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228 results for “Guppy”
Data from: Trophic niche drives the evolution of craniofacial shape in Trinidadian guppies
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Data from: Developmental behavioural plasticity and DNA methylation patterns in response to predation stress in Trinidadian guppies
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Increased water temperature and turbidity act independently to alter social behaviour in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
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Microhabitat conditions drive uncertainty of risk and shape neophobic responses in Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata
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Size-selective harvesting affects the immunocompetence of guppies exposed to the parasite Gyrodactylus
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On the genetic architecture of rapidly adapting and convergent life history traits in guppies
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Data from: The size, symmetry, and color saturation of a male guppy's ornaments forecast his resistance to parasites
Sexually selected ornaments range from highly dynamic traits to those that are fixed during development and relatively static throughout sexual maturity. Ornaments along this continuum differ in the information they provide about the qualities of potential mates, such as their parasite resistance. Dynamic ornaments enable real-time assessment of the bearer's condition: they can reflect an individual's current infection status, or resistance to recent infections. Static ornaments, however, are not affected by recent infection but may instead indicate an individual's genetically-determined resistance, even in the absence of infection. Given the typically aggregated distribution of parasites among hosts, infection is unlikely to affect the ornaments of the vast majority of individuals in a population: static ornaments may therefore be the more reliable indicators of parasite resistance. To test this hypothesis, we quantified the ornaments of male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, before experimentally infecting them with Gyrodactylus turnbulli. Males with more left-right symmetrical black coloration and those with larger areas of orange coloration, both static ornaments, were more resistant. However, males with more saturated orange coloration, a dynamic ornament, were less resistant. Female guppies often prefer symmetrical males with larger orange ornaments, suggesting parasite-mediated natural and sexual selection act in concert on these traits.
Data from: Predictable adaptive trajectories of sexual coloration in the wild: evidence from replicate experimental guppy populations
The question of whether populations evolve predictably and consistently under similar selective regimes is fundamental to understanding how adaptation proceeds in the wild. We address this question with a replicated evolution experiment focused upon male sexual coloration in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Fish were transplanted from a single high predation population in the Guanapo River to four replicate, guppy‐free low predation headwater streams. Two streams had their canopies thinned to adjust the setting under which male coloration is displayed and perceived. We assessed evolutionary divergence using second‐generation lab‐bred offspring of fish sampled four to six years following translocation. A prior experiment of the same design, performed in an adjacent drainage, resulted in the evolution of more extensive orange, black and iridescent markings. We however found evidence for expansion only in structural coloration (iridescent blue/green), no change in orange, and a reduction in black. This response amplifies earlier findings for Guanapo fish, revealing that trajectories of color elaboration differ among drainages. We also found that color phenotypes evolved more greatly at the thinned‐canopy sites. Our findings support the predictability of sexual trait evolution in the wild, and underscore the importance of signaling conditions and ornamental starting points in shaping adaptive trajectories.
Data for: Genetic and context-specific effects on individual inhibitory control performance in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
<p>Among-individual variation in cognitive traits, widely assumed to have evolved under adaptive processes, is increasingly being demonstrated across animal taxa. As variation among individuals is required for natural selection, characterising individual differences and their heritability is important to understand how cognitive traits evolve. Here we use a quantitative genetic study of wild-type guppies repeatedly exposed to a 'detour task' to test for genetic variance in the cognitive trait of inhibitory control. We also test for genotype-by-environment interactions (GxE) by testing related fish under alternative experimental treatments (transparent vs. semi-transparent barrier in the detour-task). We find among-individual variation in detour task performance, consistent with differences in inhibitory control. However, analysis of GxE reveals that heritable factors only contribute to performance variation in one treatment. This suggests that the adaptive evolutionary potential of inhibitory control (and/or other latent variables contributing to task performance) may be highly sensitive to environmental conditions. The presence of GxE also implies that the plastic response of detour task performance to treatment environment is genetically variable. Our results are consistent with a scenario where variation in individual inhibitory control stems from complex interactions between heritable and plastic components.</p>
The evolution of plasticity in brain morphology following colonization of an ecologically divergent habitat in Trinidadian guppies
<p>Natural environments are constantly changing. To survive, organisms will either need to rapidly adapt to new conditions or colonize new habitats. Colonization has been hypothesized to select for increased plasticity as well as increased brain size, though empirical tests of these effects have proven difficult to evaluate. In particular, the degree to which plasticity of brain morphology can evolve, and its subsequent ecological consequences have rarely been explored. Trinidadian guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>) are known for their repeated adaptation to ancestral high-predation (HP) and derived low-predation (LP) environments. We used this system to examine the evolution and plasticity of brain morphology. We exposed second-generation offspring of individuals collected from HP and LP sites to two different kinds of environmental treatments: predation cues and conspecific social environment. We found that guppies descended from a colonized LP habitat showed greater plasticity in brain morphology than descendants of their ancestral HP population, supporting the hypothesis that plasticity of brain morphology may increase fitness after colonization of a novel habitat. Additionally, we show sexual dimorphism in brain morphology plasticity. Overall, these results suggest the evolution of brain morphology plasticity as an important mechanism that allows for ecological diversification and colonization of novel habitats.</p>
Reproductive benefits associated with dispersal in headwater populations of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
<p>Theory suggests that the evolution of dispersal is balanced by its fitness costs and benefits, yet empirical evidence is sparse due to the difficulties of measuring dispersal and fitness in natural populations. Here, we use spatially-explicit data from a multi-generational capture-mark-recapture study of two populations of Trinidadian guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>) along with pedigrees to test whether there are fitness benefits correlated with dispersal. Combining these ecological and molecular datasets allows us to directly measure the relationship between movement and reproduction. Individual dispersal was measured as the total distance moved by a fish during its lifetime. We analyzed the effects of dispersal propensity and distance on a variety of reproductive metrics. We found that number of mates and number of offspring produced were positively correlated to dispersal, especially for males. Our results also reveal individual and environmental variation in dispersal, with sex, size, season, and stream acting as determining factors. </p>
Datasets and scripts from: Sensory-based quantification of male colour patterns in Trinidadian guppies reveals no support for parallel phenotypic evolution in multivariate trait space
<p>Parallel evolution, in which independent populations evolve along similar phenotypic trajectories, offers insights into the repeatability of adaptive evolution. Here, we revisit a classic example of parallelism, that of repeated evolution of brighter males in the Trinidadian guppy (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>). In guppies, colonisation of low predation habitats is associated with emergence of 'more colourful' phenotypes since predator-induced viability selection for crypsis weakens while sexual selection by female preference for conspicuousness remains strong. Our study differs from previous investigations in three respects. First, we adopt a multivariate phenotyping approach to characterise parallelism in multi-trait space. Second, we use ecologically-relevant colour traits defined by the visual systems of the two selective agents (i.e. guppy, predatory cichlid). Third, we estimate population genetic structure to test for adaptive (parallel) evolution against a model of neutral phenotypic divergence. We find strong phenotypic differentiation that is inconsistent with a neutral model but very limited support for the predicted pattern of greater conspicuousness at low predation. Effects of predation regime on each trait were in the expected direction, but weak, largely non-significant, and explained little among-population variation. In multi-trait space, phenotypic trajectories of lineages colonising low from high predation regimes were not parallel. Our results are consistent with reduced predation risk facilitating adaptive differentiation, potentially by female choice, but suggest that this proceeds in independent directions of multi-trait space across lineages. Pool-sequencing data also revealed SNPs showing greater differentiation than expected under neutrality, among which some are found in genes contributing to colour pattern variation, presenting opportunities for future genetic study.</p>
Data from: Shoaling guppies evade predation but have deadlier parasites
<p>We collected data on coinfection rates, infection prevalence, and infection intensity for <em>Gyrodactylus</em> spp. on wild Trinidadian guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>). We also collected data on the shoaling preference of wild-caught guppy hosts. Further, we collected data on transmission rates, infection intensity, and infected host mortality rates of lines of these parasites on guppies in the laboratory. We fouind that wild guppy populations with stronger shoaling preferences had higher infection prevalence and coinfection rates. Further, we found a transmission rate-virulence tradeoff among parasite lines mediated by infection intensity. Lastly, parasite lines from populations with stronger shoaling preferences were found to attain higher infection intensity and impose higher mortality on infected hosts.</p> <p>These data may be re-used with citation of the corresponding manuscript, "Shoaling guppies evade predation but have deadlier parasites." For more information, see that corresponding manuscript.</p>
Dataset for: Mating competition and adult sex ratio in wild Trinidadian guppies
<p><span>Most experimental tests of mating systems theory have been conducted in the laboratory, using operational sex ratios (ratio of ready-to-mate male to ready-to-mate female) that are often not representative of natural conditions. Here, we first measured the range of adult sex ratio (proportion of adult males to adult females; ASR) in two populations of Trinidadian guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>) differing in ambient predation risk (high vs. low). We then explored, under semi-wild conditions, the effect of ASR (i.e. 0.17, 0.50, 0.83) on mating competition patterns in these populations. ASR in the wild was female-biased and did not significantly differ between the two populations. The range of ASR in our experiment was representative of natural ASRs. As expected, we observed an increase in intrasexual aggression rates in both sexes as the relative abundance of competitors increased. In support of the risky competition hypothesis, all measured behaviors had lower rates in a high vs. low predation-risk population, likely due to the costs of predation. In terms of mating tactics, a male-biased ASR did not lead males to favor forced mating over courtship,</span><span> </span><span>indicating that males did not compensate for the cost of competition by switching to a less costly alternative mating tactic</span><span>. </span><span>Overall, this study highlights the need for field experiments using natural ranges of ASRs to test the validity of mating systems theory in a more complex, ecologically relevant context.</span></p>
Alarm cues and alarmed conspecifics: Neural activity during social learning from different cues in Trinidadian guppies
<p>Learning to respond appropriately to novel dangers is often essential to survival and success, but carries risks. Learning about novel threats from others (social learning) can reduce these risks. Many species, including the Trinidadian guppy (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>), respond defensively to both conspecific chemical alarm cues and conspecifix anti-predator behaviours, and in other fish such social information can lead to a learned aversion to novel threats. However, relatively little is known about the neural substrates underlying social learning and the degree to which different forms of learning share similar neural mechanisms. Here, we explored the neural substrates mediating social learning of novel threats from two different conspecific cues (i.e. social cue-based threat learning). We first demonstrated that guppies rapidly learn about threats paired with either alarm cues or with conspecific threat responses (demonstration). Then, focusing on acquisition rather than recall, we discovered that phospho-S6 expression, a marker of neural activity, was elevated in guppies during learning from alarm cues in the putative homologue of the mammalian lateral septum and the preoptic area. Surprisingly, these changes in neural activity were not observed in fish learning from conspecific demonstration. Together, these results implicate forebrain areas in social learning about threat but raise the possibility that circuits contribute to such learning in a stimulus-specific manner.</p>
Jumping out of trouble: Evidence for a cognitive map in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
<p><span>Spatial cognitive abilities allow individuals to remember the location of resources such as food patches, predator hide-outs, or shelters. </span><span>Animals typically incorporate learnt spatial information or use external environmental cues to navigate their surroundings. A spectacular example of how some fishes move is through aerial jumping. For instance, fish that are trapped within isolated pools, cut off from the main body of water during dry periods, may jump over obstacles and direct their jumps to return to safe locations. However, what information such as re-orientation behaviour during jumping is based on remains enigmatic. Here we combine a lab and field experiment to test if guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>) incorporate learnt spatial information and external environmental cues (visual and auditory) to determine where to jump. In a spatial memory assay we found that guppies were more likely to jump towards deeper areas, hence incorporating past spatial information to jump to safety. In a matched vs. mismatched spatial cue experiment in the field, we found that animals only showed directed jumping when visual and auditory cues matched. We show that in unfamiliar entrapments guppies direct their jumps by combining visual and auditory cues, while in familiar entrapments they use a cognitive map. We hence conclude that jumping behaviour is a goal-directed behaviour, guided by different sources of information and involving important spatial cognitive skills.</span></p>
Pace-of-life syndrome: linking personality, metabolism and colour ornamentation in male guppies
<p>Within populations, there commonly exists consistent among-individual differences in behaviour. As a potential mechanism maintaining this variation, the pace-of-life-syndrome (POLS) hypothesis posits that consistent differences in the behaviour of individuals (i.e. 'personality') are intercorrelated and have coevolved with consistent individual differences in metabolism and life-history traits. Here, using adult male guppies, <em>Poecilia reticulata</em>, we tested under laboratory conditions (1) whether behavioural and metabolic traits vary consistently among individuals over time (≤ 7 days) and (2) the POLS prediction that repeatable behavioural traits should be intercorrelated with each other and with repeatable metabolic rate at the among-individual level. Furthermore, based on indicator models of sexual selection, we expected that sexually selected male colour ornamentation would predict individual personality and metabolic rate. We repeatedly assayed three behavioural traits (sociability, boldness, exploration) and three metabolic traits (resting metabolic rate, maximal metabolic rate, aerobic scope) in a set of males that varied in body size and colour ornamentation. All behavioural trait measures were repeatable, consistent with individual personality. Of the three metabolic traits, only resting metabolic rate (RMR) was repeatable. Behavioural trait measures were significantly intercorrelated and thus integrated in a behavioural syndrome. More 'proactive' males were bolder, more exploratory and more sociable than 'reactive' ones. However, contrary to the POLS hypothesis, <span>RMR</span>was not significantly correlated with any of the behavioural trait measures, suggesting that consistent individual differences in RMR do not drive or support differences in personality, or vice versa. Male colour ornamentation did not covary with behaviour or RMR and thus does not appear to be a reliable predictor of either behavioural or metabolic phenotypes. We therefore did not find any compelling support for the POLS hypothesis, suggesting that <span>individual differences in metabolism do not underlie the evolution and maintenance of among-individual behavioural variation in our study population.</span></p>
Coverage data in males and females, and genetic markers used for genetic mapping of the guppy LG12 (sex chromosome pair)
<p>The study used genetic mapping and coverage data in genome sequences of multiple male and female individuals of <i>M. picta</i> from multiple natural populations to investigate genetic degeneration of the Y chromosome, and quantify gene loss from the Y. The files include coverage results from the sex chromosome that were (i) used for sexing the sequenced individuals, and (ii) combined with autosomal results to analyze M/F, M/A and F/A depth of coverage ratios. Genetic mapping was also used to validate sex linkage, and the data set includes files with genotypes of genetic markers.</p>
Selection experiment on guppy ornamental traits
<p><span>Female preferences for male ornamental traits can arise from indirect benefits, such as increased attractiveness or better viability of progeny, but empirical evidence for such benefits is inconsistent. Artificial selection offers a powerful way to investigate indirect effects of male ornaments. Here, we selected for the area of orange spots on male guppies, a trait subject to female preferences in our population, in replicated up- and down-selected lines. We found a significant direct response to selection, and a correlated response in female preferences, with females from down-selected lines showing less interest in more orange males. Nevertheless, up-selected males sired more offspring in direct competition with low-selected males, irrespective of female origin. We did not find a significantly correlated response to selection among any other fitness correlates we measured. Our results imply that female preferences for orange spots can lead to increased reproductive success of their sons, with no effect on general viability of progeny. Furthermore, while we demonstrate that female preferences may evolve via linkage disequilibrium with the preferred trait, the potential for runaway selection by positive feedback may be constrained by the lack of corresponding linkage with male reproductive competitiveness.</span></p>
Data and code for the manuscript:"Female preference for rare males is maintained by indirect selection in Trinidadian guppies"
<p>Data and code for the manuscript "Female preference for rare males is maintained by indirect selection in Trinidadian guppies</p> <p>This project contains three data files and two scripts.</p> <p>Data files:</p> <ul> <li> <p>LL_guppy_data.csv (the mark recapture data from the experimental stream)</p> </li> <li> <p>standardized_locations.csv (the standardized names for pools and riffles each month)</p> </li> <li> <p>pat_data.csv (the classification of male colour patterns by fish id)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Scripts:</p> <ul> <li> <p>data_preparation.R (this script merges the data files, calculates male pattern rarity and novelty, and scores fitness components. RUN THIS FIRST)</p> </li> <li> <p>analysis_and_figures.R (this script builds, runs, and checks the models, summarises the output, and produces the figures. RUN THIS SECOND)</p> </li> </ul>
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