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54 results for “Hind limb”
Fig. 19 in The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis
Fig. 19. Morphology of right metatarsal IV (A–D) and left metatarsal V (E–H) of Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930), ISEZ MF/2224/mt4/1, Rębielice Królewskie 1 and ISEZ MF/2225/mt5/12, Rębielice Królewskie 2, late Pliocene, Poland, in plantar (A, E), dorsal (B, F), medial (C, G), and lateral (D, H) views, and explanatory drawings with articular surfaces marked (A2–H2).
Fig. 18 in The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis
Fig. 18. Morphology of right metatarsal II (A–D) and left metatarsal III (E–H) of Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930), ISEZ MF/2220/mt2/9, Węże 1, ISEZ MF/2224/mt3/10, Rębielice Królewskie 1, late Pliocene, Poland, in plantar (A, E), dorsal (B, F), lateral (C, H), and medial (D, G) views, and explanatory drawings with articular surfaces marked (A2–H2).
Fig. 4 in The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis
Fig. 4. Morphology of femur and patella of Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930) from the Pliocene of Poland (A–D) and femur of extant Leporidae (E–H). A. Proximal extremity of left femur, ISEZ MF/2220/fe/69, Węże 1, in caudal (A1) cranial (A2), lateral (A3), medial (A4) views. B. Distal extremity of right femur, ISEZ MF/2220/fe/15, Węże 1, in caudal (B1), cranial (B2), lateral (B3), medial (B4), distal (B5) views. C. Shaft of right femur, ISEZ MF/2224/fe/9, Rębielice Królewskie 1, in caudal view. D. Left patella, ISEZ MF/2220/pa/1, Węże 1, in cranial (D1), lateral (D2), caudal (D3), and medial (D4) views. Outline of left femur for Oryctolagus cuniculus (E), Pentalagus furnessi (F), Sylvilagus floridanus (G), and Lepus europaeus (H). Note morphology of the first trochanter (arrow a) and femoral neck (arrow b).
Figure 1 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 1. Common hippo hind limb in lateral view. Asterisk (*) indicates the location of the patella deep to the fibres of the tensor fasciae latae.
Figure 8 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 8. Lateral view of hind foot skeleton in the ox, common hippo and pig. The hippo has four weight-bearing digits, whereas pigs and ruminants have reduced lateral digits.
Figure 4 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 4. Muscle maps for the common hippo tibia and fibula: A, cranial; B, lateral; C, caudal; D, medial.
Figure 2 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 2. Common hippo hind limb in medial view with the fascia lata removed: dark grey indicates muscles dissected in specimen no. 25308, and light grey indicates muscle origins described by Gratiolet (1867) and Windle & Parsons (1903). As a result of necropsy damage, origins were not preserved in specimen no. 25308, but this information was available in the existing literature. Asterisk (*) indicates the location of the patella deep to the fibres of the tensor fasciae latae.
Figure 4 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 4. Right tibia and fibula of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293) in A, medial, B, anterior, C, proximal, D, *distal, E, posterior and F, lateral views. *Only fibula is visible in distal view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; fi, fibula; ift, iliofibularis tubercle; lc, lateral condyle; lg, lateral groove; pc, posterior condyle; t, tibia.
Figure 3 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 3. Right femur of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293) in A, anterior, B, lateral, C, proximal, D, distal, E, medial and F, posterior views. Abbreviations: 4t, fourth trochanter; als, anterolateral scar; at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crita tibiofibularis; ef, externsor fossa; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; pf, popliteal fossa; pg, proximal groove; pt, posterior tuber.
Figure 1 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 1. Provenance of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293). A, location and geological context of the Varzea do Agudo site (Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; modified from Muller et al. 2020a); B, general view of the site; C, reconstruction of the skeleton of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293) depicting the preserved elements.
Figure 5 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 5. Right pes of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293) in A, medial, B, lateral and C, dorsal views. Abbreviations: a, astragalus; c, calcaneum; mt, metatarsal; ph, phalanx; t, tibia.
Figure 2 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 2. Holotype of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293). Right hind limb in A, medial and B, lateral views. Abbreviations: 4t, fourth trochanter; a, astragalus; als, anterolateral scar; at, anterior trochanter; c, calcaneum; cc, cnemial crest; f, femur; fh, femoral head; fi, fibula; ift, iliofibularis tubercle; mc, medial condyle; mt, metatarsal; pf, popliteal fossa; ph, phalanx; t, tibia.
Figure 7 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 7. Plot of log10-transformed skull length versus log10-transformed femoral length of proterochampsids depicting (red dots) the estimated values for Cerritosaurus binsfeldi and Stenoscelida aurantiacus. Red dotted lines represent the 95% confidence intervals. Skulls modified from Ezcurra et al. (2021). Reconstructed head of Stenoscelida aurantiacus by Caio Fantini.
Figure 6 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 6. Results of the phylogenetic analysis depicting the position of Stenoscelida aurantiacus. A, time-calibrated reduced strict consensus tree (number on nodes represent Bremer support values higher than 1); B, strict consensus tree depicting the occurrence and distribution of the anterior trochanter (at) and the anterolateral scar (als) in the proximal portion of the femora of some panarchosaurs. Femora of Tanystropheus sp. (Tanystropheidae; PIMUZ A/III 771; Spiekman & Scheyer 2019), Malerisaurus-like (Allokotosauria; TMM 31025-265; Nesbitt et al. 2022), Hyperodapedon sp. (Rhynchosauria; CAPPA/UFSM 0206), Prolacerta broomi (Prolacertidae; UWBM 95529; Spiekman 2018), Garjainia prima (Erythrosuchidae; PIN 951/61-1; Maidment et al. 2020), Stenoscelida aurantiacus (Proterochampsidae; CAPPA/UFSM 0293); Mystriosuchus steinbergeri (Phytosauria; NHMW 1986/0024/ 0012; Butler et al. 2019), Dynamosuchus collisensis (Ornithosuchidae; CAPPA/UFSM 0248); Archeopelta arborensis (Erpetosuchidae; CPEZ-239a; Desojo et al. 2011), Aetosauroides scagliai (Aetosauria; ULBRA-PVT-003; Roberto-da-Silva et al. 2014), Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Loricata; ULBRA-PVT-281; Roberto-da-Silva et al. 2020); Teleocrater rhadinus (Aphanosauria; NHMUK PV R6795; Nesbitt et al. 2017), Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetiae; GR 1308; Griffin et al. 2019); Raeticodactylus filisurensis (Pterosauria; BNM 14524; Ezcurra et al. 2020a); Asilisaurus kongwe (Silesauridae; cast of NMT RB159), Buriolestes schultzi (Dinosauria; CAPPA/UFSM 0035).
PERMANOVA results from Principal component analysis of avian hind limb and foot morphometrics and the relationship between ecology and phylogeny
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Principal component analysis has been used to test for similarities in ecology and life habit between modern and fossil birds, however, the two main portions of the hindlimb—the foot and the long bone elements—have not been examined separately. We examine the potential links between morphology, ecology, and phylogeny through a synthesis of phylogenetic paleoecological methods and morphospace analysis. Both hindlimb morphologies and species' ecologies exhibit extreme phylogenetic clumping, although these patterns are at least partially explainable by a Brownian motion style of evolution. Some morphologies are strongly correlated with particular ecologies, while some ecologies are occupied by a variety of morphologies. Within the morphospace analyses, the length of the hallux (toe I) is the most defining characteristic of the entire hindlimb. The foot and hindlimb are represented on different axes when all measurements are considered in an analysis, suggesting that these structures undergo morphological change separately from each other. Early birds tend to cluster together, representing an unspecialized basal foot morphotype and a hindlimb reliant on hip-driven, not knee-driven, locomotion. Direct links between morphology, ecology, and phylogeny are unclear and complicated, and may be biased due to sample size (~60 species). This study should be treated as a preliminary analysis that further studies, especially those examining the vast diversity of modern birds, can build upon.</p>
Data from: Data set incongruence and correlated character evolution: an example of functional convergence in the hind-limbs of stifftail diving ducks
The unwitting inclusion of convergent characters in phylogenetic estimates poses a serious problem for efforts to recover phylogeny. Convergence is not inscrutable, however, particularly when one group of characters tracks phylogeny and another set tracks adaptive history. In such cases, convergent characters may be correlated with one or a few functional anatomical units and readily identifiable using comparative methods. Stifftail ducks (Oxyurinae) offer one such opportunity to study correlated character evolution and function in the context of phylogenetic reconstruction. Morphological analyses place stifftail ducks as part of a large clade of diving ducks that includes the sea ducks (Mergini), Hymenolaimus, Merganetta, and Tachyeres, and possibly the pochards (Aythyini). Molecular analyses, on the other hand, place stifftails far from other diving ducks and suggest, moreover, that stifftails are polyphyletic. Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of eight stifftail species traditionally supposed to form a clade were compared with each other and with sequences from 50 other anseriform and galliform species. Stifftail ducks are not the sister group of sea ducks, but lie outside the typical ducks (Anatinae). Of the four traditional stifftail genera, monophyly of Oxyura and its sister group relationship with Nomonyx are strongly supported. Heteronetta probably is the sister group of that clade, but support is weak. Biziura is not a true stifftail. Within Oxyura, Old World species (O. australis, O. leucocephala, O. maccoa) appear to form a clade, with New World species (O. jamaicensis, O. vittata) branching basally. Incongruence between molecules and morphology is interpreted to be the result of adaptive specialization and functional convergence in the hind limbs of Biziura and true stifftails. When morphological characters are divided into classes, only hind-limb characters are significantly in conflict with the molecular tree. Null models of synonomous and nonsynonomous substitution based on patterns of codon-degeneracy and chemical dissimilarity, likewise, indicate that the nucleotide and amino acid changes postulated by the molecular tree are more plausible than those postulated by the morphological tree. These findings teach general lessons about the utility of highly adaptive characters (in particular those related to foraging ecology) and underscore the problems that convergence can pose for attempts to recover phylogeny. They also demonstrate how the concept of natural data partitions and simple models of evolution (e.g., parsimony, likelihood, neutrality) can be used to test the accuracy of independent phylogenetic estimates and provide arguments in favor of one tree topology over another.
Data from: A three-dimensional analysis of the morphological evolution and locomotor behaviour of the carnivoran hind limb
Background: The shape of the appendicular bones in mammals usually reflects adaptations towards different locomotor abilities. However, other aspects such as body size and phylogeny also play an important role in shaping bone design. We used 3D landmark-based geometric morphometrics to analyse the shape of the hind limb bones (i.e., femur, tibia, and pelvic girdle bones) of living and extinct terrestrial carnivorans (Mammalia, Carnivora) to quantitatively investigate the influence of body size, phylogeny, and locomotor behaviour in shaping the morphology of these bones. We also investigated the main patterns of morphological variation within a phylogenetic context. Results: Size and phylogeny strongly influence the shape of the hind limb bones. In contrast, adaptations towards different modes of locomotion seem to have little influence. Principal Components Analysis and the study of phylomorphospaces suggest that the main source of variation in bone shape is a gradient of slenderness-robustness. Conclusion: The shape of the hind limb bones is strongly influenced by body size and phylogeny, but not to a similar degree by locomotor behaviour. The slender-robust "morphological bipolarity" found in bone shape variability is probably related to a trade-off between maintaining energetic efficiency and withstanding resistance to stresses. The balance involved in this trade-off impedes the evolution of high phenotypic variability. In fact, both morphological extremes (slender/robust) are adaptive in different selective contexts and lead to a convergence in shape among taxa with extremely different ecologies but with similar biomechanical demands. Strikingly, this "one-to-many mapping" pattern of evolution between morphology and ecology in hind limb bones is in complete contrast to the "many-to-one mapping" pattern found in the evolution of carnivoran skull shape. The results suggest that there are more constraints in the evolution of the shape of the appendicular skeleton than in that of skull shape because of the strong biomechanical constraints imposed by terrestrial locomotion.
Figure 9 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 9. Common hippo pes in plantar view.
Figure 3 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 3. Muscle maps for the common hippo femur: A, cranial; B, lateral; C, caudal; D, medial.
Figure 6 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 6. Muscle maps for the common hippo pes: A, dorsal; B, plantar.
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