched for binding motifs recognized by Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)), Krüppel (Kr), Buttonhead (Btd) and Nubbin (Nub) transcription factors. Genes in the vicinity of the eyespot-specific open chromatin regions included those involved in wound healing and SMAD signal transduction pathways, previously proposed to be involved in eyespot development. We conclude that eyespot and non-eyespot bits of tissue taken from the same wing have distinct patterns of chromatin accessibility, possibly driven by the eyespot-restricted expression of potential pioneer factors, such as Kr.</p>
Data from: What makes eyespots intimidating? - the importance of pairedness
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Data from: A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti-predator larval eyespots
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Patterns of morphological variation highlight the effect of natural selection on eyespots modularity in the butterfly Morpho telemachus - Dataset
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Are behavioural responses to eyespots in sticklebacks influenced by the visual environment? An experimental examination
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Data from: Eyespots deflect predator attack increasing fitness and promoting the evolution of phenotypic plasticity
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Data from: Attack risk for butterflies changes with eyespot number and size
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Morpho butterflies eyespot data
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Data for: Butterfly eyespots exhibit unique patterns of open chromatin
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Fig. 7. a in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)
Fig. 7. a. Frequency distribution of the largest ovarian follicles diameter (LOFD) in mature females of Atlantoraja cyclophora. b. Seasonal variation in the proportion of eggcarrying females of A. cyclophora. The number of samples analyzed is between parentheses.
Fig. 8 in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)
Fig. 8. Seasonal variation in a. oviductal gland width (OGW) and b. diameter of the largest ovarian follicle (LOFD) in Atlantoraja cyclophora females. The number of samples analyzed is between parentheses. The boxes represent the interquartile range between Q1 and Q3 with the 50% of data, the central line represents the median value and whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values.
Fig. 5. Relationship between total length and a in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)
Fig. 5. Relationship between total length and a. oviductal gland width (OGW); b. uterus width (UW); c. GSI; and d. proportion by mature individuals of Atlantoraja cyclophora females according to maturity stage (stage 1, light rhombus; stage 2, dark rhombus; stage 3, light square; stage 4, dark dots).
Fig. 4. Relationship between total length and a in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)
Fig. 4. Relationship between total length and a. inner claspers length (ICL); b. number of alar thorns rows; c. GSI; and d. proportion by mature individuals of Atlantoraja cyclophora males according to maturity stage (stage 1, light rhombus; stage 2, dark rhombus; stage 3, light square).
Fig. 1 in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)
Fig. 1. Map of the study area showing trawl stations carried out in research cruises during 2002 and 2007 (dark dots) and the commercial capture (dark statistical rectangles of 1 degree by 1 degree) where Atlantoraja cyclophora were collected.
Fig. 3. Relationship between total length and a in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)
Fig. 3. Relationship between total length and a. disc width (DW); b. total weight (TW) and c. liver weight (LW) of males (dark dots) and females (light dots) Atlantoraja cyclophora. The curves were fitted by: a. males DW = 33.51 + 0.71TL(r=0.96, n=438), females DW = 18.70 + 0.71TL (r=0.98, n=435); b. males TW = (5 x 10-6)TL3.031 (r=0.98, n=446), females TW = (2 x 10-6)TL3.162 (r=0.98, n=435); c. males LW = (5 x 10-7)TL2.759 (r=0.83, n=365); females LW =(9 x 10-9) TL3.459 (r=0.90, n=360).
Fig. 2 in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)
Fig. 2. Total length frequency distribution of males (dark bars, n= 488) and females (light bars, n = 486) of Atlantoraja cyclophora.
Data from: Distal-less activates butterfly eyespots consistent with a reaction diffusion process
Eyespots on the wings of nymphalid butterflies represent colorful examples of pattern formation, yet the developmental origins and mechanisms underlying eyespot center differentiation are still poorly understood. Using CRISPR-Cas9 we re-examine the function of Distal-less (Dll) as an activator or repressor of eyespots, a topic that remains controversial. We show that the phenotypic outcome of CRISPR mutations depends upon which specific exon is targeted. In Bicyclus anynana, exon 2 mutations are associated with both missing and ectopic eyespots and also exon-skipping. Exon 3 mutations, which do not lead to exon-skipping, produce only null phenotypes including missing eyespots, lighter wing coloration and loss of scales. Reaction-diffusion modeling of Dll function, using Wnt and Dpp as candidate morphogens, accurately replicates these complex crispant phenotypes. These results provide new insight into the function of Dll as a potential activator of eyespot development, scale growth, and melanization, and suggest that the tuning of Dll expression levels can generate a diversity of eyespot phenotypes, including their appearance on the wing.
Data from: Resemblance to the enemy's eyes underlies the intimidating effect of eyespots
Eyespots of some prey are known to deter predators, but the reason for this response has not yet been established, and thus the taxonomically widespread occurrence of this color pattern has remained an evolutionary conundrum. Two alternative hypotheses propose that (1) the eyelike appearance of the pattern falsely indicates the presence of the predator's own enemy or (2) predators are hardwired to be cautious toward conspicuous prey. Earlier research has pertained mainly to eyespots in butterflies. Here we tested the hypothesis that eyespots resemble eyes by utilizing the lateral position of eyes in fishes. This allowed us to produce eyelike displays that did not have the round appearance of eyespots. Our study indicates that eye mimicry is an important factor evoking hesitation in predators. Moreover, we present direct evidence that this is because predators associate eyelike displays with the threat posed by their own enemies.
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