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111 results for “Global biogeography”
Moths and butterflies on alien shores – global biogeography of non-native Lepidoptera
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Lepidoptera is a highly diverse, predominantly herbivorous insect order, with species transported to outside their native range largely facilitated by the global trade of plants and plant-based goods. Analogous to island disharmony, we examine invasion disharmony, where species filtering during invasions increases systematic compositional differences between native and non-native species assemblages, and test whether some families are more successful at establishing in non-native regions than others. We compared numbers of non-native, unintentionally introduced Lepidoptera species with the land area of 11 regions worldwide (Hawaii, North America, Galapagos, Europe, South Africa, South Korea, Japan, Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Australia, New Zealand). Differences among native and non-native assemblages in the distribution of species among families were investigated using ordination analysis. We tested whether invasion disharmony is explained by propagule pressure (proxied by species richness in border interceptions) and if families were associated with specific trade commodities. In total, 741 non-native Lepidoptera species, accounting for 0.47% of the global diversity of lepidopterans, are established in at least one of the 11 regions. Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tineidae and Gracillariidae were particularly successful invaders, whereas the two most species-rich families, Erebidae and Geometridae, were under-represented among non-native Lepidoptera. Much of the variation in species numbers in the native, and less so in the non-native assemblages could be attributed to land area. Although native assemblages were similar among nearby regions, non-native assemblages were not, suggesting geography had little effect on invasion disharmony. Comparison of established with intercepted species revealed that macromoth families were generally under-represented in establishments, whereas several micromoth families were under-represented in interceptions. This discrepancy may relate to greater detectability of larger species or high propagule pressure via associations with specific invasion pathways. Invasion disharmony in Lepidoptera appears to be driven by processes unrelated to the success of native assemblages. While native assemblages developed through long-term evolutionary radiation, the composition of non-native assemblages is driven by differential invasion pathways and traits affecting the establishment of founder populations that vary among families.</span></p>
Global biogeography of warning colouration in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus
<p><span>Warning colouration provides a textbook example of natural selection, but the frequent observation of polymorphism in aposematic species presents an evolutionary puzzle. We investigated biogeography and polymorphism of warning patterns in the widespread butterfly <em>Danaus chrysippus</em> using records from citizen science (n=5467), museums (n=8864), and fieldwork (n=2586). We find that polymorphism in three traits controlled by known mendelian loci is extensive. Broad allele frequency clines, hundreds of km wide, suggest a balance between long-range dispersal and predation of unfamiliar morphs. Mismatched clines for the white hindwing and forewing tip in East Africa are consistent with a previous finding that the black wingtip allele has spread recently in the region through hitchhiking with a heritable endosymbiont. Light/dark background colouration shows more extensive polymorphism. The darker genotype is more common in cooler regions, possibly reflecting a trade-off between thermoregulation and predator warning. Overall, our findings show how studying local adaptation at the global scale provides a more complete picture of the evolutionary forces involved.</span></p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Gildenhuys E, Ellis A, Carroll S, Le Roux J (2013) The ecology, biogeography, history and future of two globally important weeds: Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. and C. grandiflorum Sw. NeoBiota 19: 45-65. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.19.5279
Supporting information for species distribution modelling of Cardiospermum species using native range presences and global pseudo absences. (doi: 10.3897/neobiota.19.5279.app) File format: Micrisoft Word Document (doc).:
Global flows of insect transport and establishment: the role of biogeography, trade, and regulations
<p><strong><span>Aim</span></strong><span>:</span><span> Non-native species are part of almost every biological community worldwide, yet numbers of species establishments have an uneven global distribution. Asymmetrical exchanges of species between regions are likely influenced by a range of mechanisms, including propagule pressure, native species pools, environmental conditions, and biosecurity. While the importance of different mechanisms is likely to vary among invasion stages, </span><span>those occurring prior to establishment are difficult to account for. We used records of unintentional insect introductions </span><span>to test 1) whether insects from some biogeographic regions are more likely to be successful invaders, 2) whether the intensity of trade flows between regions determines how many species are intercepted and how many successfully establish, and 3) whether the variables driving invasion success differ pre- and post-introduction.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Location</span></strong><span>: </span><span>Canada, mainland USA, Hawaii, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, South Korea, South Africa.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong><span>:</span> <span>To </span><span>disentangle processes occurring during the transport and establishment stages</span><span>, we analysed border interceptions of 8,199 insect species as a proxy for transported species flows, and lists of 2,076 established non-native insect species in eight areas.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results</span></strong><span>: </span><span>During transport, the largest species flows generally originated from the Nearctic, Panamanian and Neotropical regions. Insects native to eight of twelve biogeographic regions were able to establish, with the largest flows of established species on average coming from the Western Palearctic, Neotropical, and Australasian/Oceanian regions.</span><span> Both the </span><span>biogeographic region of origin and trade intensity significantly influenced the size of species flows between regions during transport and establishment. The transported species richness increased with Gross National Income in the source country and decreased with geographic distance. More species were able to establish when introduced within their native biogeographic region.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Main conclusions</span></strong><span>: </span><span>Our results suggest that accounting for processes occurring prior to establishment is crucial for understanding invasion asymmetry in insects, and quantifying regional biosecurity risks.</span></p>
Moths and butterflies on alien shores – global biogeography of non-native Lepidoptera
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Global flows of insect transport and establishment: the role of biogeography, trade, and regulations
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Global biogeography of warning colouration in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus
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Dataset accompanying Maldonando et al 2015 Global Ecology and Biogeography
<p>Dataset containing species records of the plant tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae). Three classes of records are identified: those downloaded from gbif.org, those that we accepted as correct, those that we rejected as correct, and those that we included from new sources. For details please see the original Open Access publication at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12326/abstract: </p> <p>Maldonado, C., C. Molina, A. Zizka, C. Persson, Taylor, C., J. Alban, E. Chilquillo, N. Rønsted, Antonelli A (2015). Estimating species diversity and distribution in the era of Big Data: To what extent can we trust public databases? Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12326</p>
Global biogeography and diversification of a group of brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) driven by clade-specific evolutionary processes
<p class="BodyA"><span><b>Aim:</b> Historical processes that shaped current diversity patterns of seaweeds remain poorly understood. Using Dictyotales, a globally distributed order of brown seaweeds as a model, we test if historical biogeographical and diversification patterns are comparable across clades. Dictyotales contain some 22 genera, three of which, <i>Dictyota</i>, <i>Lobophora</i> and <i>Padina</i>, are exceptionally diverse. Specifically we test if the evolutionary processes in these clades that shaped their latitudinal diversity patterns are in line with the tropical conservatism, the out-of-the-tropics, and diversification rate hypotheses.</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span><b>Location:</b> Global coastal benthic marine environments.</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span><b>Taxon:</b> Dictyotales (Phaeophyceae)</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span><b>Methods:</b> Species diversity was inferred using DNA-based species delineation, addressing cryptic diversity and circumventing taxonomic problems. A six-gene time-calibrated phylogeny, distribution data of 3,755 specimens, and probabilistic modeling of geographic range evolution was used to infer historical biogeographical patterns. The phylogeny was tested against different trait dependent models in order to compare diversification rates for different geographical units as well as different thermal affinities.</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span><b>Results:</b> The Dictyotales originated in the Middle Jurassic and reach a current peak of species diversity in the Central Indo-Pacific. Ancestral range estimation points to a southern hemisphere origin of Dictyotales corresponding to the tropical southern Tethys Sea. Our results demonstrate that diversification rates were generally higher in tropical regions, but increased diversification rates in different clades are driven by different processes. Three major clades underwent a major diversification burst in the early Cenozoic, with <i>Dictyota </i>and <i>Padina </i>expanding their distribution into temperate regions, while <i>Lobophora</i> retained a predominantly tropical niche.</span></p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Our results are consistent with both the tropical conservatism hypothesis, in which clades originate and remain in the tropics (<i>Lobophora</i>), and the out-of-the-tropics scenario, where taxa originate and expand towards the temperate regions while preserving their presence in the tropics (<i>Dictyota</i>, <i>Padina</i>).</p>
The Cenozoic history of palms: Global diversification, biogeography, and the decline of megathermal forests
<p>Aim: Megathermal rainforests and mangroves are much smaller in extent today than in the early Cenozoic, primarily due to global cooling and drying trends since the Eocene--Oligocene Transition (~ 34 Ma). The general reduction of these biomes is hypothesized to shape the diversity and biogeographic history of tropical plant clades. However, this has rarely been examined due to a paucity of good fossil records of tropical taxa and the difficulty in assigning them to modern clades. Here, we evaluate the role that Cenozoic climate change may have played in shaping the diversity and biogeography of tropical plants through time.<br> <br> Location: Global. Time period: Cenozoic, 66 million years ago to present. Major taxa studied: Four palm clades (Calaminae, Eugeissoneae, Mauritiinae, and Nypoideae), and their fossil pollen record.<br> <br> Methods: We compiled fossil pollen occurrence records for each focal palm lineage to reconstruct their diversity and biogeographic distribution throughout the Cenozoic. We use climatic niche models to project the distribution of climatically suitable areas for each lineage in the past, using paleoclimate data for the Cenozoic.<br> <br> Results: For most palm lineages examined, global pollen taxonomic diversity declined throughout the Cenozoic. Geographic ranges for each focal lineage contracted globally and experienced regional-scale extinctions (e.g., Afrotropics), particularly after the Miocene. However, climatic niche models trained on extant species of these focal lineages often predict the presence of climatically suitable habitat in areas where these lineages went extinct.<br> <br> Main conclusions: Globally, the decline in megathermal rainforest and mangrove extent may have led to diversity declines and range contractions in some megathermal plant taxa throughout the Cenozoic. However, while global climatic trends are an important backdrop for the biogeography and diversity of tropical groups at global scales, their continental or regional-scale biogeographic trajectories may be more dependent on regional abiotic and biotic contexts. </p>
Datasets associated with: Comparing temperature data sources for use in species distribution models: From in-situ logging to remote sensing. Global Ecology and Biogeography
<p>Data associated with the paper 'Comparing temperature data sources for use in species distribution models: From in-situ logging to remote sensing. Global Ecology and Biogeography' by Lembrechts JJ et al., published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.</p> <p>Contains a dataset containing all extracted and measured temperature variables for all 106 measurement plots (climatedata), as well as the climate and species data used in the Species Distribution Models (SDMs). </p> <p>For details on the content of the table, see the readme-file, for details on methodology, see the original paper. </p>
Global biogeography of ant social parasites: Exploring patterns and mechanisms of an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: One of the most consistent global biogeographic patterns is the latitudinal diversity gradient where species richness peaks within the equatorial tropics and decreases towards the poles. Here, we explore the global biogeography of socially parasitic ants, which comprises the most diverse group of social parasites in the Hymenoptera. We test the biogeographic hypothesis that ant social parasites are distributed along an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient by peaking in diversity outside of the equatorial tropics.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Global</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We assembled a comprehensive biogeographic dataset for all 371 taxonomically described socially parasitic ant species. We used phylogenetic and taxonomic studies to compare species richness with the number of species representing independent evolutionary origins of social parasitism across a latitudinal gradient. In addition, we compared ant social parasite diversity across biogeographic regions using rarefaction to account for different sampling efforts. Finally, we tested for a correlation between latitude and the proportion of ant social parasite species within regional ant faunae.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The geographic distribution records and the inferred 91 origins of socially parasitic life histories show that both species richness and the number of species representing independent evolutionary origins of social parasitism peak in the northern hemisphere outside of the equatorial tropics. Based on rarefaction curves, northern latitude regions harbour the most ant social parasite species, but the diversity of independent evolutionary origins is not significantly different between northern and southern hemispheres. The proportion of ant social parasite species within regional faunae is correlated with latitude only in the northern hemisphere.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: The inverse latitudinal diversity gradient of ant social parasites contrasts with the biogeographic pattern observed in free-living, non-parasitic ant species and appears to be driven by large species radiations as well as by the presence of specialized life histories exclusive to the northern hemisphere.</p>
The phylogeny and global biogeography of Primulaceae based on high-throughput DNA sequence data
<p>The angiosperm family Primulaceae is morphologically diverse and distributed nearly worldwide. However, phylogenetic uncertainty has limited the ability to identify major morphological and biogeographic transitions. We used target capture sequencing with the Angiosperms353 kit for over 300 species across Ericales, tree-based sequence curation, and multiple phylogenetic approaches to investigate the phylogenetics of the major clades of Primulaceae and their relationship to other Ericales. The study included 150 samples of Primulaceae comprising nearly all recognized genera of the family, with a particular focus on the most diverse subfamily, Myrsinoideae, for which previous phylogenetic knowledge was poor. We used fossil and secondary calibrations to generate dated phylogenetic trees and conducted broad-scale biogeographic analyses as well as ancestral state reconstructions of plant habit.</p>
Dispersal, habitat filtering, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of local and global wetland viral biogeography
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The phylogeny and global biogeography of Primulaceae based on high-throughput DNA sequence data
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Data from: Global biogeography and macroevolutionary patterns of angiosperm inflorescence types
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The Cenozoic history of palms: Global diversification, biogeography, and the decline of megathermal forests
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Global biogeography and diversification of a group of brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) driven by clade-specific evolutionary processes
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Data from: A global blueberry phylogeny: Evolution, diversification, and biogeography of the tribe Vaccinieae (Ericaceae)
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Global biogeography of ant social parasites: Exploring patterns and mechanisms of an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient
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