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111 results for “Global biogeography”
F I G U R E 6 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 6 (a) Total number of trait records per native angiosperm species per region and (b–e) trait coverage per region (number of native angiosperm species with trait information/number of all native angiosperm species) for exemplary traits with characteristic geographic patterns in coverage. Polygons are plotted sequentially in order of decreasing area to show smaller regions on top of larger regions, in the case where they overlap. Regions <25,000 km2 are plotted as points [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 5 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 5 Taxonomic coverage of distribution data in the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits 1.0 at the family level. Tip color and inner ring color indicate the proportion of species with distribution information relative to all species of a given family, the grey outer ring delimits major clades of vascular plants. The height of bars in the outer ring is proportional to log10 total family species richness. Phylogenetic signal in taxonomic coverage was assessed as Abouheif's Cmean, a measure of phylogenetic autocorrelation based on the sum of the successive squared differences between values of neighbouring tips in the phylogeny (Abouheif, 1999) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 2 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 2 Simplified structure of the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits database. Metadata on literature references, species lists and geographic regions builds the backbone of the database (top row). A reference can include several species lists (e.g. for different sub-regions) and a geographic region can be covered by several lists and references. Species lists vary in taxonomic and floristic scope (e.g. all native and naturalized angiosperms) and in the information content (floristic status, functional traits). Primary occurrence information, species names and functional trait data from the literature resources build the main block of original data (yellow). Automated workflows link those to taxonomically standardized working names, to a higher taxonomy and phylogeny of vascular plants and produce derived resources for analyses (blue). Grey bars indicate links among tables in a simplified way (most tables shown here represent several tables in the database) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 3 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 3 Trait processing in the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT). Original trait records entering GIFT are subjected to three processing steps: (i) Trait values are standardized with respect to language, terminology and measurement unit. (ii) Additional trait values are derived hierarchically for traits that are logically nested (colored rows under "derived traits", see also Figure S1), and taxonomically for species that belong to taxonomic groups that are uniform with respect to a particular trait. (iii) Derived trait values are aggregated at the species level based on the consensus among resources (categorical traits) or summary statistics are computed based on the original values (numerical traits) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 4 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 4 Spatial coverage of checklist data stored in the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits 1.0. (a) Regions with checklist data for native vascular plants. Darker green shade indicates overlapping regions. (b–d) Checklist coverage and species richness of major taxonomic groups for regions with theoretically complete inventories. Polygons are plotted sequentially in order of decreasing area to show smaller regions on top of larger regions, in the case where they overlap. Regions <25,000 km2 are plotted as points [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 1 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 1 Conceptual framework of the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits database (GIFT). The core information in GIFT are species occurrences in geographic regions (islands, political units, protected areas, biogeographical regions) based on Floras and checklist. At the level of the geographical regions, this information is linked to geographic, bioclimatic and socioeconomic properties. At the level of the species, functional traits, taxonomic placement and phylogenetic relationships are linked. This integration of species distribution data in the form of full regional inventories and regional and species characteristics allows for a wide variety of macroecological and biogeographical analyses of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity as well as for the refinement and validation of other plant distribution and trait datasets [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Data from: The global biogeography of lizard functional groups
Aim - Understanding the mechanisms determining species richness is a primary goal of biogeography. Richness patterns of sub-groups within a taxon are usually assumed to be driven by similar processes. However, if richness of distinct ecological strategies respond differently to the same processes, inferences made for an entire taxon may be misleading. We deconstruct the global lizard assemblage into functional groups and examine the congruence among richness patterns between them. We further examine the species richness – functional richness relationship to elucidate the way functional diversity contributes to the overall species richness patterns. Location – Global. Methods – Using comprehensive biological trait databases we classified the global lizard assemblage into ecological strategies based on body size, diet, activity times and microhabitat preferences, using Archetypal Analysis. We then examined spatial gradients in the richness of each strategy at the one-degree grid cell, biomes and realm scales. Results – We found that lizards can best be characterized by seven 'ecological strategies': scansorial, terrestrial, nocturnal, herbivorous, fossorial, large and semi-aquatic. There are large differences among the global richness patterns of these strategies. While the major richness hotspot for lizards in general is in Australia, several strategies exhibit highest richness in the Amazon Basin. Importantly, the global maximum in lizard species richness is achieved at intermediate values of functional diversity and increasing functional diversity further result in a shallow decline of species richness. Main conclusions - The deconstruction of the global lizard assemblage along multiple ecological axes offers a new way to conceive lizard diversity patterns. It suggests that local lizard richness mostly increases when species belonging to particular ecological strategies become hyper-diverse there, and not because more ecological types are present in the most species rich localities. Thus maximum richness and maximum ecological diversity do not overlap. These results shed light on the global richness pattern of lizards, and highlight previously unidentified spatial patterns in understudied functional groups.
Global biogeography of fungal and bacterial biomass carbon in topsoil
<p>Bacteria and fungi, representing two major soil microorganism groups, play an important role in global nutrient biogeochemistry. Biogeographic patterns of bacterial and fungal biomass are of fundamental importance for mechanistically understanding nutrient cycling. We synthesized 1323 data points of phospholipid fatty acid-derived fungal biomass C (FBC), bacterial biomass C (BBC), and fungi:bacteria (F:B) ratio in topsoil, spanning 11 major biomes. The FBC, BBC, and F:B ratio display clear biogeographic patterns along latitude and environmental gradients including mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, net primary productivity, root C density, soil temperature, soil moisture, and edaphic factors. At the biome level, tundra has the highest FBC and BBC densities at 3684 (95% confidence interval: 1678~8084) mg kg<sup>-1</sup> and 428 (237~774) mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively; desert has the lowest FBC and BBC densities at 16.92 (14.4~19.89) mg kg<sup>-1</sup> and 6.83 (6.1~7.65) mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The F:B ratio varies dramatically, ranging from 1.8 (1.6~2.1) in savanna to 8.6 (6.7~11.0) in tundra. An empirical model was developed for the F:B ratio and it is combined with a global dataset of soil microbial biomass C to produce global maps for FBC and BBC in 0-30 cm topsoil. Across the globe, the highest FBC is found in boreal forest and tundra while the highest BBC is in boreal forest and tropical/subtropical forest, the lowest FBC and BBC are in shrub and desert. Global stocks of living microbial biomass C were estimated to be 12.6 (6.6~16.4) Pg C for FBC and 4.3 (0.5~10.3) Pg C for BBC in topsoil. These findings advance our understanding of the global distribution of fungal and bacterial biomass, which facilitates the incorporation of fungi and bacteria into Earth system models. The global maps of bacterial and fungal biomass serve as a benchmark for validating microbial models in simulating the global C cycle under a changing climate.</p>
Data from: Inflation of molecular clock rates and dates: molecular phylogenetics, biogeography, and diversification of a global cicada radiation from Australasia (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini)
Dated phylogenetic trees are important for studying mechanisms of diversification, and molecular clocks are important tools for studies of organisms lacking good fossil records. However, studies have begun to identify problems in molecular clock dates caused by uncertainty of the modeled molecular substitution process. Here we explore Bayesian relaxed-clock molecular dating while studying the biogeography of ca. 200 species from the global cicada tribe Cicadettini. Because the available fossils are few and uninformative, we calibrate our trees in part with a cytochrome oxidase I (COI) clock prior encompassing a range of literature estimates for arthropods. We show that tribe-level analyses calibrated solely with the COI clock recover extremely old dates that conflict with published estimates for two well-studied New Zealand subclades within Cicadettini. Additional subclade analyses suggest that COI relaxed-clock rates and maximum-likelihood branch lengths become inflated relative to EF-1α intron and exon rates and branch lengths as clade age increases. We present corrected estimates derived from (1) an extrapolated EF-1α exon clock derived from COI-calibrated analysis within the largest New Zealand subclade, (2) post-hoc scaling of the tribe-level chronogram using results from subclade analyses, and (3) exploitation of a geological calibration point associated with New Caledonia. We caution that considerable uncertainty is generated due to dependence of substitution estimates on both the taxon sample and the choice of model, including gamma category number and the choice of empirical versus estimated base frequencies. Our results suggest that diversification of the tribe Cicadettini commenced in the early- to mid-Cenozoic and continued with the development of open, arid habitats in Australia and worldwide. We find that Cicadettini is a rare example of a global terrestrial animal group with an Australasian origin, with all non-Australasian genera belonging to two distal clades. Within Australia, we show that Cicadettini is more widely distributed than any other cicada tribe, diverse in temperate, arid and monsoonal habitats, and nearly absent from rainforests. We comment on the taxonomic implications of our findings for thirteen cicada genera.
FIGURE 2 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research
FIGURE 2. Range map for Hippocampus abdominalis based on museum specimens, authors' personal observations, and online data from GBIF, FishBase, and iSeahorse. The shaded coastline is a representative visualization of the species' coastal range that extends offshore to 200 m depth (the real range would not be readily visible at this scale as it only extends to the seahorse species' maximum depth—20–40 m or less for most species). Black dots represent author-vetted GBIF data points. Efforts were made to extend the range some distance from the outermost known points, as observed locations are not likely to represent the absolute furthest extent of the range).
FIGURE 3 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research
FIGURE 3. Range map for Hippocampus algiricus. Note the location that the holotype was reported from (Algeria). As no further specimens of H. algiricus have occurred in the Mediterranean, we restrict the range to West Africa and presume the holotype locality to possibly have been mislabelled. See Figure 2 caption for further details.
Supplementary material 1 from: Wanasinghe DN, Nimalrathna TS, Qin Xian L, Faraj TK, Xu J, Mortimer PE (2024) Taxonomic novelties and global biogeography of Montagnula (Ascomycota, Didymosphaeriaceae). MycoKeys 101: 191-232. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.101.113259
The biogeography, substrate and habitat affinity of Montagnula inferred from the GlobalFungi database
haozhima95/Global_mapping_forest_leaf_type: Global biogeography of leaf habits and leaf types.
Mapping global exploration of proportion of deciduous and evergreen trees
Figure 6 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 6. Distribution of the main hadrosaurid clades discussed in the text on a paleogeographic reconstruction of continental coastlines during the Campanian. Continental paleocoastlines redrawn after Smith et al. (1994), Hay et al. (1999), Blakey (2001), Pough et al. (2004), and Hedges (2006).
Figure 5 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 5. Distribution of the main hadrosaurid clades discussed in the text on a paleogeographic reconstruction of continental coastlines during the Santonian. Continental paleocoastlines redrawn after Smith, Smith & Funnell (1994), Hay et al. (1999), Blakey (2001), Pough et al. (2004), and Hedges (2006). The partial skull depicted to represent basal lambeosaurines is that of Jaxartosaurus ararlensis.
Figure 4 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 4. Time-calibrated phylogram of Lambeosaurinae based on the reduced strict consensus tree of Prieto-Márquez (2010). Letters at each node represent ancestral areas as inferred in the DIVA analysis; their meaning is as in Fig. 1. The colors of the stratigraphic ranges of taxa indicate the following areas: white = Europe; black = North America; light grey = Asia; dark grey = range of an entire clade. Black stars indicate vicariance. Arrows indicate the direction of dispersal events. Note that the stratigraphic ranges for each species are not point estimates, but just extend to indicate divisions of particular geochronological stages. Geochronological ages from Gradstein et al. (2004).
Figure 3 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 3. Time-calibrated phylogram of Saurolophinae based on the reduced strict consensus tree of Prieto-Márquez (2010). Letters at each node represent ancestral areas as inferred in the DIVA analysis; their meaning is as in Fig. 1. The colors of the stratigraphic ranges of taxa indicate the following areas: white = South America; black = North America; light grey = Asia; dark grey = range of an entire clade. Black stars indicate vicariance. Arrows indicate the direction of dispersal events. Note that the stratigraphic ranges for each species are not point estimates, but just extend to indicate divisions of particular geochronological stages. Geochronological ages from Gradstein et al. (2004).
Figure 2 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 2. Time-calibrated phylogram of Hadrosauroidea based on the reduced strict consensus tree of Prieto-Márquez (2010). Letters at each node represent ancestral areas as inferred in the dispersal–vicariance analysis; their meaning is as in Fig. 1. The colours of the stratigraphical ranges of taxa indicate the following areas: white, Europe; black, North America; light grey, Asia; dark grey, range of an entire clade. Black stars indicate vicariance. Arrows indicate the direction of dispersal events. Note that the stratigraphical ranges for each species are not point estimates, but just extend to indicate divisions of particular geochronological stages. Geochronological ages from Gradstein, Ogg, Smith (2004). Abbreviations: a, North America; b, South America; c, Europe; d, Asia; ab, North and South America; ac, North America and Europe; ad, North America and Asia; cd, Eurasia.
Figure 1 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 1. Reduced strict consensus tree derived from parsimony analysis of hadrosauroid dinosaurs by Prieto-Márquez (2010), showing ancestral area reconstructions for all the nodes. Words between quotation marks are informal names created to facilitate the reference to specific clades throughout the text. Abbreviations: a, North America; b, South America; c, Europe; d, Asia; ab, North and South America; ac, North America and Europe; ad, North America and Asia; cd, Eurasia.
Figure 7 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 7. Distribution of the main hadrosaurid clades discussed in the text on a paleogeographic reconstruction of continental coastlines during the Maastrichtian. Continental paleocoastlines redrawn after Smith et al. (1994), Hay et al. (1999), Blakey (2001), Pough et al. (2004), and Hedges (2006).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.