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148 results for “Inequality”
Data for: Analysis of travel time to HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa reveals inequities in access to antiretrovirals
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Inequalities in noise will affect urban wildlife
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Gender inequalities on editorial boards of indexed pediatrics journals
<p>These raw data belong to the study “Gender inequalities on editorial boards of indexed pediatrics journals”. </p> <p>The presence of women in decision-making positions, such as on editorial committees of biomedical journals, is not the same as that of men. This paper analyzes the gender composition of editorial committees (EBMs) and editor-in-chief (ECs) positions of pediatric journals. The gender of EBMs and ECs of 125 journals classified in the pediatrics area of the Journal Citation Report (JCR) were analyzed. The following indicators were calculated: gender distribution of ECs and EBMs by journal, publisher, subject speciality, country, quartile of the journal in JCR and country of affiliation of the members. The total number of EBMs was 4,242. The distribution by sex of the ECs was 19.44% women and 80.56% men, while the EBMs were 33.05% women and 66.95% men. Twenty journals exhibited a greater representation of women than men, and in four there was parity. Journals with greater participation of women specialized in nursing, physical therapy and were related to nutrition (lactation and breastfeeding). Only one-fifth of ECs and one-third of EBMs are female. Women's participation is higher in journals related to nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and nutrition. The United States has the highest number of EBMs, followed by the European Union. </p> <p>This file contains the following variables: Rank, Full Journal Title,Editorial Board Members (EBM), First Name, Gender, Country, Country Code, Geographical Area, Editor-in-Chief (EC), Country Editor-in-Chief, Gender Editor-in-Chief, Url Journals.</p>
Data on the Impact of Consumption Taxes on Income Inequality
<p>This data is part of a research project on the impact of consumption taxes on inequality by Julien Blasco, Elvire Guillaud and Michaël Zemmour.</p> <p>Our project is currently published in the LIS Working Paper Series. You may cite it as:</p> <blockquote> <p>Blasco J., Guillaud E., Zemmour M. (2020) <a href="http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/785.pdf">“Consumption Taxes and Income Inequality: An International Perspective with Microsimulation”</a>, <em>LIS Working Paper Series</em>, No. 785.</p> </blockquote> <p>You are free to use the datasets we provide here, but please cite them as:</p> <blockquote> <p>Blasco J., Guillaud E., Zemmour M., Data on the Impact of Consumption Taxes on Income Inequality, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4291984"><em>https://doi.org/</em>10.5281/zenodo.4291984</a>, October 2020.</p> </blockquote> <p>For detailed information on the method used, please refer to <a href="https://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/785.pdf">Blasco, Guillaud and Zemmour (2020)</a>. In particular, the appendices describe the imputation models used for consumption. All the coefficients are given, which allows for a replication of this imputation method in other datasets.</p> <p>The code used is available at <a href="https://github.com/JulienBlasco/consumption-taxes">https://github.com/JulienBlasco/consumption-taxes</a>.</p> <p>Our data is base on surveys on income and consumption, harmonized by the <a href="https://www.lisdatacenter.org">Luxembourg Income Study</a>. We used <a href="https://stats.oecd.org">OECD Statistics</a> for National Accounts data on income, consumption and consumption tax revenue.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Description of the data</strong></p> <p>The data is constituted of five tables.</p> <ul> <li>Two datasets are aggregated indicators at the country-year level, such as Gini coefficients for different concepts of income, global consumption tax-to-income ratios, anti-redistributive effect of consumption taxes: <ul> <li>For the core model (82 country-years): ConsumptionTaxes_indicators_coremodel.dta</li> <li>For the lighter model (126 country-years): ConsumptionTaxes_indicators_xtnddmodel</li> </ul> </li> <li>Two datasets are variables broken down by percentiles of disposable income, within each country-year. Please note that these data are mainly for graphing purposes, not detailed analysis at the percentile level: <ul> <li>Core model (82 country-years): ConsumptionTaxes_percentiles_coremodel</li> <li>Lighter model (126 country-years): ConsumptionTaxes_percentiles_xtnddmodel</li> </ul> </li> <li>One dataset that contains the implicit effective tax rates on consumption, computed with National Accounts data: 18-07-27 OECD_itrcs.dta</li> </ul>
Results for paper "Optimal trace inequality constants for interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin discretisations of elliptic operators using arbitrary elements with non-constant Jacobians"
<p>Results for paper "Optimal trace inequality constants for interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin discretisations of elliptic operators using arbitrary elements with non-constant Jacobians"</p>
Simulated results from an agent-based model examining inequality and innovation in social networks
<p>Theories of innovation often balance contrasting views that either smart people create smart things or smartly constructed institutions create smart things. While population models have shown factors including population size, connectivity, and agent behavior as crucial for innovation, few have taken the individual-central approach seriously by examining the role individuals play within their groups. To explore how network structures influence not only population-level innovation but also performance among individuals, we studied an agent-based model of the Potions Task, a paradigm developed to test how structure affects a group's ability to solve a difficult exploration task. We explore how size, connectivity, and rates of information sharing in a network influence innovation and how these have an impact on the emergence of inequality in terms of agent contributions. We find, in line with prior work, population size has a positive effect on innovation, but that large and small populations perform similarly per capita; that many small groups outperform fewer large groups; that random changes to structure have few effects on innovation; and that the highest performing agents tend to occupy more central network positions. Moreover, we show that every network factor which facilitates innovation leads to a proportional increase in inequality of performance, creating "genius effects" among otherwise "dumb" agents in both idealized and real-world networks.</p>
Data from: Localized neighborhood species mingling is correlated with individual tree size inequality in natural forests in South China
<p>Context: Numerous hypotheses such as Janzen–Connell and herd immunity effects have been proposed to explain the coexistence of diverse species in plant communities. However, these mechanisms for maintaining diversity have been studied primarily through the lens of species diversity, whereas tree size diversity or relationships between size and species diversity resulting from local interactions have rarely been investigated.</p> <p>Aims: We aimed to identify relationships between spatial species mingling and tree size inequality using extensive plot data from species-rich forest ecosystems.</p> <p>Methods: We applied neighborhood-based methods and explored relationships between spatial species mingling and size inequality indices in 22 large forest plots (30 ha in total) in subtropical and tropical China.</p> <p>Results: Forest communities with low species mingling, or segregation of heterospecific trees, exhibited increased segregation of trees with dissimilar sizes. In most plots, large trees (e.g. dbh > 30 cm) were extensively associated with high species mingling, and individual-tree neighborhood species and size diversity were closely correlated.</p> <p>Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both the spatial patterns of conspecific dispersal and neighborhood interactions play an important role in determining the spatial patterns of tree size and species diversity and eventually in shaping the structure of forest communities.</p>
Psycholinguistic features of verbal representation of the concept of "gender inequality" by student youth
<p><strong><em>Goal. </em></strong><em>To present the results of a psycholinguistic experiment devoted to the study of verbal representations of the concept of "gender inequality" in the linguistic consciousness of young people.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>a</em><strong><em> </em></strong><em>systematic analysis and generalization of literature on gender aspects of psycholinguistic research. Directed associative experiment (DAE) with the word-stimulus "gender inequality"; method of cognitive interpretation; questionnaire: to clarify the characteristics of the sample, comparative-descriptive and mathematical-statistical methods.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results. </em></strong><em>The concept of "gender inequality" in the linguistic consciousness of student youth is represented by such frequent associations as: humiliate (6.8%), fight (4.5%), suppress (3.7%), insult (2.6%) and limit (2.3%). Differences in the most frequent reactions of women and men were revealed: women - to humiliate 42 (7.9%), to fight 32 (6%), to suppress 19 (3.6%), to limit 16 (3%), to insult 15 (2.8%) ), respect 11 (2.1%), solve 11 (2.1%); men: humiliate 11 (4.5%), oppress 10 (4.1%), insult 5 (2%), defend 5 (2%). </em></p>
Replication package for: Acceptance of inequality between children: Large-scale experimental evidence from China and Norway
<p>CAppelen, Alexander W., Falch, Ranveig, Huang, Zhongjing, and Tungodden, Bertil, "Acceptance of inequality between children: Large-scale experimental evidence from China and Norway," October 2024</p>
Datasheets and R-codes for flood mortality and income inequality project
<p>This zipped folder contains the compiled datasheets, raw figures, tables and R-codes for the analysis conducted in 2023 by Sara Lindersson, as reported in the following preprint:</p> <p>Sara Lindersson, Elena Raffetti, Maria Rusca, Luigia Brandimarte, Johanna Mård and Giuliano Di Baldassarre. <em>The wider the gap between rich and poor, the higher the flood mortality.</em> 2023. PREPRINT (revised manuscript)</p> <ul> <li>Dataset v. 1.0 corresponds to the first version of the manuscript, submitted in 2022.</li> <li>Dataset v. 2.0 corresponds to the revised manuscript, submitted in 2023.</li> </ul>
Are Nonhuman Animals Averse to Inequity? A Meta-Analysis [Code and Data]
<p>Code and (anonymized) data for the manuscript "Are Nonhuman Animals Averse to Inequity? A Meta-Analysis"</p>
SWDA Inequalities Dataset: Safe Water Drinking Water Access Indicator and Inequalities Indexes of Brazilian Municipalities
<p>The SWDA Inequalities Dataset consist on results of Safe Drinking Water Access - SDWA indicators and inequalities indexes obtained by an adapted Lorenz Curve approach calculated for all Brazilian municipalities.The main datasource is the Brazillian 2010 Demographic Census, which is the last Population Census data publicaly available. The SDWA indicators are weighted by the SDWA values corresponding to census tracts considering permanent private household residents (Eq. 2). The safe drinking water sources are: (i) general water distribution network; (ii) well or spring located on the property; (iii) rainwater stored in a cistern, cement box, etc.; (iv) or well or spring outside the property, tank car, rainwater stored otherwise, river, dam, lake or stream, or another form of water supply. Considering that these drinking water sources differ in terms of accessibility, availability and water quality, the AHP Method was applied to obtain different weights for each form of water access (Eq. 1).</p> <p>The Gini Index (G_water), Concentration Coefficient (C_water) and Dissimilarity Index (D_water), were adapted to analyze inequalities in SDWA. The Safe Drinking Water Concentration Index is obtained from the Lorenz Curve, with the percentage of residents in permanent households accumulated and ordered by <em>per capita income</em> in the abscissa of the graph (Eq. 3). The <em>per capita income</em> is obtained by the ratio between the total nominal monthly income and the number of residents of the permanent households of each census tract. The Safe Drinking Water Gini Index was similarly adapted, with the residents accumulated and ordered by the safe drinking water rate in the abscissa of the graph (Eq. 4). The ratios between Upper and Lower Quintiles (R_8020) were obtained for each municipality, that is, the relationship between the rates of SDWA for permanent private households that represent 20% of the residents with the highest average <em>per capita</em> income (4th quintile represented by <em>Q<sub>4</sub></em>) and the most economically unfavorable 20% (1st quintile represented by <em>Q<sub>1</sub></em>) (Eq. 5). The Safe Drinking Water Dissimilarity Index is calculated by the weighted average of the absolute difference of the SDWA indicator of each quintile of the average <em>per capita income</em> and the average rate (Eq. 6). The inequalities indexes are also presented as normalized values (G_water_norm, C_water_norm, R_8020_norm, D_water_norm).</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(t_{water} = 0.376*t_{piped} + 0.309*t_{well} + 0.274*t_{cistern} + 0.041*t_{others} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (Eq. 1) \)</span></p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(0.041 \leq t_{water} \leq 0.368\)</span></p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(t_{piped} + t_{well} + t_{cistern} + t_{others} = 1\)</span></p> <p><em>t </em>is the relationship between residents in permanent private households with access (piped, well, cistern and/or other) and the total number of residents in permanent private households.</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(SDWA = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (t_{water_{norm_i}}*p_i)}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(p_i)} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (Eq. 2)\)</span></p> <p>considering the percentage of residents in permanent private households of each sector (<em>p<sub>i</sub></em>) and the number of census tracts (<em>n</em>).</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(C_{water} = (p_{r_i}*t_{water_{norm_{i+1}}} - p_{r_{i+1}}*t_{water_{norm_{i}}}) + ... + (p_{r_{i-1}}*t_{water_{norm_{i}}} - p_{r_i}*t_{water_{norm_{i-1}}}) \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (Eq. 3)\)</span></p> <p>where <span class="math-tex">\(p_{r_i}\)</span> stand for a percentage of residents in permanent private households ordered by average income <em>per capita</em>, with <em>C<sub>water</sub></em><sub> </sub>ranging between -1 and 1.</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(G_{water} = 1 - {\sum_{i=1}^{n}(p_{w_i}-p_{w_{i-1}})*(t_{water_{norm_i}} + t_{water_{norm_{i-1}}}}) \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (Eq. 4)\)</span></p> <p>where <span class="math-tex">\(p_{w_i}\)</span> is the percentage of residents in permanent private households ordered by the weighted water access rate ( <span class="math-tex">\(t_{water_{norm}}\)</span>), and <em>G<sub>water</sub></em> ranging between 0 and 1.</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(R_{80/20} = \frac{t_{water_{norm_{Q_4}}}}{t_{water_{norm_{Q_1}}}} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (Eq. 5)\)</span></p> <p>with <em>R<sub>80/20</sub></em><sub> </sub>ranging between 0 and ∞.</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(D_{water} = \frac{1}{2\overline t_{water_{norm}}} \times \sum_{i=1}^{n}\beta_i |t_{water_{norm_i}} - \overline t_{water_{norm}}| \{ \sum \beta_i = 1 \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (Eq. 6)\)</span></p> <p>with <em>β<sub>i</sub></em> standing for the proportion of group <em>i</em> in the sample, <span class="math-tex">\(\overline t_{water_{norm}}\)</span> the normalized mean safe drinking water access rate of the municipality, <span class="math-tex">\(t_{water_{norm_i}}\)</span> the normalized safe drinking water access rate of group <em>i</em>, with a value between 0 and 1; and <em>n</em> the number of groups (<em>n</em>= 5); with <em>D<sub>water</sub> </em>presenting values between 0 and 1.</p>
A critical analysis of plant science literature reveals ongoing inequities
<p><span></span></p> <p>These data are associated with the study entitled "<em>A critical analysis of plant science literature reveals ongoing inequities</em>" by Rose A. Marks, Erik J. Amézquita, Sarah Percival, Alejandra Rougon-Cardoso, Claudia Chibici-Revneanu, Shandry M. Tebele, Jill M. Farrant, Daniel H. Chitwood, and Robert VanBuren published in PNAS, 2023. The data deposited here include 296,447 plant science papers published between 2000 to 2021 that were sourced from a representative set of 127 plant science journals based in 26 different nations across 5 continents, covering 21 different subspecialties. Both society and for-profit journals are included, with open access, hybrid, and subscription publishing models. </p>
Data from: Social disappointment and partner presence affect long-tailed macaque refusal behaviour in an "inequity aversion" experiment
<p><span>Protest in response to unequal reward distribution is thought to have played a central role in the evolution of human cooperation. Some animals refuse food and become demotivated when rewarded more poorly than a conspecific, and this has been taken as evidence that non-human animals, like humans, protest in the face of inequity. An alternative explanation - social disappointment – shifts the cause of this discontent away from the unequal reward, to the human experimenter who could – but elects not to – treat the subject well. This study investigates whether social disappointment could explain frustration behaviour in long-tailed macaques, <em>Macaca</em> <em>fascicularis</em>. We tested 12 monkeys in a novel `inequity aversion' paradigm. Subjects had to pull a lever and were rewarded with low-value food; in half of the trials, a partner worked alongside the subjects receiving high-value food. Rewards were distributed either by a human or a machine. In line with the social disappointment hypothesis, monkeys rewarded by the human refused food more often than monkeys rewarded by the machine. </span>Our study extends previous findings in chimpanzees and suggests that social disappointment plus social facilitation or food competition effects drive food refusal patterns.</p>
Supplementary Material for Men's Perceptions of Gender Inequality in Software Engineering
<p><strong>README</strong></p> <p>This repository contains supplementary materials for the paper titled "<em>Do you see what happens around you? Men's Perceptions of Gender Inequality in Software Engineering".</em></p> <p>The data in this repository originates from a survey conducted with men technology practitioners, focusing on their experiences within the industry and their perceptions of gender inequality within their teams and workplaces.</p> <p>The survey was administered using Microsoft Forms, allowing practitioners to respond to the questionnaire asynchronously, anonymously, and without supervision.</p> <p>The organization of this repository is as follows:</p> <ol> <li><em><code>charts.Rmd</code>:</em> This file contains R scripts used to generate the figures that present quantitative data in the manuscript.</li> <li><em><code>Q<strong>x</strong>.png</code></em>: These images are the figures generated by the <code>charts.Rmd</code> script.</li> <li><em><code>responses.csv</code></em>: This file contains complete and detailed responses to the questionnaire submitted by participants.</li> <li><em><code>responses_coding.xlsx</code></em>: Within this sheet, you will find the results of the coding process conducted using the Grounded Theory methodology.</li> <li><em><code>survey_questions_english.pdf</code></em>: This document contains a faithful translation of the questionnaire sent to the participants.</li> </ol> <p> </p>
Data from: Association between arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) polymorphism and inequity aversion
<p>Although numerous studies have focused on brain functions related to inequity aversion, few have examined its genetic basis. Here, we show the association between estimated inequity aversion and polymorphisms in three genes associated with human sociality. Non-student adult participants took part in five economic game experiments on different days. Disadvantageous inequity aversion (DIA) and advantageous inequity aversion (AIA) were calculated from behavioural responses using Bayesian estimation. We investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor (<em>OXTR</em> rs53576), arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (<em>AVPR1A</em> RS3), and opioid receptor mu 1 (<em>OPRM1</em> rs1799971) and inequity aversion. Regarding <em>AVPR1A</em> RS3, participants with the SS genotype had higher AIA than those with the SL or LL genotypes, but no association was found for DIA. Moreover, we observed no aversion associations for <em>OXTR</em> rs53576 or <em>OPRM1</em> rs1799971. The results suggest that <em>AVPR1A</em> plays an important role in aversion when one's own gain is greater than that of others. Our findings may provide a solid theoretical basis for future studies on the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and inequity aversion.</p>
Historical racial redlining and contemporary patterns of income inequality negatively affect birds, their habitat, and people in Los Angeles, California
<p>The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) was a U.S. government-sponsored program initiated in the 1930s to evaluate mortgage lending risk. The program resulted in hand-drawn 'security risk' maps intended to grade sections of cities where investment should be focused (greenlined areas) or limited (redlined zones). The security maps have since been widely criticized as being inherently racist and have been associated with high levels of segregation and lower levels of green amenities in cities across the country. Our goal was to explore the potential legacy effects of the HOLC grading practice on birds, their habitat, and the people who may experience them throughout a metropolis where the security risk maps were widely applied, Greater Los Angeles, California (L.A.). We used ground-collected, remotely sensed, and census data and descriptive and predictive modeling approaches to address our goal. Patterns of bird habitat and avian communities strongly aligned with the luxury-effect phenomenon, where green amenities were more robust, and bird communities were more diverse and abundant in the wealthiest parts of L.A. Our analysis also revealed potential legacy effects from the HOLC grading practice. Associations between bird habitat features and avian communities in redlined and greenlined zones were generally stronger than in areas of L.A. that did not experience the HOLC grading, in part because redlined zones, which included some of the poorest locations of L.A., had the highest levels of dense urban conditions, e.g., impervious surface cover. In contrast, greenlined zones, which included some of the city's wealthiest areas, had the highest levels of green amenities, e.g., tree canopy cover. The White population of L.A., which constitutes the highest percentage of a racial or ethnic group in greenlined areas, was aligned with a considerably greater abundance of birds affiliated with natural habitat features (e.g., trees and shrubs). Conversely, the Hispanic or Latino population, which is dominant in redlined zones, was positively related to a significantly greater abundance of synanthropic birds, which are species associated with dense urban conditions. Our results suggest that historical redlining and contemporary patterns of income inequality are associated with distinct avifaunal communities and their habitat, which potentially influence the human experience of these components of biodiversity throughout L.A. Redlined zones and low-income residential areas that were not graded by the HOLC can particularly benefit from deliberate urban greening and habitat enhancement projects, which would likely carry over to benefit birds and humans.</p>
Screening With a DNA Blood Test to Address Colorectal Cancer Inequities
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06929481. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 19.
Reducing Inequities in Care of Hypertension, Lifestyle Improvement for Everyone (RICH LIFE Project)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02674464. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Data from: Association between arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) polymorphism and inequity aversion
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.