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186 results for “Hybridisation”
Supplementary material and data from: Cranial volume and palate length of cats, Felis spp., under domestication, hybridisation and in wild populations
<p>Reduced brain size, compared with wild individuals, is argued to be a key characteristic among domestic mammal species, and is often thought to be a component of the "domestication syndrome". However, brain size comparisons are often based on old, inaccessible literature and in some cases drew comparisons between domestic animals and wild species that are no longer thought to represent the true progenitor species of the domesticated variant in question. Here we set out to replicate results concerning cranial volumes in domestic cats that were published in the 1960s and 1970s and compared wildcats, domestic cats and their hybrids. In light of new research and ideas surrounding domestication and its effects on domestic animals a replication of these studies is highly relevant. Apart from replicating these studies we also present new data on palate length in Felis cat skulls.</p> <p>Here we provide all data (both new and old digitzed data) upon which we based the analysis discussed in this manuscript. We further provide a link to the code used in the analysis.</p>
Introgressive hybridisation between domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and endemic Corsican wild boars (S. s. meridionalis): effects of human-mediated interventions
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Owing to the intensified domestication process with artificial trait selection, introgressive hybridisation between domestic and wild species poses a management problem. Traditional free-range livestock husbandry, as practiced in Corsica and Sardinia, is known to facilitate hybridisation between wild boars and domestic pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>). Here, we assessed the genetic distinctness and genome-wide domestic pig ancestry levels of the Corsican wild boar subspecies <em>S. s. meridionalis,</em> with reference to its Sardinian conspecifics, employing a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay and mitochondrial control region (mtCR) haplotypes. We also assessed the reliance of morphological criteria and the melanocortin-1 receptor (<em>MC1R</em>) coat colour gene to identify individuals with domestic introgression. While Corsican wild boars showed closest affinity to Sardinian and Italian wild boars compared to other European populations based on principal component analysis, the observation of previously undescribed mtCR haplotypes and high levels of nuclear divergence (Weir's </span><span> </span><span> 0.14) highlighted the genetic distinctness of Corsican <em>S. s. meridionalis</em>. </span><span>Across three complementary analyses of mixed ancestry (i.e., STRUCTURE, PCADMIX, and ELAI), proportions of domestic pig ancestry were estimated at 9.5% in Corsican wild boars, which was significantly higher than in wild boars in Sardinia, where free-range pig keeping was banned in 2012. Comparison of morphologically pure- and hybrid-looking Corsican wild boars suggested a weak correlation between morphological criteria and genome-wide domestic pig ancestry. The study highlighted the usefulness of molecular markers to assess the direct impacts of management practices on gene flow between domestic and wild species.</span></p>
Supplementary data for: Hybridisation has shaped a recent radiation of grass-feeding aphids
<p><strong>Orthogroups and species tree</strong></p> <p>Proteomes included in the analysis: proteomes.tar.gz<br> Orthogroups: Orthogroups.txt<br> Gene counts per orthogroup, per species: Orthogroups.GeneCount.tsv<br> Single copy conserved orthogroups used for species tree: Orthogroups_SingleCopyOrthologues.txt<br> Protein alignment used for species tree reconstruction: SpeciesTreeAlignment.fa<br> Species tree: SpeciesTree_rooted.txt</p> <p><strong>Whole genome alignment of <em>S. avenae</em>, <em>S. miscanthi,</em> <em>M. dirhodum</em> and <em>A. pisum</em></strong></p> <p>Cactus whole genome alignment (hal format): Siave_Simis_Medir_Acpis.hal.gz</p> <p><strong>Haplotype divergence analysis (whole genome sequences)</strong></p> <p>VCF files of HapCUT2 phased variants for <em>S. miscanthi </em>Langfang-1 chromosomes (Simis_v2 assembly scaffolds 1 to 9):<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_1.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_2.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_3.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_4.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_5.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_6.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_7.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_8.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> Langfang1.Hapcut2_PB_plus_HiC.scaffold_9.hap.phased.VCF.gz</p> <p>VCF files of HapCUT2 phased variants for <em>S. avenae </em>JIC1<em> </em>chromosomes (Siave_v2.1 assembly scaffolds 1 to 9):<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_1.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_2.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_3.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_4.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_5.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_6.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_7.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_8.hap.phased.VCF.gz<br> JIC1.Hapcut2_IL_plus_HiC.scaffold_9.hap.phased.VCF.gz</p> <p>Haplotype resolved assemblies of <em>S. avenae</em> JIC1 and <em>S. miscanthi </em>Langfang-1 based on HapCUT2 phasing results:<br> JIC1_H1.Hapcut2.fa<br> JIC1_H2.Hapcut2.fa<br> Langfang1_H1.Hapcut2.fa<br> Langfang1_H2.Hapcut2.fa</p> <p>SibeliaZ whole genome alignment of <em>S. avenae </em>JIC1 and <em>S. miscanthi </em>Langfang-1 haplotypes: alignment.filtered.ordered.stranded.sorted.maf</p> <p><strong>Filtered VCF files used for population genomics analysis</strong></p> <p><em>S. avenae</em> and <em>S. miscanthi</em> GBS samples + JIC1 and Langfang1 WGS samples variant calls: freebayes.q30_dp2_biallelic.mm_75.indv_max_30pc_missing.recode.vcf<br> <em>S. avenae</em> and <em>S. miscanthi</em> GBS samples + JIC1 and Langfang1 WGS samples phased variant calls: freebayes.q30_dp2_biallelic.mm_75.indv_max_30pc_missing.recode.fix_mis.beagle.vcf<br> <em>S. avenae</em> and <em>S. miscanthi</em> GBS samples + JIC1, Langfang1 and <em>M. dirhodum </em>WGS samples variant calls: with_Medir.merged.q30_dp2_biallelic.mm_90.recode.vcf<br> <em>S. avenae</em> and <em>S. miscanthi </em>GBS samples + JIC1, Langfang1 and <em>M. dirhodum</em> WGS samples phased variant calls: with_Medir.merged.q30_dp2_biallelic.mm_90.recode.fix_mis.beagle.vcf<br> <em>S. miscanthi </em>GBS samples + JIC1 and Langfang1 WGS samples variant calls: China_plus_JIC1.merged.q30_dp2_biallelic.mm_90.recode.vcf<br> <em>S. miscanthi </em>GBS samples + JIC1 and Langfang1 WGS samples variant calls: China_plus_JIC1.merged.q30_dp2_biallelic.mm_90.recode.fix_mis.beagle.vcf</p> <p><strong>SNAPP phylogenetic analysis configuration file and trees</strong></p> <p>SNAPP configuration file: snapp.xml<br> SNAPP log file: ut.log<br> SNAPP posterior sample of trees: ut.trees<br> SNAPP maximum clade credibility tree with 10% burn in: ut.trees.max_cred_burn_10pc</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Translocation precipitates natural hybridisation and pervasive introgression between marine gastropods with divergent developmental modes
<div> <div> <div> <p>Assisted colonisation, the introduction of species beyond their historical range, is increasingly necessary for conserving species. However, empirical evidence of the long-term genetic outcomes of assisted colonisation is grossly lacking. A risk associated with moving species beyond their native range is the possibility of interspecific hybridisation with a closely related species, potentially resulting in outbreeding depression or the genetic swamping of a parental species. Here, we use a combination of genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers and mitochondrial DNA sequencing to determine the long-term genetic consequences of introducing the intertidal periwinkle <em>Bembicium vittatum</em> (a direct developer) beyond its native range and into the native range of its congener <em>Bembicium auratum</em> (a species with planktotrophic larval dispersal). We found novel evidence of natural, multigenerational hybridisation between marine invertebrates with different modes of development. Intriguingly, introgression was highly asymmetrical initially, but became more evenly bidirectional as the population became more admixed. There was a significant decline in the frequency of alleles from the introduced <em>B. vittatum</em> over time, providing evidence of genetic swamping. The present study also provides potential evidence of outbreeding depression, in the form of cytonuclear incompatibilities, leading to the observed pattern of asymmetrical introgression. This study reveals the potential for unexpected mixing between species when reproductive barriers are not well understood, resulting in failure of pure <em>B. vittatum</em> to persist at the translocation site, a major concern associated with assisted colonisation. Without long-term genetic monitoring interspecific hybridisation between <em>B. vittatum</em> and <em>B. auratum</em> would have gone undetected, highlighting the importance of long-term monitoring to detect unintentional negative consequences of conservation translocations. Successful assisted colonisation requires an understanding of the potential for interspecific hybridisation between the threatened species and closely related native species, to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes.</p> </div> </div> </div>
Is there hybridisation between diploid and tetraploid Euphrasia in a secondary contact zone?
<p>• Premise of the study: Hybridisation between species with contrasting ploidy is usually considered rare in nature due to strong ploidy related postzygotic reproductive isolating barriers. However, genomic sequencing has revealed previously overlooked examples of natural cross-ploidy hybridisation, suggesting this phenomenon may be more common than once thought. Here, we investigate potential cross-ploidy hybridisation in British eyebrights (Euphrasia, Orobanchaceae), a group where thirteen putative cross-ploidy hybrid combinations have been reported based on morphology. • Methods: We analysed a contact zone between diploid E. rostkoviana and tetraploid E. arctica in Wales. We sequenced part of the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS1) and used Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) to look for evidence of cross-ploidy hybridisation and introgression. • Key results: All variant sites in the ITS1 region were fixed between diploids and tetraploids, indicating a strong barrier to hybridisation. Clustering analyses of 356 SNPs generated using GBS clearly separated samples by ploidy and revealed strong genetic structure (FST = 0.44). However, the FST distribution across all SNPs was bimodal, indicating potential differential selection on loci between diploids and tetraploids. Demographic inference with dadI suggested potential gene flow – with this limited to around one or fewer migrants per generation. • Conclusions: Our results suggest recent cross-ploidy hybridisation is rare or absent in a site of secondary contact in Euphrasia. While a strong ploidy barrier prevents hybridisation over ecological time-scales, such hybrids may form in stable populations over evolutionary time-scales and may allow for cross-ploidy introgression to take place.</p>
Supplementary material 1 for Thesis Chapter 2 - An obligate aerobe hybridises hydrogen fermentation and carbon storage to adapt to hypoxia
<p>Supplementary material for paired comparative metabolomics and proteomics on <em>Mycobacterium smegmatis </em>mc<sup>2</sup>155 during hypoxia, as part of chapter 2 for the thesis "Biochemistry and physiology of mycobacterial adaptations to energy starvation".</p> <p>Description below is identical to that provided in 'Summary.docx'. </p> <p>Proteomics_analysis.xlsx</p> <p>Includes raw and annotated data for comparative proteomics experiments for chapter 2.</p> <p>The tab ‘Annotated comparisons’ contains fold change and p values for the comparisons for each protein from <em>Mycobacterium smegmatis </em>mc<sup>2</sup>155 derived from LFQ-Analyst. Functional annotations are derived from KEGG pathways and modules, which utilise the spreadsheets in ‘MSMEG gene annotation’ ‘Protein ids to KEGG pathway’ and ‘KEGG Pathway and Modules’ to link KEGG annotations to MSMEG_XXXX gene identifiers and MSMEG_XXXX to Uniprot ID. Output from LFQ-Analyst is provided in the ‘Full_dataset’, ‘Imputed_matrix’ and ‘Original_matrix’ tabs.</p> <p>Data provided by the Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility for upload into LFQ-analyst are provided as the ‘combined_protein.tsv’ and ‘LFQ-Analyst_experimental_design.txt’.</p> <p> </p> <p>Metabolism_analysis.xlsx</p> <p>Includes annotated data for comparative metabolomics experiments for chapter 2. Within the spreadsheet, TR refers to transition, ST refers to stationary phase and EXP refers to exponential phase. The tabs ‘TRvsEXP’, ‘STvsTR’ and ‘STvsEXP’ contain fold change and p values for each metabolite detected for each comparison. The remaining tabs categorise the metabolites based on KEGG database and IDEOM annotations. For broader categories (‘Lipid metabolism’,’ Carbohydrate metabolism’, ‘Cofactor metabolism’, ‘Nucleotide metabolism’, ‘Amino acid metabolism’ and ‘Peptides’ tabs), annotations were derived directly from filtering the ‘Map’ column of ‘Comparisons’ tab of the IDEOM worksheet (IDEOM_analysis.xlsb). Screenshots are pasted into each tab to show the filtering settings. The remaining tabs comprise narrower categories which were manually annotated with reference to KEGG pathways and maps, and also include rows corresponding to the proteomics data for these categories, so the proteomics and metabolomics data can be interpreted together. The ‘Proteomics’ tab contains the proteomics data referenced by these tabs, which is a copy of the ‘Annotated comparisons’ tab from the ‘Proteomics_analysis.xlsx’ file. A value of ‘N’ indicates the metabolite or protein (at least according to the name in the same row) was not found in these datasets.</p> <p>The IDEOM worksheet (IDEOM_analysis.xlsb) was provided by the Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility and was used for further analysis and for annotations. ‘Data_for_MA_no_normalization.csv’ was also provided by the Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility for upload into Metaboanalyst (https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/).</p>
Is there hybridisation between diploid and tetraploid Euphrasia in a secondary contact zone?
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Data from: Translocation precipitates natural hybridisation and pervasive introgression between marine gastropods with divergent developmental modes
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Introgressive hybridisation between domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and endemic Corsican wild boars (S. s. meridionalis): effects of human-mediated interventions
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Data from: Evidence for hybridisation-driven heteroplasmy maintained across generations in a ricefish endemic to a Wallacean ancient lake
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Pre-introduction introgression contributes to parallel differentiation and contrasting hybridisation outcomes between invasive and native marine mussels
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Supplementary material and data from: Cranial volume and palate length of cats, Felis spp., under domestication, hybridisation and in wild populations
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Data from: Diverse reproductive barriers in hybridising crickets suggests extensive variation in the evolution and maintenance of isolation
Reproductive barriers reduce gene flow between populations and maintain species identities. A diversity of barriers exist, acting before, during and after mating. To understand speciation and coexistence, these barriers need to be quantified and their potential interactions revealed. We use the hybridising field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris as a model to understand the full compliment and relative strength of reproductive barriers. We find that males of both species prefer conspecific females, but the effect is probably too weak to represent a barrier. In contrast, prezygotic barriers caused by females being more attracted to conspecific male song and preferentially mounting and mating with conspecifics are strong and asymmetric. Postzygotic barriers vary in direction; reductions in fecundity and egg viability create selection against hybridisation, but hybrids live longer than pure-bred individuals. Hybrid females show a strong preference for G. bimaculatus songs, which together with a complete lack of hybridisation by G. campestris females, suggests that asymmetric gene flow is likely. For comparison, we review reproductive barriers that have been identified between other Gryllids and conclude that multiple barriers are common. Different species pairs are separated by qualitatively different combinations of barriers, suggesting that reproductive isolation and even the process of speciation itself may vary widely even within closely related groups.
Data from: Multigenerational hybridisation and its consequences for maternal effects in Atlantic salmon
Outbreeding between segregating populations can be important from an evolutionary, conservation, and economical- agricultural perspective. Whether and how outbreeding influences maternal effects in wild populations has rarely been studied, despite both the prominent maternal influence on early offspring survival and the known presence of fitness effects resulting from outbreeding in many taxa. We studied several traits during the yolk-feeding stage in multigenerational crosses between a wild and a domesticated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population up to their third-generation hybrid in a common laboratory environment. Using cross-means analysis, we inferred that maternal additive outbreeding effects underlie most offspring traits, but that yolk mass also underlies maternal dominant effects. As a consequence of the interplay between additive and dominant maternally controlled traits, offspring from first-generation hybrid mothers expressed an excessive proportion of residual yolk mass, relative to total mass, at time of first feeding. Their residual yolk mass was 23-97% greater than those of other crosses and 31% more than that predicted by a purely additive model. Offspring additive, epistatic, and epistatic offspring-by-maternal outbreeding effects appeared to further modify this largely maternally controlled cross-means pattern, resulting in an increase in offspring size with the percentage of domesticated alleles. Fitness implications remain elusive because of unknown phenotype- by-environment interactions. However, these results suggest how mechanistically co-adapted genetic maternal control on early offspring development can be disrupted by the effects of combining alleles from divergent populations. Complex outbreeding effects at both the maternal and offspring levels make the prediction of hybrid phenotypes difficult.
Data from: 'Fix me another marguerite!': species delimitation in a group of intensively hybridising lineages of ox-eye daisies (Leucanthemum Mill., Compositae-Anthemideae)
Delineating species boundaries in the framework of the multi-species coalescent (MSC) proves to be a reliable, objective, and reproducible method in an increasing number of studies. However, the underlying model assumes the lack of gene flow after speciation; an assumption which may be frequently violated in plant evolution. The present study evaluates the robustness of currently available species delimitation methods implemented in BEAST (BFD, BFD, and DISSECT) in the closely-knit ox-eye daisy group around Leucanthemum ageratifolium Pau. Comprising five taxa being allopatrically distributed between northern Spain and southern Italy this study group shows signs of hybridisation with the widespread and co-distributed species Leucanthemum vulgare (Vaill.) Lam. to various extent. As expected, our empirical analyses based on both AFLP fingerprinting and sequence data demonstrate that the robustness of species delimitation results is considerably influenced by the intensity of hybridisation among species and the number of hybrid individuals included. Therefore, we set up a methodological pipeline with a first step of identification and subsequent removal of individuals showing admixed genetic patterns caused by actual interbreeding using AFLP-fingerprint and morphometric data, followed by application of different Bayesian MSC species delimitation methods based on the remnant individuals using both AFLP-fingerprint and sequence data (four nuclear markers, five concatenated intergenic spacer regions of the plastid genome). The results argue for acknowledgement of Leucanthemum laciniatum, L. legraeanum, and L. ligusticum as independent species, show the close relationship of L. ageratifolium, L. monspeliense, and L. vulgare, and give rise to the description of three nothospecies new to science.
Data from: Interspecific hybridisation and interaction with cultivars affect the genetic variation of Ulmus minor and U. glabra in Flanders
Interspecific hybridisation and gene flow from cultivated plants may have profound effects on the evolution of wild species. Considering the cultural history and past use of U. minor and U. glabra trees in Flanders (northern Belgium), we investigated the extent of human impact on the genetic variation of the remaining, supposedly indigenous elm populations. We therefore examined the rate of interspecific hybridisation, which is expected to be higher under human influence, the occurrence of clones within and among locations, the presence of cultivars and their possible offspring. Based on results produced using 385 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphic (AFLP) markers, 46% of the 106 investigated Flemish elms appeared to be F1 hybrids or backcrosses to one of the parent species, while no F2 hybrids (F1 x F1 progeny) were found. Clonality was mainly found among U. minor and hybrids, which are more likely to form root suckers or sprouts as opposed to U. glabra. The majority of the studied locations (76% of the locations with multiple samples) showed evidence of clonal reproduction. Several, sometimes distant, locations shared a multilocus lineage. We also found indications of gene flow from cultivated elms into native species. It is conceivable that reproductive material has been moved around extensively, obscuring the natural genetic structure of the elm populations. The results help guide the Flemish elm genetic resources conservation program.
Data from: Comparative analyses of plastid and AFLP data suggest different colonization history and asymmetric hybridisation between Betula pubescens and B. nana
Birches (Betula spp.) hybridize readily, confounding genetic signatures of refugial isolation and postglacial migration. We aimed to distinguish hybridization from range-shift processes in the two widespread and cold-adapted species B. nana and B. pubescens, previously shown to share a similarly east–west-structured variation in plastid DNA (pDNA). We sampled the two species throughout their ranges and included reference samples of five other Betula species and putative hybrids. We analysed 901 individual plants using mainly nuclear high-resolution markers (amplified fragment length polymorphisms; AFLPs); a subset of 64 plants was also sequenced for two pDNA regions. Whereas the pDNA variation as expected was largely shared between B. nana and B. pubescens, the two species were distinctly differentiated at AFLP loci. In B. nana, both the AFLP and pDNA results corroborated the former pDNA-based hypothesis that it expanded from at least two major refugia in Eurasia, one south of and one east of the North European ice sheets. In contrast, B. pubescens showed a striking lack of geographic structuring of its AFLP variation. We identified a weak but significant increase in nuclear (AFLP) gene flow from B. nana into B. pubescens with increasing latitude, suggesting hybridization has been most frequent at the postglacial expansion front of B. pubescens and that hybrids mainly backcrossed to B. pubescens. Incongruence between pDNA and AFLP variation in B. pubescens can be explained by efficient expansion from a single large refugium combined with leading-edge hybridization and plastid capture from B. nana during colonization of new territory already occupied by this more cold-tolerant species.
Data from: Shifting barriers and phenotypic diversification by hybridisation
The establishment of hybrid taxa relies on reproductive isolation from the parental forms, typically achieved by ecological differentiation. Here, we present an alternative mechanism, in which shifts in the strength and location of dispersal barriers facilitate diversification by hybridisation. Our case study concerns the highly diverse, stenotopic rock-dwelling cichlids of the African Great Lakes, many of which display geographic colour pattern variation. The littoral habitat of these fish has repeatedly been restructured in the course of ancient lake level fluctuations. Genetic data and an experimental cross support the hybrid origin of a distinct yellow-coloured variant of Tropheus moorii from ancient admixture between two allopatric, red and bluish variants. Deficient assortative mating preferences imply that reproductive isolation continues to be contingent on geographic separation. Linking paleolimnological data with the establishment of the hybrid variant, we sketch a selectively neutral diversification process governed solely by rearrangements of dispersal barriers.
Data from: The role of hybridisation in the origin and evolutionary persistence of vertebrate parthenogens: a case study of Darevskia lizards
Obligate parthenogenesis is found in only 0.1% of vertebrate species, is thought to be relatively short lived and is typically of hybrid origin. However, neither the evolutionary persistence of asexuality in vertebrates, nor the conditions that allow the generation of new parthenogenetic lineages are currently well understood. It has been proposed that vertebrate parthenogenetic lineages arise from hybridisation between two divergent taxa within a specific range of phylogenetic distances (the "Balance Hypothesis"). Moreover, parthenogenetic species often maintain a certain level of hybridisation with their closest sexual relatives, potentially generating new polyploid hybrid lineages. Here we address the role of hybridisation in the origin and evolutionary lifespan of vertebrate parthenogens. We use a set of microsatellite markers to characterize the origins of parthenogens in the lizard genus Darevskia to study the distinctiveness of sexual and asexual taxa currently in sympatry, and to analyse the evolutionary consequences of interspecific hybridisation between asexual females and sexual males. We find that parthenogens result from multiple past hybridisation events between species from specific lineages over a range of phylogenetic distances. This suggests that the Balance Hypothesis needs to make allowance for lineage-specific effects, as envisaged in the "Phylogenetic Constraint Hypothesis". Our results show recurrent backcrossing between sexual and parthenogenetic Darevskia but neither gene flow nor formation of new asexual lineages is found. We suggest that, along with their demographic advantage, parthenogens gain additional leverage to outcompete sexuals in nature when the retention of sexual reproductive machinery allows backcrossing with their sexual ancestors.
Data from: Hybridisation increases invasive knotweed success
Hybridization is one of the fundamental mechanisms by which rapid evolution can occur in exotic species. If hybrids show increased vigour, this could significantly contribute to invasion success. Here, we compared the success of the two invasive knotweeds, Fallopia japonica and F. sachalinensis, and their hybrid, F. × bohemica, in competing against experimental communities of native plants. Using plant material from multiple clones of each taxon collected across a latitudinal gradient in Central Europe, we found that knotweed hybrids performed significantly better in competition with a native community, and that they more strongly reduced the growth of the native plants. One of the parental species, F. sachalinensis, regenerated significantly less well from rhizomes, and this difference disappeared if activated carbon was added to the substrate, which suggests allelopathic inhibition of F. sachalinensis regeneration by native plants. We found substantial within-taxon variation in competitive success in all knotweed taxa, but variation was generally greatest in the hybrid. Interestingly, there was also significant variation within the genetically uniform F. japonica, possibly reflecting epigenetic differences. Our study shows that invasive knotweed hybrids are indeed more competitive than their parents, and that hybridisation increased the invasiveness of the exotic knotweed complex.
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