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531 results for “Genomic differentiation”
SINGER-inferred targets for exceptional population differentiation in coalescence times in African populations in 1000 Genomes Project
<p>This repo saves the gene targets which shows the signal of population differentiation in coalescence times in African populations in 1000 Genomes Project. </p> <p>Here are the detailed explanations for the header of the files:</p> <p>chrom The chromosome where the genomic window is located (e.g., chr1, chrX).<br>window_start The 0-based start position of the genomic window being analyzed.<br>window_end The 1-based end position of the genomic window (exclusive).<br>score Ratio between the overall diversity and the population specific diversity, in the genomic window.<br>transcript_chrom The chromosome where the transcript is located.<br>transcript_start The 0-based start position of the transcript.<br>transcript_end The 1-based end position of the transcript (exclusive).<br>transcript_id The unique identifier for the transcript (e.g., Ensembl or RefSeq ID).<br>strand The strand of the transcript: "+" for forward, "-" for reverse.<br>coding_start The start position of the coding region of the transcript (if applicable).<br>coding_end The end position of the coding region of the transcript (if applicable).<br>RGB The RGB color used for visualization in genome browsers (format: R,G,B).<br>block_count The number of exons in the transcript.<br>block_sizes Comma-separated list of exon lengths (in base pairs).<br>block_starts Comma-separated list of exon start positions relative to transcript_start.</p>
A single genomic region involving a putative chromosome rearrangement in flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) is associated with differential host resilience to the parasite Bonamia ostreae
<p>European flat oyster (<em>Ostrea edulis</em>) is an ecologically and economically important marine bivalve, that has been severely affected by the intracellular parasite <em>Bonamia ostreae</em>. In this study, a flat oyster SNP array (~14,000 SNPs) was used to validate previously reported outlier loci for divergent selection associated with <em>B. ostreae</em> exposure in the Northeast Atlantic Area. A total of 134 wild and hatchery individuals from the North Sea, collected in naïve (NV) and long-term affected (LTA) areas, were analysed. Genetic diversity and differentiation were related to the sampling origin (wild vs hatchery) when using neutral markers, and to bonamiosis status (NV vs LTA) when using outlier loci for divergent selection. Two genetic clusters appeared intermingled in all sampling locations when using outlier loci and their frequency was associated with their bonamiosis status. When both clusters were compared, outlier datasets showed high genetic divergence (FST > 0.25) unlike neutral loci (FST not ≠ 0). Moreover, the cluster associated with LTA samples showed much higher genetic diversity and significant heterozygote excess with outlier loci, but not with neutral data. Most outliers mapped on chromosome 8 (OE-C8) of the flat oyster genome, supporting a main genomic region underlying resilience to bonamiosis. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes previously reported between NV and LTA strains showed higher mapping density on OE-C8. A range of relevant immune functions were specifically enriched among genes annotated on OE-C8, providing hypotheses for resilience mechanisms to an intracellular parasite. The results suggest that marker-assisted selection could be applied to breed resilient strains of <em>O. edulis</em> to bonamiosis, if lower parasite load and/or higher viability of the LTA genetic cluster following <em>B. ostreae</em> infection is demonstrated.</p>
Genome-wide population structure and admixture analysis reveals weak differentiation among Ugandan goat breeds
<p><strong>Summary</strong></p> <p>Uganda is endowed with a large population of goats from predominantly indigenous breeds reared in diverse production systems, whose existence is threatened by crossbreeding with exotic Boer goats. Knowledge about the genetic characteristics and relationships among these Ugandan goat breeds and the potential admixture of the exotic breed Boer is still limited. Using a medium density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel, we assessed the genetic diversity, population structure and admixture in six Ugandan goat breeds. Samples from five indigenous Ugandan goat breeds including Mubende (n=29), Kigezi (n=29), Small East African (n=29), Sebei (n=29) and Karamojong (n=15), and the exotic breed Boer (n=13) from different agro-ecological regions of Uganda were genotyped using the GoatSNP50 BeadChip. Analysis of genotype data revealed high levels of polymorphism with the proportion of polymorphic SNPs ranging from 0.885 in Kigezi to 0.928 in Sebei. The overall mean genetic diversity indices across breeds for <em>H<sub>O</sub></em> and <em>H<sub>E</sub></em> was 0.355±0.147 and 0.384±0.143 respectively. Principle components, genetic distances and ADMIXTURE analyses revealed weak population sub-structuring among the breeds. Principle components separate Kigezi and weakly Small East African from other indigenous goats. Sebei and Karamojong are tightly entangled together while Mubende occupies a more central position with high admixture from all other local breeds. The Boer breed showed a unique cluster from the Ugandan indigenous goat breeds. The results reflect common ancestry but also some level of geographical differentiation. ADMIXTURE and four population test analyses further revealed gene-flow from Boer to Ugandan indigenous goat breeds and varying levels of admixture among the Ugandan indigenous breeds. Generally, moderate to high levels of genetic variability were observed in the Ugandan goat breeds. Our findings provide useful insight to devise strategies to maintain genetic diversity in local goat breeds from Uganda and to design appropriate breeding programs to exploit within breed diversity and heterozygote advantage in cross-breeding schemes.</p>
Data from: Host plant-related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L., 1758) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
<p>Elucidating the mechanisms and conditions facilitating the formation of biodiversity are central topics in evolutionary biology. A growing number of studies imply that divergent ecological selection may often play a critical role in speciation by counteracting the homogenising effects of gene flow. Several examples involve phytophagous insects, where divergent selection pressures associated with host plant shifts may generate reproductive isolation, promoting speciation. Here, we use ddRADseq to assess the population structure and to test for host-related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L., 1758) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This tephritid is distributed throughout Europe and western Asia, and has adapted to two different genera of host plants, Prunus spp. (cherries) and Lonicera spp. (honeysuckle). Our data imply that geographic distance and geomorphic barriers serve as the primary factors shaping genetic population structure across the species range. Locally, however, flies genetically cluster according to host plant, with consistent allele frequency differences displayed by a subset of loci between Prunus and Lonicera flies across four sites surveyed in Germany and Norway. These 17 loci display significantly higher FST values between host plants than others. They also showed high levels of linkage disequilibrium within and between Prunus and Lonicera flies, supporting host-related selection and reduced gene flow. Our findings support the existence of sympatric host races in R. cerasi embedded within broader patterns of geographic variation in the fly, similar to the related apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, in North America.</p>
Data from: Genomic differentiation during speciation-with-gene-flow: comparing geographic and host-related variation in divergent life history adaptation in Rhagoletis pomonella
A major goal of evolutionary biology is to understand how variation within populations gets partitioned into differences between reproductively isolated species. Here, we examine the degree to which diapause life history timing, a critical adaptation promoting population divergence, explains geographic and host-related genetic variation in ancestral hawthorn and recently derived apple-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella. Our strategy involved combining experiments on two different aspects of diapause (initial diapause intensity and adult eclosion time) with a geographic survey of genomic variation across four sites where apple and hawthorn flies co-occur from north to south in the Midwestern USA. The results demonstrated that the majority of the genome showing significant geographic and host-related variation can be accounted for by initial diapause intensity and eclosion time. Local genomic differences between sympatric apple and hawthorn flies were subsumed within broader geographic clines; allele frequency differences within the races across the Midwest were 2 to 3-fold greater than those between the races in sympatry. As a result, sympatric apple and hawthorn populations displayed more limited genomic clustering compared to geographic populations within the races. The findings suggest that with reduced gene flow and increased selection on diapause equivalent to that seen between geographic sites, the host races may be recognized as different genotypic entities in sympatry, and perhaps species, a hypothesis requiring future genomic analysis of related sibling species to R. pomonella to test. Our findings concerning the way selection and geography interplay could be of broad significance for many cases of earlier stages of divergence-with-gene flow, including (1) where only modest increases in geographic isolation and the strength of selection may greatly impact genetic coupling and (2) the dynamics of how spatial and temporal standing variation is extracted by selection to generate differences between new and discrete units of biodiversity.
Data from: Transitions between phases of genomic differentiation during stick-insect speciation
Speciation can involve a transition from a few genetic loci that are resistant to gene flow to genome-wide differentiation. However, only limited data exist concerning this transition and the factors promoting it. Here, we study phases of speciation using data from >100 populations of 11 species of Timema stick insects. Consistent with early phases of genic speciation, adaptive colour-pattern loci reside in localized genetic regions of accentuated differentiation between populations experiencing gene flow. Transitions to genome-wide differentiation are also observed with gene flow, in association with differentiation in polygenic chemical traits affecting mate choice. Thus, intermediate phases of speciation are associated with genome-wide differentiation and mate choice, but not growth of a few genomic islands. We also find a gap in genomic differentiation between sympatric taxa that still exchange genes and those that do not, highlighting the association between differentiation and complete reproductive isolation. Our results suggest that substantial progress towards speciation may involve the alignment of multi-faceted aspects of differentiation.
Genomic diversity gradients and functional differentiation put Northeast Pacific ribbon kelp lineages in the speciation grey zone
<p><span>The transition from reproductively isolated populations to species is not well understood. Genotyping entire genomes holds promise to enhance insights into the process of speciation and the evolutionary relationships among related taxa. Gulf of Alaska ribbon kelp was once recognized as four species before they were folded into <em>Alaria</em> <em>marginata</em> on the basis of DNA barcode markers, though several lineages have continued to be recognized. Here, we used whole genome sequencing datasets to test the hypothesis that these lineages represent incipient species. Whole genomes of 69 individuals from five genetically distinctive lineages in the Gulf of Alaska (USA) and Salish Sea (Canada) were analyzed, along with 63 genomes from three other species of <em>Alaria</em>. Our analysis of >3.4 million Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms reaffirms that organellar and nuclear phylogenetic signals are incongruent in <em>Alaria</em>, producing different topologies among five organellar and six nuclear <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages. Lineages also display reproductive isolation, evidenced by a lack of recent admixture across genomes. Genetic distances between <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages exceed levels expected of population-level divergence but fall short of distances between species of <em>Alaria</em>. Moreover, we provide evidence of functional genomic differences between the <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages, exceeding differences expected between populations, but falling short of larger differences among species. Our results place <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages in an evolutionary grey zone, where lineages display substantial differentiation, but not to the level expected of <em>Alaria</em> species. This information shifts taxonomic conversations towards a genome-scale framework that provides a more comprehensive picture of divergence, connectivity, and functional innovation for defining lineages.</span></p>
Genomic diversity and differentiation between island and mainland populations of White‐tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla)
<p>Using whole genome shotgun sequences from 92 white-tailed eagles (<em>Haliaeetus albicilla</em>) sampled from Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Estonia, and Turkey between 1885–1950 and after 1990, we investigate the genomic variation within countries over time, and between countries. Clear signatures of ancient biogeographic substructure across Europe and the North‐East Atlantic are observed. The greatest genomic differentiation was observed between island (Greenland and Iceland) and mainland (Denmark, Norway and Estonia) populations. The two island populations share a common ancestry from a single mainland population, distinct from the other sampled mainland populations, and despite the potential for high connectivity between Iceland and Greenland they are well separated from each other and are characterized by inbreeding and little variation. Temporal differences also highlight a pattern of regional populations persisting despite the potential for admixture. All sampled populations generally showed a decline in effective population size over time, which may have been shaped by four historical events: I) isolation of refugia during the last glacial period 110‐115,000 years ago, II) population divergence following the colonization of the deglaciated areas ~10,000 years ago, III) human population expansion, which led to the settlement in Iceland ~1,100 years ago, and IV) human persecution and exposure to toxic pollutants during the last two centuries.</p>
Genomic evidence for contrasting patterns of host‐associated genetic differentiation across shared host‐plant species in leaf‐ and bud‐galling sawflies
<p>Resource specialization and host-associated genetic differentiation (HAD) are frequently invoked as an explanation for the high diversity of plant-feeding insects and other organisms with a parasitic lifestyle. While genetic studies have demonstrated numerous examples of HAD in insect herbivores, the general rarity of comparative studies means that we still lack an understanding of how deterministic HAD is, and whether patterns of host shifts can be predicted over evolutionary time scales. We applied genome-wide SNP data obtained through low-coverage genome resequencing to define species limits and to compare host-plant use in population samples of leaf- and bud-galling sawflies collected from seven shared willow (<em>Salix</em>) host species. To infer the repeatability of long-term cophylogenetic patterns, we also contrasted the phylogenies of the two galler groups with each other as well as with the phylogeny of their <em>Salix</em> hosts estimated based on RADseq data. We found clear evidence for host specialization and HAD in both of the focal galler groups, but also that leaf gallers are more specialized to single host species than are most bud gallers. In contrast to bud gallers, leaf gallers also exhibit statistically significant cophylogenetic signal with their <em>Salix</em> hosts. The observed discordant patterns of resource specialization and long-term host use in two related galler groups that have radiated in parallel across a shared resource base indicate a general lack of evolutionary repeatability and suggest that short- and long-term host use and ecological diversification in plant-feeding insects are dominated by stochasticity and/or lineage-specific effects.</p>
Strong habitat-specific phenotypic plasticity but no genome-wide differentiation across a rainforest gradient in an African butterfly
<p>Habitat-specific thermal responses are well documented in various organisms and likely determine the vulnerability of populations to climate change. However, the underlying roles of genetics and plasticity that shape such habitat-specific patterns are rarely investigated together. Here we examined the thermal plasticity of the butterfly <em>Bicyclus</em> <em>dorothea</em> originating from rainforest and ecotone habitats in Cameroon under common garden conditions. We also sampled wild-caught butterflies from forest and ecotone sites and used RADseq to explore genome-wide population differentiation. We found differences in the level of phenotypic plasticity across habitats. Specifically, ecotone populations exhibited greater sensitivity in wing eyespot features with variable development temperatures relative to rainforest populations. Known adaptive roles of wing eyespots in <em>Bicyclus</em> species suggest that this morphological plasticity is likely under divergent selection across environmental gradients. However, we found no distinct population structure of genome-wide variation between habitats, suggesting high levels of ongoing gene flow between habitats is homogenizing most parts of the genome.</p>
Incomplete reproductive barriers and genomic differentiation impact the spread of resistance mutations between green- and red-colour morphs of a cosmopolitan mite pest
<p>We studied patterns of genetic differentiation and barriers to gene flow within and between morphs of <em>T. urticae</em> in order to understand the factors that influence the spread of resistance mutations across its populations. We derived multiple iso-female lines from <em>Tetranychus</em> populations collected from agricultural crops. We generated genomic and morphological data, characterized their bacterial communities, and performed controlled crosses.</p>
Hetaerina SNPs data for: Genomic differentiation and niche divergence in the Hetaerina americana (Odonata) cryptic species complex
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"><span>The evolution of reproductive barriers, that is, the speciation process, implies the limitation of gene flow between populations. Different patterns of genomic differentiation throughout the speciation continuum may provide insights into the causal evolutionary forces of species divergence. In this study, we analyzed a cryptic species complex of the genus <em>Hetaerina</em> (Odonata). This complex includes <em>H. americana</em> and <em>H. calverti</em>; however, in <em>H. americana</em>, two highly differentiated genetic groups have been previously detected, which, we hypothesize, may correspond to different species with low morphological variation. We obtained single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for 90 individuals belonging to the different taxa in the complex and carried out differentiation tests to identify genetic isolation. The results from STRUCTURE and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), based on almost 5,000 SNPs, confirmed the presence of three highly differentiated taxa. Also, we found <em>F</em><sub>ST </sub>values above 0.5 in pairwise comparisons, which indicates a considerable degree of genetic isolation among the suggested species. We also found </span><span>low climatic niche overlap among all taxa, suggesting that each group occurs at specific conditions of temperature, precipitation and elevation</span><span>. We propose that <em>H. americana</em> comprises two cryptic species, which may be reproductively isolated by ecological barriers related to niche divergence, since the morphological variation is minimal and, therefore, mechanical barriers are probably less effective compared to other related species such as <em>H. calverti</em>.</span></p>
Rapid and strong population genetic differentiation and genomic signatures of climatic adaptation in an invasive mealybug
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Genomic evidence for contrasting patterns of host‐associated genetic differentiation across shared host‐plant species in leaf‐ and bud‐galling sawflies
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Data from: Genomic islands of differentiation in two songbird species reveal candidate genes for hybrid female sterility
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Data from: Genome-wide diversity and habitat underlie fine-scale phenotypic differentiation in the rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum)
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Incomplete reproductive barriers and genomic differentiation impact the spread of resistance mutations between green- and red-colour morphs of a cosmopolitan mite pest
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Data from: Host plant-related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L., 1758) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
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Genomic diversity gradients and functional differentiation put Northeast Pacific ribbon kelp lineages in the speciation grey zone
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Genomic diversity and differentiation between island and mainland populations of White‐tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla)
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