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172 results for “Intraspecific variability”
Fig. 13 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 13. Pygidial morphologies of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860), from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. Note how the spinosity degree is highly variable among small pygidia between specimens without spine and other with spines (A–J; MPZ2010/936, MPZ2011/28, MPZ2011/29, MPZ2011/30, MPZ2011/31, MPZ2011/32, MPZ2011/33, MPZ2011/34, MPZ2011/35, MPZ2011/36, respectively); by contrast, big pygidia show a high spinosity-degree (K–N; MPZ2011/37, MPZ2011/38, MPZ2011/39, MPZ2011/40, respectively). All photographs taken from internal moulds immersed under water. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 14 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 14. Spinosity-degree in Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. Note how the small pygidia have a high variability whereas large pygidia follow more strictly the ontogenetic trend.
Fig. 8 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 8. Sequence between specimens of Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assamblege, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A. MPZ2011/25, specimen with granules. B. MPZ2011/26, specimen with weakly developed granules. C. MPZ2011/27, specimen with barely visible granules. Whole specimens (A 1, B 1, C 1), enlargements (A 2, B 2, C 2). Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 12 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 12. Plots showing the relationship between the number of segments and the cranidial length (A), and the pygidial length (B) in Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.
Figure 3 in Intraspecific morphological tooth variability and geographical distribution: Application to the Savi's vole, Microtus (Terricola) savii (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)
Figure 3. Canonical discriminant analysis with the distribution of the centroids on the two first axes of 55 populations from the different regions of Italy.
Figure 4 in Intraspecific morphological tooth variability and geographical distribution: Application to the Savi's vole, Microtus (Terricola) savii (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)
Figure 4. Canonical discriminant analysis with the distribution of the centroids on the two first axes of 11 geographical groups.
Figure 4 in Intraspecific variability of beaver teeth (Castoridae: Rodentia)
Figure 4. Mandibular tooth rows of Castor fiber at different ages. A, 94/104, 5-months old; B, 94/190, 39-months old; C, 94/107, 48-months old; and D, 94/65, 80-months old. All are from the Zoological Collection University Halle-Wittenberg. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Intraspecific variability of beaver teeth (Castoridae: Rodentia)
Figure 1. Scatter plots showing changes in the length of teeth and mandibular tooth row with age for Castor fiber (C. f) and for Castor canadensis (C. can). A, lower incisor (i inf); B, lower premolar; C, upper tooth row (C. f alv length measured at alveoles of tooth row); D, upper molars, M1 and M3, respectively.
Fig. 5 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?
Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of immature female of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 collected from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). A – apical view of cephalic region; B – vulva; C – conical tail end; D – conical tail. Abbrevations: A – anus; CA – caudal papilla; L – labium; MT – mucron tip; PL – pseudolabium.
Fig. 4 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?
Fig. 4. Illustrations of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 – male, reproductive structures and tail end. A – lateral aspect of posterior section with left and right spicules, and associated structures; B – tip of left spicule from two views and tip of the right spicule with fleshy extension; C – ventral aspect of posterior section with caudal papillae and cloacal opening. Abbreviation: C – cloacal opening; CCO – cytoplasmic core opening; LS – left spicule; LSB – left spicule blade; LSS – left spicule shaft; M – manubrium; PcP – postcloacal papillae; PP – precloacal papillae; RP – rugosa plates; RS – right spicule; SM – spicule muscle; SP – spicular pouch; VD – vas deferens.
Fig. 7 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?
Fig. 7. Phylogenetic relationships of Spinitectus spp. based on available cox1 mtDNA for Spinitectus based on Bayesian inference (BI)), with Rhabdochona xiphophori Caspeta-Mandujano, Moravec et Salgado-Maldonado, 2001 as the designated outgroup. Posterior probability (BI) and 1,000 bootstrap replicate (maximum likelihood (ML)) support indicated (BI/ML), nodes with less than 0.5 (50 %) support not annotated. Data shaded in colour from indicated geographical locality or river system, and three haplotypes recorded from the Vaal River system indicated (VRS1–VRS3).
Fig. 2 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?
Fig. 2. Light and scanning electron micrographs of adult females of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 collected from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). A – neck showing spines on annular rings; B – first three rings on neck, rings indicated numerically and spine length measurement illustrated; C – apical view of the cephalic region; D – lateral view of cephalic region; E – apical view of cephalic structures; F – excretory pore; G – diminishing spines; H – posterior end; inlay gonopore with vulva I – posterior end with gonopore, vulva position indicated; J – conical tail tip; K – conical tail and mucron tip. Abbreviations: A – anus; AP – amphid; CP – cephalic papillae; L – labia; MT – mucron tip; PL – pseudolabia; PS – porous structure; OO – oral opening; V – vulva; SL – sublabium.
Fig. 1. A in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?
Fig. 1. A – map of South Africa; B – map of the river systems in the inlay showing the sampling sites where Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 was collected in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Abbreviations: 1 – down-stream of the Vaal River Barrage; 2 – in the Vaal Dam reservoir; 3 – down-stream of the Grootdraai Dam; 4 – Crocodile River.
Data from: Heat tolerance is more variable than cold tolerance across species of Iberian lizards after controlling for intraspecific variation
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How to render species comparable taxonomic units through deep time: A case study on intraspecific osteological variability in extant and extinct lacertid lizards
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Microplastic additions modulate intraspecific variability in root traits and mycorrhizal responses across root-life history strategies
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Data from: Energy acquisition and allocation strategies in scleractinian corals: Insights from intraspecific trait variability
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Data from: Making better use of tracking data can reveal the spatiotemporal and intraspecific variability of species distributions
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Including intraspecific trait variability to avoid distortion of functional diversity and ecological inference: lessons from natural assemblages
<p>1. Functional diversity assessments are crucial and increasingly used for understanding ecological processes and managing ecosystems. The functional diversity of a community is assessed by sampling traits at one or more scales (individuals, populations, species) and calculating a summary index of the variation in trait values. However, it remains unclear how the scale at which traits are sampled and the indices used to estimate functional diversity may alter the patterns observed and inferences about ecological processes.</p> <p>2. For 40 plant and 61 ant communities, we assess functional diversity using six methods – encompassing various mean-based and probabilistic methods – chosen to reflect common scenarios where different levels of detail are available in trait data. We test whether including trait variability at different scales (from individuals to species) alter functional diversity values calculated using volume-based and dissimilarity-based indices, Functional Richness (FRic) and Rao, respectively. We further test whether such effects alter the functional diversity patterns observed across communities and their relationships with environmental drivers such as abiotic gradients and occurrences of invasive species.</p> <p>3. Intraspecific trait variability strongly determined FRic and Rao. Methods using only species' mean trait values to calculate FRic (convex hulls) and Rao (Gower-based dissimilarity) distorted the patterns observed when intraspecific trait variability was considered. These distortions generated Type I and Type II errors for the effects of environmental factors structuring the plant and ant communities.</p> <p>4. The high sensitivity of FRic to individuals with extreme trait values was revealed in comparisons of different probabilistic methods including among-individual and among-population trait variability in functional diversity. By contrast, values and ecological patterns in Rao were consistent among methods including different scales of intraspecific trait variability.</p> <p>5. Decisions about where traits are sampled and how trait variability is included in functional diversity can drastically change the patterns observed and conclusions about ecological processes. We recommend sampling the traits of multiple individuals per species and capturing their intraspecific trait variability using probabilistic methods. We discuss how intraspecific trait variability can be reasonably estimated and included in functional diversity in the common circumstance where only limited trait data are available.</p>
Data from: Above- and belowground drivers of intraspecific trait variability across subcontinental gradients for five ubiquitous forest plants in North America
<p class="MsoPlainText">Intraspecific trait variability (ITV) provides the material for species adaptation to environmental changes. To advance our understanding of how ITV can contribute to species adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions, we studied five widespread understory forest species exposed to both continental-scale climate gradients, and local soil and disturbance gradients. We investigated the environmental drivers of between-site leaf and root trait variation, and tested whether higher between-site ITV was associated with increased trait sensitivity to environmental variation (i.e. environmental fit).</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">We measured morphological (specific leaf area: SLA, specific root length: SRL) and chemical traits (Leaf and Root N, P, K, Mg, Ca) of five forest understory vascular plant<span> </span>species at 78 sites across Canada. A total of 261 species-by-site combinations spanning ~4300 km were sampled, capturing important abiotic and biotic environmental gradients (neighbourhood composition, canopy structure, soil conditions, climate). We used multivariate and univariate linear mixed models to identify drivers of ITV and test the association of between-site ITV with environmental fit.</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">Between-site ITV of leaf traits was primarily driven by canopy structure and climate. Comparatively, environmental drivers explained only a small proportion of variability in root traits: these relationships were trait-specific and included soil conditions (Root P), canopy structure (Root N) and neighbourhood composition (SRL, Root K). Between-site ITV was associated with increased environmental fit only for a minority of traits, primarily in response to climate (SLA, Leaf N, SRL).</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">Synthesis. By studying how ITV is structured along environmental gradients among species adapted to a wide range of conditions, we can begin to understand how individual species might respond to environmental change. Our results show that generalizable trait-environment relationships occur primarily aboveground and only accounted for a small proportion of variability. For our group of species with broad ecological niches, variability in traits was only rarely associated with higher environmental fit, and primarily along climatic gradients. These results point to promising research avenues on the various ways in which trait variation can affect species performance along different environmental gradients.</p>
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