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Fig. 14 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Idiops carajas Fonseca-Ferreira, Zampaulo & Guadanucci, 2017, ♂ (MPEG 0109). A. Chelicera (retrolateral view). B. Rastellum (retrolateral view). C. Tibial apophysis (dorsal view). D. Part of the palp, showing retrolateral depression. E–F. Detail of the final portion of the embolus. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. Abbreviation: EL = embolar lamella. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 13 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 13. Idiops carajas Fonseca-Ferreira, Zampaulo & Guadanucci, 2017. A–I. ♂, holotype (IBSP 166619). A. Prosoma (dorsal view). B. Prosoma (ventral view). C. Part of palp (retrolateral view). D–F. Palpal bulb. D. Dorsal view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I (prolateral view). H. Tibial apophysis (prolateral view). I. Tibial apophysis and metatarsus I (dorsal view). J–L. ♀, paratype (IBSP 166620). J. Prosoma (dorsal view). K. Prosoma (ventral view). L. Genitalia (dorsal view). Abbreviation: EL = embolar lamella. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 11 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 11. Idiops camelus (Mello-Leitão, 1937).A–I. ♂ (MZSP 26023). A. Prosoma (dorsal view). B. Prosoma (ventral view). C. Part of palp (retrolateral view). D–F. Palpal bulb. D. Dorsal view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I (prolateral view). H. Tibial apophysis (prolateral view). I. Tibial apophysis and metatarsus I (dorsal view). J–L. ♀ (IBSP 9579). J. Prosoma (dorsal view). K. Prosoma (ventral view). L. Genitalia (dorsal view). Abbreviations: DET = distal embolar tooth; EL = embolar lamella. Scale bars: A–B, D–L = 1 mm; C = 2 mm.

Fig. 10. Idiops cambridgei Ausserer, 1875 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 10. Idiops cambridgei Ausserer, 1875, ♀, genitalia, holotype (BMNH 1890.7.1.321). A. Dorsal view. B. Frontal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 23 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 23. Idiops mocambo Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov., ♂, holotype (MPEG 0110). A. Prosoma (dorsal view). B. Prosoma (ventral view). C. Part of palp (retrolateral view). D–F. Palpal bulb. D. Dorsal view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I (prolateral view). H. Tibial apophysis (prolateral view). I. Tibial apophysis and metatarsus I (dorsal view). Abbreviation: K = keel. Abbreviation: K = keel. Scale bars: A–G, I = 1 mm; H = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 22 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 22. Idiops harti (Pocock, 1893), ♀, genitalia, holotype (BMNH 1893.3.25.1). A. Dorsal view. B. Frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 9. Idiops argus Simon, 1889 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 9. Idiops argus Simon, 1889, ♀, genitalia, lectotype (MNHN 4169). A. Dorsal view. B. Frontal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Idiops fuscus Perty, 1833, ♂ (CHNUFPI 0036). A. Chelicera (retrolateral view). B. Rastellum (retrolateral view). C. Tibial apophysis (dorsal view). D. Part of the palp, showing retrolateral depression. E–F. Detail of the distal portion of the embolus. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. Abbreviation: EL = embolar lamella. Scale bars: A, C–D = 0.5 mm; B = 0.3 mm; E –F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 17 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 17. Idiops duocordibus Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov. A–I. ♂, holotype (MPEG 0124). A. Prosoma (dorsal view). B. Prosoma (ventral view). C. Part of palp (retrolateral view). D–F. Palpal bulb. D. Dorsal view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I (prolateral view). H. Tibial apophysis (prolateral view). I. Tibial apophysis and metatarsus I (dorsal view). J–L. ♀, paratype (MPEG 0123). J. Prosoma (dorsal view). K. Prosoma (ventral view). L. Genitalia (dorsal view). Abbreviation: K = keel. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 21 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 21. Scanning electron micrographs of Idiops guri Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov., ♂ (IBSP 220523). A. Chelicera (retrolateral view). B. Rastellum (retrolateral view). C. Tibial apophysis (dorsal view). D. Part of the palp, showing retrolateral depression. E–F. Detail of the final portion of the embolus in prolateral view. Abbreviation: EL = embolar lamella. The arrow indicates the hook-shaped projection near the sperm duct. Scale bars: A = 0.4 mm; B, E–F = 0.2 mm; C = 0.3 mm; D = 1 mm.

Fig. 27 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 27. Idiops pirassununguensis Fukami & Lucas, 2005. A–I. ♂ (UFMG 607). A. Prosoma (dorsal view). B. Prosoma (ventral view). C. Part of palp (retrolateral view). D–F. Palpal bulb. D. Dorsal view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I (prolateral view). H. Tibial apophysis (prolateral view). I. Tibial apophysis and metatarsus I (dorsal view). J–L. ♀ (UFMG 11264). J. Prosoma, dorsal view. K. Prosoma, ventral view. L. Genitalia (dorsal view). Abbreviation: EL = embolar lamella. The arrow indicates a constriction. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 5. Chelicera teeth arrangement. A in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 5. Chelicera teeth arrangement. A. Smaller retrolateral teeth arranged in rows (I. camelus (Mello-Leitão, 1937)). B. Smaller retrolateral teeth arranged randomly (I. germaini Simon, 1892). C. Smaller retrolateral teeth absent (I. harti (Pocock, 1893)). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 6. Diagnostic characters of Idiops Perty, 1833 spp. A. Ocular disposition, with emphasis on the anterior lateral eyes apart from the others (I. fuscus Perty, 1833, CHNUFPI 0036). B. Rows of chelicera teeth (I. clarus (Mello-Leitão, 1946), FCE 0340). C. Rastellum (I. carajas Fonseca-Ferreira, Zampaulo & Guadanucci, 2017, MPEG 00109). D. Tarsus showing the pseudoscopula and tarsal claws (I. camelus (Mello-Leitão, 1937), MZSP 28832). E. Palpal bulb (I. carajas). F. Retrolateral depression of palpal bulb (I. rastratus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889), MZSP 24215). G. Tibial apophysis (I. pirassununguensis Fukami & Lucas, 2005, MZSP 15651). H–I. Putative slit organ between the branches of the tibial apophysis (I. camelus). Abbreviations: PT = promarginal teeth; RT = retromarginal teeth. Scale bars: A–D, F– G = 0.5 mm; E = 1 mm; H–I = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 1. Natural habitats and diversity of burrows and trapdoors of Idiops Perty, 1833 spp. A–G. Ravine habitats. H–L. Ground habitats. Images by Rafael P. Indicatti (A–B); by Arthur Anker and Pedro H. Martins (C–D); by Leonardo S. Carvalho (E–F); by Rafael Fonseca-Ferreira (G–L).

FIGURE 23 in Neoichnology of the burrowing spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) and Hogna lenta(Araneomorphae: Lycosidae)

FIGURE 23. Cluster analysis of burrows produced by Narceus americanus, Gorgyrella inermis, and Hogna lenta. Spider Clusters A, B, and C are maintained and include burrows produced by all three species. G6 forms a new cluster with the most dissimilar burrows produced by N. americanus. Formatting and key is the same as in Figures 16 and 21. O-shaped burrows (OS), U-shaped burrows (US), and subvertical ramps (SR) are only produced by N. americanus.

FIGURE 22 in Neoichnology of the burrowing spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) and Hogna lenta(Araneomorphae: Lycosidae)

FIGURE 22. Cluster analysis of burrows produced by Mastigoproctus giganteus, Gorgyrella inermis, and Hogna lenta. Spider Clusters A, B, and C are maintained with the addition of morphologically similar whip scorpion burrows, and G6 forms a new cluster. Unique burrow architectures produced by M. giganteus form a separate cluster. Formatting and key is the same as in Figures 16 and 21. Mazeworks (MW), U-shaped burrows (US), and subvertical ramps (SR) are produced only by M. giganteus.

FIGURE 21 in Neoichnology of the burrowing spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) and Hogna lenta(Araneomorphae: Lycosidae)

FIGURE 21. Cluster analysis of burrows produced by Hadrurus arizonensis, Gorgyrella inermis, and Hogna lenta. Spider Clusters A, B, and C are maintained, and a separate scorpion cluster is produced. Formatting and key is the same as in Figures 16 and 21. Mazeworks (MW), U-shaped burrows (US), subvertical ramps (SR), and helical burrows (HB) are produced H. arizonensis.

FIGURE 20 in Neoichnology of the burrowing spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) and Hogna lenta(Araneomorphae: Lycosidae)

FIGURE 20. Cluster analysis of burrows produced by Aphonopelma chalcodes, Gorgyrella inermis, and Hogna lenta. Clusters A, B, and C are maintained, and the burrows G6 and A2 form a new cluster. The larger A. chalcodes burrow, A1, does not fall into a cluster. Formatting is the same as in Figure 16. Clusters indicated by letters in blue circles form only in this analysis. The subvertical ramp (SR) is an architecture unique to A. chalcodes.

FIGURE 19 in Neoichnology of the burrowing spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) and Hogna lenta(Araneomorphae: Lycosidae)

FIGURE 19. Combination of Bray-Curtis matrix and cluster analysis to explain how the cluster analysis groups burrow into the dendrogram. The burrows in the matrix were rearranged into the order (from left to right) produced by the dendrogram. Clusters, numbered 1–9, were matched with groupings in the matrix. The groupings in the matrix are highlighted with a white box. This box contains all of the similarity values contained within that cluster. All similarity values within a grouping are either 1.0 (identical) or 0.9 (highly similar). The separation between Clusters A and B is seen between grouping 5 and grouping 6. The cells above and the cells to the left of grouping 5 (similarity scores contained in Cluster A) have similarity values of 1.0 and 0.9, whereas cells below and cells to the right of grouping 5 (similarity scores contained in Cluster B) have similarity values of 0.9 and 0.8. The small range of similarity scores (1.0–0.8) when comparing both clusters explains why the node containing both clusters has a similarity score of 0.87. See Table 1 for architecture key.

FIGURE 16 in Neoichnology of the burrowing spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) and Hogna lenta(Araneomorphae: Lycosidae)

FIGURE 16. Cluster analysis of all burrows produced by Gorgyrella inermis in the study. Cluster A contains burrows with a vertical component. Cluster B contains burrows with a subvertical component and two burrows with vertical components. Values located at the nodes of the dendrogram are the mean Bray-Curtis similarity score of all burrows emanating from that node cluster. Brackets above the dendrogram group together main clusters and provide the mean Bray-Curtis similarity score of the burrows in that cluster. Clusters indicated by letters in yellow circles are clusters of spider burrows that form in all analyses. Burrow architecture is indicated in the key at the bottom of the figure; see Table 1 for key. Tracemaker is indicated by the color of the box with the associated name.