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142 results for “Host selection”
Fig. 10 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 10. Prey handling procedure of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (carapace length: 19 mm). (1) the crayfish P. clarkii approaching an 8 mm body length Tachaea chinensis; (2)–(5) P. clarkii catching and manipulating the prey using its pair of chelipeds; (6)–(8) the crayfish began consuming the prey by placing it directly into its mandibles.
Fig. 6 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 6. Selection percentage of Tachaea chinensis when subjected to un-common host selection experiments. Each treatment was repeated 10 times (one isopod per treatment); ***: P <0.001 (Binomial test of significance).
Fig. 8 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 8. Number of Tachaea chinensis predated by; Palaemon paucidens, Macrobrachium nipponense and Procambarus clarkii. A total of 20 T. chinensis isopods (two isopods per trials, 10 replications) were used in each treatment.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Bitunicate ascomycetes (Dothideomycetes and Chaetothyriomycetidae) on bark and wood of selected hosts in Norway.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Bitunicate ascomycetes (Dothideomycetes and Chaetothyriomycetidae) on bark and wood of selected hosts in Norway". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/ca0d8107-a2bd-47a1-91a1-250179b534ec">https://bionomia.net/dataset/ca0d8107-a2bd-47a1-91a1-250179b534ec</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/ca0d8107-a2bd-47a1-91a1-250179b534ec">https://gbif.org/dataset/ca0d8107-a2bd-47a1-91a1-250179b534ec</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data and Code for: Resistance is futile: Weaker selection for resistance by abundant parasites increases prevalence and depresses host density
<p>We model host evolution of costly resistance to infection and its dependence on environmental factors, such as nutrients. We find that higher nutrients can increase infection prevalence AND select for lower resistance. In turn, the model predicts that lower resistance drives infection prevalence even higher while depressing host density. The attached code performs the model analysis, produces the published figures, and conducts statistical analysis on the data (described below). We conducted a mesocosm experiment with mixtures of zooplankton host (<em>Daphnia dentifera</em>) genotypes, algal resources (<em>Ankistrodesmus falcatus</em>), and fungal parasites (<em>Metschnikowia bicuspidata</em>). Mesocosm populations were supplied with low or high nutrients (5 or 50 ug/L phosphorus and 100 or 1000 ug/L nitrogen). We measured densities of hosts along with age class (juvenile or adult), sex, infections status, and egg number and chlorophyll densities; these data are a subset of data published previously Walsman et al. <em>Functional Ecology </em>(<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14030">https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14030</a>; data at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mw6m905zg">https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mw6m905zg</a>). For the first time, we also report genotype frequencies for the mixed genotype treatments. Importantly, we found that high nutrients increased infection prevalence as well as selecting for the host genotype less resistant to infection; the resulting host evolution increased infection prevalence further and depressed host density. These data and code may be reused with citation of the corresponding publication ("'Resistance is futile': Weaker selection for resistance by abundant parasites increases prevalence and depresses host density" in <em>The American Naturalist</em>).</p>
Lack of host specialization despite selective host use in brood parasitic cuckoo catfish
<p><span>Host-parasite dynamics involves coevolutionary arms races, commonly leading to host specialization. General understanding of evolutionary trajectories of specialization in brood parasites is compromised by restricted focus on bird and insect lineages. We studied host utilization and host specificity in a natural population of the cuckoo catfish (<em>Synodontis multipunctatus</em>) which is an obligate parasite of parental care of mouthbrooding cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. On a sample of 779 host broods from 20 cichlid species, we detected four host species (with prevalence of parasitism of 2-18%). Phylogenetic analysis based on genomic (ddRAD sequencing) and mitochondrial (Dloop) data from cuckoo catfish embryos showed an absence of host-specific lineages, despite former indications of two morphological forms of the cuckoo catfish. This was corroborated by analyses of genetic structure and co-ancestry matrix. All host species were from the tribe Tropheini, maternal mouthbrooders that spawn over a substrate (rather than in open water). Parasitized host individuals carried smaller clutches (as cuckoo catfish prey on cichlid eggs), but did not differ in their body size or habitat use from non-parasitized conspecifics. We conclude that the cuckoo catfish is an intermediate generalist, selecting a subset of available cichlid species as hosts but not forming host-specific lineages. Brood parasitism in the cuckoo catfish arose in a lineage which lacks any parental care and we discuss costs and benefits of host specialization in this species and brood parasites in general.</span></p>
High parasite virulence necessary for the maintenance of host outcrossing via parasite-mediated selection
<p>Biparental sex is widespread in nature, yet costly relative to uniparental reproduction. It is generally unclear why self-fertilizing or asexual lineages do not readily invade outcrossing populations. The Red Queen hypothesis predicts that coevolving parasites can prevent self-fertilizing or asexual lineages from invading outcrossing host populations. However, only highly virulent parasites are predicted to maintain outcrossing, which may limit the general applicability of the Red Queen hypothesis. Here, we tested whether the ability of coevolving parasites to prevent invasion of self-fertilization within outcrossing host populations was dependent on parasite virulence. We introduced wild-type <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> hermaphrodites, capable of both self-fertilization and outcrossing, into <em>C. elegans</em> populations fixed for a mutant allele conferring obligate outcrossing. Replicate <em>C. elegans</em> populations were exposed for 24 host generations to one of four strains of <em>Serratia marcescens</em> parasites that varied in virulence, under three treatments: a heat-killed (control, non-infectious) parasite treatment, a fixed-genotype (non-evolving) parasite treatment, and a copassaged (potentially coevolving) parasite treatment. As predicted, self-fertilization invaded <em>C. elegans</em> host populations in the control and fixed-parasite treatments, regardless of parasite virulence. In the copassaged treatment, selfing invaded host populations coevolving with low- to mid- virulent strains but remained rare in hosts coevolving with highly virulent bacterial strains. Therefore, we found that only highly virulent coevolving parasites can impede the invasion of selfing.</p>
High parasite virulence necessary for the maintenance of host outcrossing via parasite-mediated selection
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Data and Code for: Resistance is futile: Weaker selection for resistance by abundant parasites increases prevalence and depresses host density
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Lack of host specialization despite selective host use in brood parasitic cuckoo catfish
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Figure 14 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figure 14. Host spider family localities for Tachypompilus ferrugineus.
Figure 13 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figure 13. Host spider family localities for Entypus unifasciatus.
Extending the ecology of fear: Parasite-mediated sexual selection drives host response to parasites
<p>The 'ecology of fear' describes the negative effects natural enemies have on potential victims even when those victims are not consumed or infected. Although recent work has demonstrated parasites have non-consumptive effects (NCE) on potential hosts, how these effects vary within host populations is not well understood. We investigated how NCE vary based on host risk of infection and relative cost of infection by measuring the metabolic rate (MR) of naive <em>Drosophila nigrospiracula</em> exposed to an ectoparasite, <em>Macrocheles subbadius</em>. We tested two mutually exclusive hypotheses: 1) asymmetrical costs of infection drive adaptions for stronger responses to parasite exposure; or 2) asymmetrical risks of infection drive adaptions for stronger responses to parasite exposure. In this system, male flies have higher costs of infection relative to female flies due to parasite-mediated sexual selection; similarly, virgin females experience higher costs of infection relative to mated females. Risk of infection also varies among flies because mites preferentially infect female flies over males, and mites preferentially infect mated females over virgin females. Our results were compatible with the hypothesis that costs of infection drive the strength of response to mite risk. Female flies responded to parasite exposure with a 15.1% increase in MR, while exposed males showed a stronger response with a 31.3% increase in MR. Mated females increased their MR by 34.8% during mite exposure whereas virgin females experienced an increase of 61.2%. Our findings suggest that NCE of parasites can vary based on state-dependent costs of infection.</p>
Combining GWAS and FST-based approaches to identify targets of Borrelia-mediated selection in natural rodent hosts
Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies provide opportunities to gain novel insights into the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation. Yet to date, progress in our understanding of genotype-phenotype associations in non-model organisms in general and natural vertebrate populations in particular has been hampered by small sample sizes typically available for wildlife populations and a resulting lack of statistical power, as well as a limited ability to control for false positive signals. Here we propose to combine a genome-wide association (GWAS) and FST-based approach with population-level replication to partly overcome these limitations. We present a case study in which we used this approach in combination with Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) SNP data to identify genomic regions associated with Borrelia afzelii resistance or susceptibility in the natural rodent host of this Lyme disease-causing spirochete, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Using this combined approach we identified four consensus SNPs located in exonic regions of the genes Slc26a4, Tns3, Wscd1 and Espnl, which were significantly associated with the voles' Borrelia infectious status within and across populations. Functional links between host responses to bacterial infections and most of these genes have previously been demonstrated in other rodent systems, making them promising new candidates for the study of evolutionary host responses to Borrelia emergence. Our approach is applicable to other systems and may facilitate the identification of genetic variants underlying disease resistance or susceptibility, as well as other ecologically relevant traits, in wildlife populations.
Patterns of liana diversity and host interaction networks in selectively-logged and unlogged forests of Uppangala, Western Ghats, India
<p>Lianas shape tropical forest species composition, structure, and dynamics. Increasing climate fluctuation and anthropogenic disturbances increase liana abundance. Despite the increasing number of liana studies in India, only a few have examined the distribution and association of hosts with lianas, or liana-host interaction networks to determine their functional significance and conservational value. Therefore, our objective was to fill the knowledge gap about the diversity, abundance, and network structure of liana-host interactions in response to logging disturbance in a wet evergreen forest of Uppangala in central Western Ghats, India. We sampled lianas ≥1 cm in diameter at 1.3 m from the base and their host trees in thirty 20m x 20m plots in selectively-logged and unlogged forest management regimes. We evaluated liana-host tree interactions in logged and unlogged forests and retrieved community-level measures (nestedness, connectance, modularity, and network specialization index) and species-level indicators (species specialization index). Diversity and abundance of liana species were considerably greater in the selectively logged forest site. The logged forest site had compartmentalization, anti-nestedness, and network specialization, while unlogged forests were not showing any significant network structure. Most species of lianas and hosts were peripherals, but others were structurally important (connectors, module hubs, and network hubs) in the two forest sites. Forest management regimes had distinct structurally significant species.</p>
Post-association barrier to host switching maintained despite strong selection in a novel mutualism
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Following a host shift, repeated co-passaging of a mutualistic pair is expected to increase fitness over time in one or both species.<span> </span>Without adaptation, a novel association may be evolutionarily short-lived as it is likely to be outcompeted by native pairings.<span> </span>Here we test whether experimental evolution can rescue a low-fitness novel pairing between two sympatric species of <em>Steinernema</em> nematodes and their symbiotic <em>Xenorhabdus</em> bacteria.<span> </span>Despite low mean fitness in the novel association, considerable variation in nematode reproduction was observed across replicate populations.<span> </span>We selected the most productive infections, co-passaging this novel mutualism nine times to determine whether selection could improve fitness of either or both partners.<span> </span>We found that neither partner showed increased fitness over time.<span> </span>Our results suggest that the variation in association success was not heritable and that mutational input was insufficient to allow evolution to facilitate this host shift.<span> </span>Thus, post-association costs of host switching may represent a formidable barrier to novel partnerships among sympatric mutualists. </span></p>
Figure 13 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), II
Figure 13. Host spider family distribution for Entypus unifasciatus.
Data for: The visual ecology of selective predation: Are unhealthy hosts less stealthy hosts?
<p>Predators can strongly influence disease transmission and evolution, particularly when they prey selectively on infected hosts. Although selective predation has been observed in numerous systems, why predators select infected prey remains poorly understood. Here, we use a mathematical model of predator vision to test a longstanding hypothesis about the mechanistic basis of selective predation in a <em>Daphnia</em>-microparasite system, which serves as a model for the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. Bluegill sunfish feed selectively on <em>Daphnia</em> infected by a variety of parasites, particularly in water uncolored by dissolved organic carbon. The leading hypothesis for selective predation in this system is that infection-induced changes in the transparency of <em>Daphnia</em> render them more visible to bluegill. Rigorously evaluating this hypothesis requires that we quantify the effect of infection on the visibility of prey from the predator's perspective, rather than our own. Using a model of the bluegill visual system, we show that three common parasites, <em>Metschnikowia bicuspidata</em>, <em>Pasteuria ramosa</em> and <em>Spirobacillus cienkowskii</em>, decrease the transparency of <em>Daphnia</em>, rendering infected <em>Daphnia</em> darker against a background of downwelling light. As a result of this increased brightness contrast, bluegill can see infected <em>Daphnia</em> at greater distances than uninfected <em>Daphnia</em> - between 19-33% further, depending on the parasite. <em>Pasteuria</em> and <em>Spirobacillus</em> also increase the chromatic contrast of <em>Daphnia</em>. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that selective predation by fish on infected <em>Daphnia</em> could result from the effects of infection on <em>Daphnia</em>'s visibility. However, contrary to expectations, the visibility of <em>Daphnia</em> was not strongly impacted by water color in our model. Our work demonstrates that models of animal visual systems can be useful in understanding ecological interactions that impact disease transmission.</p>
Parasitism shapes selection by drastically reducing host fitness and increasing host fitness variation
<p>Determining the effects of parasites on host reproduction is key to understanding how parasites affect the underpinnings of selection on hosts. Although infection is expected to be costly, reducing mean fitness, infection could also increase variation in fitness costs among hosts, both of which determine the potential for selection on hosts. To test these ideas, we used a phylogenetically informed meta-analysis of 118 studies to examine how changes in the mean and variance in the outcome of reproduction differed between parasitized and non-parasitized hosts. We found that parasites had severe negative effects on mean fitness, with parasitized hosts suffering reductions in fecundity, viability, and mating success. Parasite infection also increased variance in reproduction, particularly fecundity and offspring viability. Surprisingly, parasites had similar effects on viability when either the male or female was parasitized. These results not only provide the first synthetic, comparative, and quantitative summary of the strong deleterious effects of parasites on host reproductive fitness, but also reveal a consistent role for parasites in shaping the opportunity for selection.</p>
[Data S2] Microbiota dictate T cell clonal selection to augment graft-vs-host disease after stem cell transplantation
<p><strong>Data</strong> <strong>S2. GLIPH2 hits for all recipient pairs amongst B6 to B6D2F1 transplants with or without antibiotic exposure and 900cGy vs. 1300cGy TBI conditioning. </strong>For all TCRs within each recipient pair (12 mice total, 66 pairs for spleen; 15 pairs for SILP analysis), GLIPH2 specificity groups are generated as described in methods.</p>
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