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Fig. 9 in Can You Hear Me Now? A Comparative Survey Of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology

Fig. 9. Carnivore Malleus: A — Right, posterior view of Arctocephalus gazella; B — Left, posterior view of Mirounga leonina; C — Right, posterior view of Leptonychotes weddellii; D — Left, posterior view of Lobodon carcinophaga; E — Left, posterior view of Phoca vitulina; F — Right, medial view of Ursus martimus; G — Right, posterior view of Ommatophoca rossii (modified from Loza et al., 2018 a); H — Left, posterior view of Odobenus rosmarus (modified from Kastelein et al., 1996 a); I — Left (but reversed from right side), medial view of Panthera pardus (modified from Wible and Spaulding, 2012).

Fig. 2 in Can You Hear Me Now? A Comparative Survey Of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology

Fig. 2. Generalized Mammalian Ear: A — Cross-section through a domestic dog (Canis familiaris) showing all three parts of the ear (modified from Ekdale, 2015); B — Inside auditory bulla of a general carnivore. Blue indicates structures of the membranous labyrinth, yellow indicates structures of the bony labyrinth, and red indicates both the tympanic membrane and the (secondary tympanic) membrane spanning the round window (modified from Wang and Tedford, 2008).

Fig. 8 in Can You Hear Me Now? A Comparative Survey Of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology

Fig. 8. Auditory Ossicles: A — The articulated ossicles of the left ear of a 2-year-old male Pacific walrus, medial view (modified from Kastelein et al., 1996 a); B — Odobenus rosmarus incus, medial view (modified from Kastelein et al., 1996 a); C — Juvenile Ursus martimus incus, medial view; D — Drawing of Phoca vitulina stapes (modified from Doran, 1878); E — Odobenus rosmarus stapes, dorsal view (modified from Kastelein et al., 1996 a).

Fig. 6 in Can You Hear Me Now? A Comparative Survey Of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology

Fig. 6. Pinniped Basicrania: A — Phoca vitulina; B — Otaria flavescens. Ect — ectotympanic; Ent — entotympanic and red outline; GF — glenoid fossa; JF — jugular foramen; LTE — lateral portion of tubercle of the ectotympanic; MP — mastoid process; OC — occipital condyle; PCC — posterior opening of the carotid canal; PGP — postglenoid process; POP — paroccipital process; SMF — stylomastoid foramen.

Fig. 5 in Can You Hear Me Now? A Comparative Survey Of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology

Fig. 5. Auditory Bulla Inflatedness. Ventral views of right basicrania of: A — Cystophora cristata, MWNH 187 from Museum Wiesbaden of Natural History; B — Eumetopias jubatus, UWBM 12551 from University of Washington Burke Museum; C — Odobenus rosmarus, UAM 14793 from University of Alaska Mammals; D — Lontra candadensis, UWBM 32217 from University of Washington Burke Museum; E — Phoca vitulina, UWBM 51215 from University of Washington Burke Museum; F — Ursus arctos, UWBM 39422 from University of Washington Burke Museum (modified from https://virtual.imnh.iri.isu.edu).

Fig. 4 in Can You Hear Me Now? A Comparative Survey Of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology

Fig. 4. External Pinnae of Pinnipeds: A — Phocid; B — Otariid (modified from Nowak, 1991); C — Odobenid (modified from Kastelein et al., 1996 a).

Fig. 3 in Can You Hear Me Now? A Comparative Survey Of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology

Fig. 3. Drawings of Bony Labyrinths of a Generalized Mammal in Dorsal View. Pitch, roll, and yaw in red on the left labyrinth (modified from Ekdale, 2015).

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Dataset: Turtle Beach Corporation (HEAR) Stock Performance

This dataset provides historical stock market performance data for specific companies. It enables users to analyze and understand the past trends and fluctuations in stock prices over time. This information can be utilized for various purposes such as investment analysis, financial research, and market trend forecasting.

opencc-by-nc-sa-4.0Oct 2018View details →

Database of movement behavior and EEG in virtual audiovisual everyday-life environments for hearing aid research

This database contains movement behavior (head, eye, torso) and EEG signals of 21 young normal-hearing (11 male, 11 female, mean age 25 +/- 3.6 years) and 19 elderly normal-hearing subjects (9 male, 12 female, mean age 69 +/- 5.4 years) measured in virtual audiovisual listening environments in the laboratory. The virtual audiovisual environments that were used are: a living room, a lecture hall, a cafeteria, a street and a train station. The video and audio material for the environments is also available (see Related identifiers). The methods and an analysis of the movement behavior are described in Hendrikse et al. (2019). The supplementary materials to this paper that are published here include plots of the gaze trajectories of the subjects in all environments, plotted separately for the young and elderly subjects so that they can be compared, and histograms of the head-, eye- and torso-rotation for the environments that were not included in the paper.

Fig. 7 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 7. Dual function of the auditory and masticatory apparatus of the non-mammalian synapsid Pristerodon mackayi Huxley, 1868 (MB.R.985) from the Late Permian of Biesjespoort, South Africa. A. Auditory region in posteroventral view showing the mechanics of the jaw articulations during mastication. B. Masticatory forces at the quadrate-quadratojugal complex (in posterior view). C. Auditory region in posteroventral view showing the mechanics of sound conduction. D. Mechanics of sound conduction of the quadrate-quadratojugal complex in posterior view. When the jaw muscles were relaxed, the reflected lamina and its putative tympanic membrane would receive the airborne sound, which would cause medio-lateral vibrations of the postdentary bones (although in small amplitude). The sound vibration was transmitted via the jaw hinge and the horizontal stapes to the inner ear. During the vibration, the quadrate is mobile at its ball and socket joint to the cranium, as permitted by a very thin bony connection with the quadratojugal. However, when the jaw musculature contracted during mastication, the quadrate was immobilized, it was strained by masticatory force and oppressed against the quadratojugal and the cleft between the quadrate and the quadratojugal is closed. During the active mastication, hearing was likely suspended, or reduced to a very low sensitivity if feasible at all. Not to scale.

Fig. 3 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 3. Distribution of cavities in the otic region of the non-mammalian synapsid Pristerodon mackayi Huxley, 1868 (MB.R.985) from the Late Permian of Biesjespoort, South Africa. Note the concentration of a number of large cavities (brown) around the inner ears, which are connected to each other. The neurocranium is shown transparent.

Fig. 6 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 6. The mandible of the non-mammalian synapsid Pristerodon mackayi Huxley, 1868 (MB.R.985) from the Late Permian of Biesjespoort, South Africa. A. Virtual reconstruction from neutron tomographic data. Note that the dentary is shown in transparent to provide insight into the internal structure. The arrows mark the positions and the number of the tomographic slices shown in B–D. B–D. Tomographic slices (B, 1202; C, 1895; D, 1613) showing the internal structure of the mandible. Note that surangular, prearticular, and angular are not fused with the dentary.

Fig. 9 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 9. Co-evolution of the cochlea and middle ear in synapsids. Hearing in primitive or burrowing non-mammalian synapsids was predominantly by bone conduction from the ground vibration via the mandible. The tympanic hearing started to assume a more important role as the head became lifted from ground due to a more upright forelimb posture. Adaptations to tympanic hearing and modifications of the middle ear for better sensitivity to airborne sound include: an enhanced acoustical isolation of the postdentary bones from the dentary, an enlarged reflected lamina, a smaller stapes footplates and a more horizontal oriented stapes, an elongate medial trochlear condyle of the quadrate. All these coincided with the origin of a distinctive cochlear cavity. Concurrent with middle ear modifications, the inner ear developed a more laterally facing fenestra vestibule and a ventral cochlear cavity. Later, the detachment of the postdentary bones from the mandible and the elongation of the cochlear canal were further steps towards a refined sensitivity to airborne sound, especially in higher frequencies. Partially redrawn from Luo et al. (2011), Cox (1962), and Luo (2011).

Fig. 2 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 2. The inner ear labyrinth of the non-mammalian synapsid Pristerodon mackayi Huxley, 1868 (MB.R.985) from the Late Permian of Biesjespoort, South Africa. Virtual cast of the left inner ear labyrinth in posterior (A), lateral (B), and anterior (C) views. Otic region including cochlear cavity of the left (E, tomographic slice 2461) and right (F, tomographic slice 2417) inner ear. D. Inner ear reconstruction of Pristerodon by Barry (1967).

Fig. 8 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 8. Relative size of the stapes footplate area of the non-mammalian synapsid Pristerodon mackayi (MB.R.985) from the Late Permian of Biesjespoort, South Africa compared with those of other non-mammalian synapsids. The slope of the stapes for each taxon is added in brackets. The regression line is calculated only for non-fossorial species. Note that the stapes footplate area of Pristerodon is smaller than in fossorial taxa. Used data and material see SOM 1: table S2. Abbreviations: hollow symbols, fossorial species; partially filled symbols, semifossorial; filled symbols, non-fossorial or uncertain species; Arc, Arctognathus nasuta; Bra, Brasilitherium riograndensis; Chi, Chiniquodon theotenicus; Cis, Cistecephalus planiceps; Dic hue, Dicynodon huenei; Dic now, Dicynodontoides nowacki; Dii, Diictodon feliceps; Gla, Glanosuchus sp.; Lys, Lystrosaurus declivis; Mas, Massetognathus pascuali; Nia, Niassodon mfumukasi; Not, Nothosollasia lückhoffi; Pri, Pristerodon sp.; Pla, Placerias gigas; Pro, Procynosuchus delaharpeae; Sta, Stahleckeria potens; Sum, Suminia getmanovi; Thri, Thrinaxodon liorhinus; Yun, Yunnanodon. Modified from Laass (2014).

Fig. 1 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 1. The skull of the non-mammalian synapsid Pristerodon mackayi Huxley, 1868 (MB.R.985) from the Late Permian of Biesjespoort, South Africa. Photograph (A) and virtual 3D model (B) of dorsolateral view.

Fig. 5 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 5. Virtual reconstruction of the left quadrate-quadratojugal complex of the non-mammalian synapsid Pristerodon mackayi Huxley, 1868 (MB.R.985) from the Late Permian of Biesjespoort, South Africa; in ventral (A), medial (B), and anterior (C) views.

Fig. 4 in The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids

Fig. 4. Virtual reconstruction of the left stapes of the non-mammalian synapsid Pristerodon mackayi Huxley, 1868 (MB.R.985) from the Late Permian of Biesjespoort, South Africa; in medial (A), posterior (B), ventral (C), and anterior (D) views.

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

OTIMP: The Oticon-Imperial hearing aid impulse response database

A database of acoustic impulse responses measured between a sphere of loudspeakers and hearing aids in a mildly reverberant listening room. The database includes measurements on 46 individuals and is particularly intended to allow the evaluation of hearing aid algorithms when applied to devices worn by different individuals.   Version history 1.0.0 Original 1.0.1 Re-uploaded as individual zip files - No change to the actual data but allows the most commonly used segment(s) of the data to be downloaded more conveniently.