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Fig. 2. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus

Fig. 2. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A. Fusellar fabric of holdfast (ZPAL G.30/2). Scale bar 1 µm. B. Fusellar and cortical fabrics in the laminae of holdfast (ZPAL G.30/3). Scale bar 20 µm. C. Sheet fabric of laminae of holdfast (ZPAL G.30/1). Scale bar 1 µm. D. Laminae of holdfast. Bundled parallel cortical fibrils and sheet fabric with vesicles (ZPALG.30/1). Scale bar 1 µm. E. Two siculae on holdfast. The left hand one is occluded (ZPALG.30/1). Scale bar 100 µm. F. Occluded sicula (arrowed) (ZPAL G.30/3). Scale bar 100 µm. G, H. Broken thecal base on proximal portion of stem (ZPAL G.30/2). Scale bars: G, 50 µm; H, 100 µm.

Fig. 2 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 2. Retiolitid graptolites Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. and Spinograptus clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 from the Gołdap IG−1 borehole, Poland. A, B, D, E. Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov., depth 1267.0 m, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, Wenlock. A. ZPAL G. 47/1, holotype, stereopair of obverse view of finite rhabdosome, proximal lateral orifice (arrow) (A1); proximal view of rhabdosome (A2), outer ancora arrowed; proximal view of isolated last theca and nema (A); ancora umbrella and dense outer ancora at th 11 side of rhabdosome (arrow) (A). B. ZPAL G. 47/5, th 11 side view of proximal 3 4 part of rhabdosome showing dense outer ancora and pre−thecal ventral orifice overgrown by reticulum (arrow) (B1), rudimentary transverse rod (arrow) (B). D. ZPAL G. 47/8, th 12 side view of proximal part of rhabdosome showing overgrown pre−thecal ventral orifice (arrow). E. ZPAL G. 47/9, proximal 2 view of immature rhabdosome showing ancora umbrella and outer ancora starting to grow (arrow). C. Spinograptus clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951, ZPAL G. 47/10, depth 1259.0 m, Colonograptus ludensis Biozone, Wenlock, open−ended rhabdosome with three pairs of thecae, lateral view (C1), obverse view of proximal end of rhabdosome (C) showing ancora umbrella and outer ancora at th 11 side of rhabdosome.

Fig. 5 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 5. Drawing of retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov., in obverse view, with reconstructed membranes. The ancora umbrella membrane is hypothetical. Note the short finite rhabdosome with characteristic two last tube−shaped thecae without genicular processes and very small and narrow appendix. Drawing AK.

Fig. 1 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 1. Stratigraphical sequence of the Spinograptus species, with new data from this paper and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 1997: fig. 12. The ranges of Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) and S. clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 reach the Saetograptus linearis–Monograptus ceratus Biozone in the Arctic Canada (Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 2004), which is not marked herein.

Fig. 3 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 3. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. rhabdosomes (A–D) showing thecal membranes (brown) and Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) (E, F) showing morphological details. A, B, D. Fragments of rhabdosomes from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/2, well preserved proximal end and three pairs of thecae obverse (A1) and reverse (A2) views, metasicula arrowed. B. ZPAL G. 47/3, tuboid distal theca arrowed. D. ZPAL G. 47/4, well preserved membranes and tuboid distal theca. C. Finite rhabdosome, holotype from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1267.0 m), Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/1, obverse view with isolated distal theca (arrow). E. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1250.0 m) Neodiversograptus nilssoni–Lobograptus progenitor Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/12, morphology of ventral wall. F. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Jarosławiec K2, ZPAL G. 47/11, young rhabdosome, dotted lines show possible broken spines. Light microscope pictures (A–D), SEM pictures (E, F).

Fig. 4 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 4. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/6, paratype, distal end of rhabdosome with three well preserved thecae on one side and small appendix; distal view (A1), view towards the inside of last theca (A2), lateral view of whole specimen (A3), stereopair of the better preserved thecae (A4). B. ZPAL G. 47/7, distal end of rhabdosome with two last thecae and terminal structure; distal view of the whole fragment (B1); view to the inside of last theca (B2); terminal structure (B3).

Fig. 1 in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 1. Dendroid graptolite "Dictyonema" sp. 1. Fragments of stipes connected with dissepiments, SEM micrographs. Caradoc limestone, borehole Chudovo, depth 33 m, Estonia. A. ZPAL G.39/1. B. ZPAL G.39/2. C. ZPAL G.39/3. D. ZPAL G.39/4.

Fig. 4 in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 4. Dendroid graptolite "Dictyonema" sp. 1. Fine structure of the dissepiment, Caradoc limestone, borehole Chudovo, depth 33 m, Estonia, SEM micrographs, ZPAL G.39/2. A. Broken expanded base of the dissepiment revealing fusellar core and cortical envelope. B. Broken dissepiment in the middle part showing central core. C. Layering of the cortical envelope. D. Ultrastructural details of fusellar and cortical fabrics in the dissepiment.

Fig. 8 in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 8. Dendroid graptolite "Dictyonema" sp. 2. Ordovician boulder No. O.62, TEM micrographs of fuselli as components of a dissepiment. A. Fusellus with head and trunk normally developed, note that lateral limbs of adjacent fuselli merge to produce condensed layers of dependent cortex (arrow). B. Fuselli with reduced trunk resembling microfuselli. C. Ultrastructural details of fusellar and cortical fabric within a fusellus. D. Cortical and fusellar material within a dissepiment.

Fig. 7 in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 7. Dendroid graptolite "Dictyonema" sp. 2, TEM micrographs. A. Ordovician boulder No. O.62. Longitudinal section through the expanded base of a dissepiment showing delicate fusellar fabric filling the first conical growth bands and producing the fusellar core enveloped by a heavy cortical deposit. B. Laminar growth bands with cortical content.

Fig. 3 in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 3. Dendroid graptolite Dictyonema cf. cervicorne Holm, 1890. Ordovician, boulder No. O.331, SEM micrograph stereopairs, ZPAL G.39/6. A. General view of specimen. B. Details of morphology.

Fig. 6. Longitudinal section through dissepiment mounted from a in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 6. Longitudinal section through dissepiment mounted from a number of TEM micrographs of dendroid graptolite "Dictyonema" sp. 2. Ordovician boulder No. O.62. A. TEM micrographs. B. Drawing of the same structure.

Fig. 2 in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 2. Morphology and variability of dissepiments of dendroid graptolites, SEM micrographs. A, B. "Dictyonema" sp. 1. Caradoc limestone, borehole Chudovo, depth 33 m, Estonia. A. Broken bifurcated dissepiment showing central core. ZPAL G.39/5. B. Dissepiment with broad, plate−like base. ZPAL G.39/2. C. Dictyonema cf. cervicorne Holm, 1890. ZPAL G.39/6. Ordovician boulder O.331. C1, dissepiments with distinct protuberances; C2, abnormally developed dissepiments and abandoned attempts at their formation.

Fig. 10 in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 10. Diagram showing relation between bithecae (shaded) and dissepiments (black) within a fragment of dendroid graptolite Dictyonema cf. cervicorne Holm, 1890 rhabdosome. Note that dissepiments are formed between adjacent bithecae in "back to back" position (e.g., A1–B1). Abbreviations: A, B, C fragments of adjacent branches; 1–4 successive triads.

Fig. 5. A in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 5. A generalized ultrastructural pattern of a dissepiment indendroid graptolite Dictyonema sensu lato as seen with TEM on a longitudinal section. Fusellar core made of superimposed fuselli and microfuselli—white, cortical envelope—shaded. Not to scale.

Fig. 9 in The ultrastructure and building of graptolite dissepiments

Fig. 9. Dendroid graptolite "Dictyonema" sp. 2. TEM micrographs of ultrastructural components of a dissepiment. Ordovician boulder No. O.62. A. Superimposed fuselli made mainly of outer lamellae merging laterally into multilayered cortical envelope. B. Laminar growth bands with fusellar fabric and intrasheet vesicles. C. Details of intrasheet vesicles.

Fig. 3 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 3. Silurian graptolite Testograptus testis (Barrande, 1850). All collections from section RC01−2, 2.5 m, Rookery Creek, Cornwallis Island. A. Largest specimen, stereopair profile and ventro−lateral view, GSC34914; A1, profile view; A2, ventro−lateral view showing long, laterally projecting thecal spines. B. Stereopair of specimen with very strong dorsal flexure and prominent keel−like protuberance at point of flexure, GSC34915. C. Lateral and ventro−distal view of specimen, GSC34916; C1, with strongly dorsally flexed nema; C2, nema strongly ventrally flexed. D. Various views of specimen GSC34917; D1, dorso−lateral view stereopair; D2, ventro−lateral view stereopair showing prominent keel−like protuberance at point of flexure; D3, ventral view; D4, dorso−lateral view, V−shaped protuberance at point of flexure. E. Steropair of specimen with strong ventral flexure and prominent protuberance distal of sicular tip, GSC34918. F. Dorso−lateral and lateral views of specimen, GSC34919; F1, dorso−lateral view showing prominent flexure; F2, profile view. Scale bars 500 µm.

Fig. 4 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 4. Silurian graptolites Testograptus testis (Barrande, 1850) (A, B) and Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871) (C–F) in direct comparison. Specimens from SB−E, 49 m, Snowblind Creek, Cornwallis Island. A. Fragment of specimen with pseudovirgula development, GSC34920; A1, stereopair showing isolated nema; A2, enlargement to show nema area, and infilling between pseudovirgula and nema. B. Stereopair of dorso−lateral view of specimen with free nema and subsequent development of rhabdosome via a pseudovirgula, GSC34921. (C–F) Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871); from CP98, 6.4 m, Cape Phillips, Cornwallis Island (C, F) and from CM3, 6.1 m, Cape Manning Cornwallis Island (D, E). C. Extremely well−preserved specimen, showing blunt−ended sicula and flexure; note well−developed rutellum, GSC34922. D. Ventro−lateral view of well−preserved specimen showing four complete thecae, GSC34923. E. Infrared image showing strongly curved sicula, GSC34924. F. Views of a specimen showing a pseudovirgula (arrows) and exceptionally long rutellum, GSC34925; F1, distal view enlargement; F2, SEM image; F3, infrared image.

Fig. 2 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 2. Silurian graptolites Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871) (A, B) and Testograptus testis (Barrande, 1850) (C–F) in direct comparison. Chemically cleared and infrared views of specimens from collection SJF−02, talus nodule 2A, Cape Sir John Franklin, Devon Island. A. Variously oriented views of specimens with two developed thecae and common canal of theca 3, GSC34908; A1, profile view; A2, enlargement showing normal porus; A3, dorso−lateral view; A4, ventro−lateral view. B. Ventral and lateral views of specimen, GSC34909; B1, ventral view showing tip of sicula (clear region) and well marked thickened interthecal septum (arrow); B2, profile showing well−developed nema. (C–F) Testograptus testis (Barrande, 1850). Chemically cleared and infrared images of specimens from collection RC01−2, 2.5 m, Rookery Creek, Cornwallis Island. C. Largest specimen profile showing deflexed nema distal of sicula tip, and hollow, keel−like protuberance distal of sicula tip (arrow), GSC34910. D. Profile of specimen with only gentle ventral flexure and moderately curved sicula, GSC34911. E. Near−profile view of specimen and enlargement of distal end of sicular region, GSC34913; E1, profile view of cleared specimen; E2, enlargement showing normal porus. F. Specimen with well−preserved two proximal thecae, strong ventral flexure, and hollow protuberance (arrow) distal of tip of sicula, GSC34913. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 1 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 1. Silurian graptolite Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871). All collections from SJF−02, nodule 2A. A. Full profile of specimen showing theca 1 arising out of sicula very close to aperture and strong ventral flexures of nema and sicular threads, GSC34900. B. Full profile and slightly oblique view of specimen GSC 34901; B1, stereopair; B2, full profile. C. Stereopair, ventro−lateral view of specimen with complete theca 1 and protheca of theca 2, and showing free tip of sicula (arrow), GSC 34902. D. Specimen with four complete thecae and protheca of theca 5, GSC34903. E. Stereopair showing two fully developed thecae and protheca of theca 3; note well−developed rutellum, GSC34904. F. Full profile stereopair showing abrupt flexure of nema away from tip of sicula, GSC34905. G. Oblique view stereopair showing three fully developed thecae and the common canal leading to theca 4 (arrow), GSC34906. H. Stereopair distal view of fully developed thecae and protheca of theca 4, and well−developed rutellum and protuberance of sicula tip, GSC34907. Scale bars 100 µm.