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Fig. 2. A in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 2. A. Global distribution of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia in a reconstruction of Late Devonian paleogeography. B. Map showing studied Famennian localities in Nevada, USA. Abbreviations: C, China; K, Kazakhstan; M, Morocco; N, Nevada; P, Poland; sU, Subpolar Urals; U, Urals; T, Tajikistan; X, Mexico. Inset shows localities noted in the text. Image based on data and concept in Baliński and Biernat (2003: fig. 1) who used the reconstruction of Golonka et al. (1994). The position of Tajikistan is not well constrained.

Fig. 13 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 13. Number of costae per width in centimeters of fragments in Dzieduszyckia sp. from Nevada. A. Histogram of data from all measured specimens. B. Best fit regression line assuming variance within a single species, in which costae frequency width skews toward lower values. C. Separation into two distinct species of brachiopods, with low (ca. 0.5 costa/mm) and high (ca. 1.0 costa/mm) median costae frequencies with best fit regression lines. Photos show one field sample with a representative of each group.

Fig. 1 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 1. Stratigraphic occurrences of dimerelloid brachiopod genera belonging to superfamily Dimerelloidea (Buckamn, 1918). Note that this arrangement is based solely on first appearance and does not imply evolutionary lineages. The Permian age of Rhynchonellina is based on Diener (1903) and Reed (1944).

Fig. 7 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 7. Measurements of shell features. FRAG, measured fossil is a fragment of a valve. MED, fragment of valve that retains the margin and sulcus and can be used to estimate minimum width.

Fig. 4 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 4. Stratigraphic distribution of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia within the Famennian (Upper Devonian) based on conodonts and ammonoids. Biozones based on the divisions of Spalletta et al. (2017), retaining the divisions on lower, middle, upper, and uppermost Famennian. See text for age references.

Fig. 10 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 10. δ13C isotopic ratios of limestone from Clipper Mine, Nevada compared to Mexico and Morocco (Famennian). Data from Batther 2020 and this study (Nevada); Canet et al. 2014 (Mexico); Peckmann et al. 2007 Morocco).

Fig. 12 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 12. Internal features of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia sp., Famennian, Nevada, USA. A. USNM PAL 794583, dorsal valve showing pronounced septum. B. USNM PAL 794584, internal mold of small shell showing deep septum and biconvex shell. C. USNM PAL 794585, view of hinge displaying septalium in upper, dorsal shell and vertical dental plates in lower, ventral shell. D. USNM PAL 794586, internal mold preserving relatively tall septalium. Scale bars 10 mm.

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Fig. 2 in Unusual Miocene hydrocarbon-seep faunas from the Brisighella area in northern Italy: embedded in clastics and first records of the lucinid bivalves Megaxinus and Miltha

Fig. 2. Mollusk fauna from the Upper Miocene of Italy, Ca' Cassano 1 deposit, and the deposit itself. A. The lucinid bivalve Lucinoma perusina (Sacco, 1901), NRM Mo 197311, view on RV of internal mold showing elongate anterior adductor muscle scar. B. The mytilid bivalve Samiolus iohannesbaptistae Kiel and Taviani, 2017, MSF 2340, view on inner side of a LV. C. The mytilid bivalve Bathymodiolus moroniae Kiel and Taviani, 2017, NRM Mo 197312, view on LV of internal mold. D. The vesicomyid bivalve Archivesica aharoni Kiel and Taviani, 2017, NRM Mo 197313, view on LV of internal mold. E. Large gastropod, possibly "Galeodea sp.", MSF 2341, internal mold. F. Large buccinid gastropod, MSF 2342, apertural view. G. Outcrop image of the deposit, hammerhead c. 18 cm wide.

Fig. 20 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 20. Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. Naticidae gen. et sp. indet., NRM Mo 192628, imperfect specimen in apical and apertural views. B, C. Very large Fusinus? sp., imperfect specimens in abapertural view. B. NRM Mo 192662. C. NRM Mo 192663. D–F. Enigmaticolus semisulcata (Martin, 1933), imperfect specimens in apertural and abapertural views. D. NRM Mo 192632. E. NRM Mo 192586. F. NRM Mo 192633. G. Enigmaticolus sp., NRM Mo 192640, specimen with broken apertural base, abapertural and apertural view. H. Mitridae gen. et sp. indet., NRM Mo 192639, imperfect specimen, abapertural view. I. Terebridae gen. et sp. indet., NRM Mo 192627, fragment of spire, lateral view. J, K. Acanthodaphne? sp., imperfect specimens in apertural view. J. NRM Mo 192637. K. NRM Mo 192638. L. Gemmula sp., NRM Mo 192417, imperfect specimen, apertural view. M. Xylodiscula? sp., NRM Mo 192619, specimen embedded in rock matrix in apical view. N. Volvulella aff. minoensis Itoigawa, 1958, NRM Mo 192641, nearly complete specimen, apertural view. O. Ringiculidae gen. et sp. indet., NRM Mo 192642, imperfect specimen, apertural view.

Fig. 19 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 19. The phenacolepadid gastropod Thalassonerita hagai sp. nov., from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. NIGSPAL-032, holotype, in abapertural view (A1) and apical view (A2).

Fig. 18 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 18. Limpets, neomphalids, and vetigastropods from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A, B. Unidentified limpet gastropod. A. NRM Mo 192715, small specimen, mostly an internal mold. B. NRM Mo 192656, large specimen with sculpture. C. The neomphalin Retiskenea sp., NRM Mo 192540, apical view on specimen embedded in rock matrix. D, E. The seguenzoid Cataegis sp. D. NRM Mo 192666; note sculpture on D2. E. NRM Mo 192665, specimen showing the strong spiral ribs, in apical (E1) and abapertual (E2) views. F. The colloniid Homalopoma sp., NRM Mo 192583, views on entire shell (F1–F3) and close-up on spiral sculpture (F4).

Fig. 17 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 17. The bivalve Sisonia frijellanae gen. et sp. nov. from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. NIGSPAL-030, holotype, articulated specimen with exposed RV hinge; view on exterior of RV (A1), close-up on hinge of RV (A2). B. NRM Mo 192594, hinge of isolated right valve. C. NRM Mo 192707, articulated specimen with ventral side missing, view on left valve (C1) and dorsal view showing inflation and short ligament (C2). D. NRM Mo 192595, paratype, articulated specimen, view on left valve (D1) and dorsal view (D2). E. NRM Mo 192596, paratype, close-up on anterior side of left valve of an articulated specimen, showing aams and aprs. F. NRM Mo 192598, paratype, hinge of isolated left valve. G. NRM Mo 192673, close-up on anterior side of isolated internal mold of left valve, showing aams and pallial line. H. NRM Mo 192596, paratype, close-up on anterior side of isolated internal mold of left valve, showing aams and internal, radial striation. I. NRM Mo 192674, paratype, very large specimen with mostly intact shell, views on right valve (I1), left valve (I2) and on dorsal side showing median sulcus and posterior ridge (I3). J. NRM Mo 192703, close-up on posterior side of RV showing pams and pallial line. K. NRM Mo 192704, close-up on posterior side of RV showing pams. Abbreviations: aams, anterior adductor muscle scar; aprs, anterior pedal retractor scar; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; sub.pit, subumbonal pit; cardinal teeth numbers indicated in images A2, B and F.

Fig. 16 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 16. Small vesicomyid bivalves from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. Vesicomyidae gen. et sp. indet. 1, NRM Mo 192444, articulated specimen, view on LV (A1) and view on dorsal side showing lunular incision and ligament (A2). B. Vesicomyidae gen. et sp. indet. 2, NRM Mo 192426, articulated specimen, view on LV (B1) and view on dorsal side showing lunular incision and escutcheon (B2).

Fig. 15 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 15. The vesicomyid bivalve Wareniconcha sp. from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. NRM Mo 192537, large, slightly disarticulated specimen, view on RV (A1), view on LV and RV hinge plate (A2), and close-up on RV hinge with cardinal teeth numbers indicated (A3). B. NRM Mo 192538, articulated, medium-sized specimen, view on LV (B1) and on dorsal side showing inflation and lack of lunular incision (B2).

Fig. 14 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 14. The vesicomyid bivalve Archivesica? sp. 2 from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. NRM Mo 192676, large articulated specimen, view on LV showing interior posterior ridge (A1), dorsal view showing moderate inflation and lunule (A2). B. NRM Mo 192678, articulated specimen, view on LV showing general outline. C. NRM Mo 192677, isolated RV, view on hinge.

Fig. 12 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 12. The vesicomyid bivalve Pliocardia ballesterosi sp. nov. from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. NIGSPAL-025, holotype, an isolated RV with preserved hinge, in apical view showing lunular incision (A1), view on outer shell showing sculpture and outline (A2), and close-up on hinge with cardinal teeth numbers indicated (A3). B. NRM Mo 192552, paratype, articulated specimen with partially removed shell, view on LV showing pallial sinus and pams (B1), in apical view showing strong inflation (B2), close-up on anterior side showing lunular incision (B3). C. NRM Mo 192550, paratype, articulated shell with only moderate inflation, view on RV (C1) and apical view (C2). D. NRM Mo 192549, paratype, outer side of large RV. E. NRM Mo 192546, paratype, hinge of LV with cardinal teeth numbers indicated. F. NRM Mo 192548, paratype, fragment of interior of RV showing anterior muscle scars. G. NRM Mo 192551, paratype, isolated LV showing pallial line. H. NRM Mo 192547, paratype, large, isolated LV showing pallial line. Abbreviations: aprs, anterior pedal retractor scar; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 13 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 13. The vesicomyid bivalve Archivesica? sp. 1 from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. NRM Mo 192671, views on hinges of RV (A1) and LV (A2), cardinal teeth numbers indicated; and view on outer side of LV showing interior radial striations (A3). B. NRM Mo 192418, small, articulated specimen, in dorsal view showing absence of lunule or lunular incision (B1), and view on RV (B2). C. NRM Mo 192419, very small specimen showing pallial line and posterior adductor muscle scar. D. NRM Mo 192672, small, isolated LV. E. NRM Mo 192670, medium-sized, isolated RV showing internal radial striation.

Fig. 10 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 10. The lucinid bivalve Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad, 1947) from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. NIGSPAL-023, large articulated specimen, view on RV. B. NIGAPAL-024, medium-sized, articulated specimen, view on RV showing outline and widely spaced commarginal ribs (B1), and dorsal view showing inflation, lunule and escutcheon. C. NRM Mo 192429, articulated specimen with most shell material detached, showing muscle scars and pallial line, view on RV (C1), LV (C2) and on dorsal side (C3). D. NRM Mo 192584, specimen with broken apical portion, view on LV. E. NRM Mo 192430, small specimen, RV mostly an internal mold showing muscle scars and pallial line E1), LV with preserved shell (E2), and view on dorsal side showing ligament (E3). F. NRM Mo 192428, small RV showing external sculpture. G. NRM Mo 192634, small LV showing external sculpture.

Fig. 11 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 11. The lucinid bivalve Elliptiolucina sp. from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. NRM Mo 192411, small RV. B. NRM Mo 192412, small LV. C. NRM Mo 192412, small LV, showing aams (C1) and in general view (C2). D. NRM Mo 192470, larger, articulated specimen, view on LV (D1) and in dorsal view (D2). E. NRM Mo 192664, large internal mold of LV. Abbreviation: aams, anterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 9 in Mollusks from Miocene hydrocarbon-seep deposits in the Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin, Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 9. The lucinid bivalve Lucinoma saetheri Amano, Little, and Campbell, 2018, from Upper Miocene seep deposits of the Amlang Formation in Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. A. NRM Mo 192623, articulated specimen, view RV (A1), LV (A2) and on dorsal side (A3). B. NRM Mo 192624, damaged, articulated specimen, view on LV showing fine concentric ribbing (B1) and on dorsal side showing inflation and ligament (B2). C. NIGSPAL-020, articulated specimen with well-preserved concentric ribs, view on RV (C1) and on dorsal side (C2). D. NRM Mo 192625, small articulated specimen, view on LV (D1) and on dorsal side (D2).