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34 results for “Haemosporida”
Data from: Specialized avian Haemosporida trade reduced host breadth for increased prevalence
Parasite specialization on one or a few host species leads to a reduction in the total number of available host individuals, which may decrease transmission. However, specialists are thought to be able to compensate by increased prevalence in the host population and increased success in each individual host. Here, we use variation in host breadth among a community of avian Haemosporida to investigate consequences of generalist and specialist strategies on prevalence across hosts. We show that specialist parasites are more prevalent than generalist parasites in host populations that are shared between them. Moreover, the total number of infections of generalist and specialist parasites within the study area did not vary significantly with host breadth. This suggests that specialists can infect a similar number of host individuals as generalists, thus compensating for a reduction in host availability by achieving higher prevalence in a single host species. Specialist parasites also tended to infect older hosts, whereas infections by generalists were biased towards younger hosts. We suggest that this reflects different abilities of generalists and specialists to persist in hosts following infection. Higher abundance and increased persistence in hosts suggest that specialists are more effective parasites than generalists, supporting the existence of a trade-off between host breadth and average host use among these parasites.
FIGURE 3 in Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites of the subgenera Haemamoeba and Giovannolaia (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae)
FIGURE 3. Plasmodium circumflexum (lineage P-TURDUS1) from the blood of House Sparrow Passer domesticus. a– c —trophozoites; d–j —erythrocytic meronts; k–n —macrogametocytes; o, p —microgametocytes. Scale bar = 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites of the subgenera Haemamoeba and Giovannolaia (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae)
FIGURE 2. Plasmodium relictum (lineage P-SGS1) from the blood of Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra. a, b—trophozoites; c–h — erythrocytic meronts; i–m — macrogametocytes; n–p — microgametocytes. Scale bar = 10 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites of the subgenera Haemamoeba and Giovannolaia (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae)
FIGURE 1. Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree of 32 lineages of Plasmodium spp. and five lineages of Haemoproteus spp. as the outgroup. The NJ tree was constructed using the Kimura 2-parameter distance matrix with bootstrap resampling (1,000 times). Bootstrap values are represented by circles (>90%), squares (70–89%), and triangles (50–69%). Closely related (within a genetic distance 2.5%) to Plasmodium relictum, Plasmodium circumflexum, and Plasmodium ashfordi lineages of malaria parasites are marked by bars a, b and c, respectively. GenBank accession numbers of sequences are given after lineage names in parentheses.
FIGURE 2 in Haemoproteus nucleocondensus n. sp. (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from a Eurasian songbird, the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus
FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogeny of 24 mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages of Haemoproteus spp. and 4 lineages of Plasmodium spp. One lineage of Leucocytozoon is used as outgroup. Codes of lineages and GenBank accession numbers (in parentheses) are given after parasite species names, with the name of new species in bold. Names of parasites with microgametocytes possessing condensed nuclei morphologically similar to the new species are underlined. Posterior probability values>70 are indicated near the nodes.Vertical bars A and B indicate haemoproteid species belonging to the subgenera Haemoproteus and Parahaemoproteus, respectively.
FIGURE 1 in Haemoproteus nucleocondensus n. sp. (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from a Eurasian songbird, the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus
FIGURE 1. Gametocytes of Haemoproteus nucleocondensus sp. nov. (a-l) from the blood of Great Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus and Haemoproteus payevskyi (m-t) from the blood of Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus: a, b, i, m, q—young gametocytes; c–h, n–p—macrogametocytes; j–l, r–t—microgametocytes. Long arrows—nuclei of parasites; short arrows—unfilled spaces between gametocyte and envelope of infected erythrocyte; arrow head—pigment granules. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Bar = 10 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Molecular and morphological characterization of two avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), with description of Plasmodium homonucleophilum n. sp.
FIGURE 3. Bayesian phylogeny of 20 mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages of Plasmodium spp. and 8 lineages of Haemoproteus spp. One lineage of Leucocytozoon is used as outgroup. Posterior probabilities ≥ 0.7 are indicated near the nodes. Codes of lineages (if available) are indicated, followed in parentheses by GenBank accessions, and parasite species names. Names of parasite described in this study are given in bold. Branch lengths are drawn proportionally to the amount of changes (scale bars are shown). Vertical bars A and B indicate malaria parasites belonging to the subgenera Novyella and Haemamoeba, respectively.
FIGURE 1 in Molecular and morphological characterization of two avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), with description of Plasmodium homonucleophilum n. sp.
FIGURE 1. Plasmodium (Novyella) homonucleophilum (lineage pSW2) from the blood of Locustella naevia: a—trophozoite; b–g—erythrocytic meronts; h–m- macrogametocytes; n–p—microgametocytes. Long arrows—parasite nucleus. Short arrows—merozoits. Arrow heads—pigment granules. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10µm.
FIGURE 2 in Molecular and morphological characterization of two avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), with description of Plasmodium homonucleophilum n. sp.
FIGURE 2. Plasmodium relictum (lineage pLZFUS01) from the blood of Lanius collurio: a—trophozoite; b–j—erythrocytic meronts; k–o—macrogametocytes; p–t—microgametocytes. Long arrows—parasite nucleus. Short arrows—merozoits. Arrow heads—pigment granules. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10µm.
Data from: The polyphyly of Plasmodium: comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the malaria parasites (order Haemosporida) reveal widespread taxonomic conflict
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Data from: Specialized avian Haemosporida trade reduced host breadth for increased prevalence
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Fig. 3 in Haemoproteosis lethality in a woodpecker, with molecular and morphological characterization of Haemoproteus velans (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae)
Fig. 3. Haemoproteus velans (lineage NOFL1) from the blood of the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus): a, b - young gametocytes; c-h - macrogametocytes; i-l - microgametocytes. Long simple arrows – nuclei of parasites. Simple arrowhead – pigment granules. Triangle arrowheads – volutin granules. Short simple wide arrow – unfilled space in poles of erythrocytes. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 1 in Haemoproteosis lethality in a woodpecker, with molecular and morphological characterization of Haemoproteus velans (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae)
Fig. 1. Histological section of liver tissue of naturally infected White-headed woodpecker (Dryobates albolarvatus). Note clumps of numerous hemozoin granules (arrows), which are remnants of hemozoin developing in gametocytes of Haemoproteus parasites. Magnification x10.
Fig. 4 in Haemoproteosis lethality in a woodpecker, with molecular and morphological characterization of Haemoproteus velans (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae)
Fig. 4. Consensus tree displaying Haemoproteus velans phylogenetic relationships as predicted by Maximum-likelihood inference, using GTR + I+Γ substitution model in PAUP* v.4.0a.b161. Maximum-likelihood bootstrap values> 70 are indicated. Lineages detected in the current study are indicated by red boxes. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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