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89 results for “Kelp Forest”
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Abundance and size of Giant Kelp (Macrocystis Pyrifera), ongoing since 2000
These data describe the abundance of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and are part of the SBCLTER kelp forest monitoring program. The study was initiated in 2000, in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA, and this dataset is updated once per year. The number and size (number of fronds and diameter of holdfasts) of plants were recorded along permanent transects at nine reef sites located along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel and at two sites on the north side Santa Cruz Island. These sites reflect several oceanographic regimes in the channel and vary in distance from sources of terrestrial runoff. The time period of data collection varied among the 11 kelp forest sites. Sampling at BULL, CARP, and NAPL began in 2000, sampling at the other 6 mainland sites (AHND, AQUE, IVEE, GOLB, ABUR, MOHK) began in 2001 (transects 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 at IVEE were added in 2011). Data collection at the two Santa Cruz Island sites (SCTW and SCDI) began in 2004. See Methods for more information.
SBC LTER: Reef: Seasonal Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Invertebrate and algal density
These data describe the abundance of common reef associated species of macro invertebrates and macroalgae within permanent plots of SBCLTER's seasonal kelp forest monitoring program to track long-term patterns in species abundance and diversity. The number of individuals of approximately 50 taxa were recorded by divers along 40 m transects within each plot. Small species of macroalgae and macinvertebrates were counted within six permanent 1 m2 quadrats positioned uniformly along the 40 m transect, while larger species were counted within four contiguous 20 m2 sub-sections of each 40 m x 2 m transect. Also included at the quadrat scale are estimates of an average size-related measurement of each species, which was developed specifically for each species for the purpose of estimating its biomass. The experiment was initiated in 2008 at five reef sites along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel.
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Invertebrate and algal density
These data describe the density and size of a select group of about 50 species of benthic invertebrates and understory algae in fixed plots (either 1m x 1m or 20m x 1m) along permanent transects. These data are part of SBCLTER’s kelp forest monitoring program to track long-term patterns in species abundance and diversity of reef-associated organisms in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA. The sampling locations in this dataset are at nine reef sites along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel and at two sites on the north side of Santa Cruz Island. These sites reflect several oceanographic regimes in the channel and vary in distance from sources of terrestrial runoff. Sampling began in 2000, and these data are updated annually. The time period of data collection varied among the 11 kelp forest sites. Sampling at BULL, CARP, and NAPL began in 2000, sampling at the other 6 mainland sites (AHND, AQUE, IVEE, GOLB, ABUR, MOHK) began in 2001 (transects 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 at IVEE were added in 2011). Data collection at the two Santa Cruz Island sites (SCTW and SCDI) began in 2004. See Methods for more information. See Methods for more information.
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Transect geospatial metadata
The data table provides summaries of depth information (mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation) for all of the transects surveyed as part of the SBC LTER Kelp Forest Monitoring program. All data are expressed in meters, reference to mean lower low water (MLLW). Each value is the result of 160 observations, four at each meter (n=160). The sampling locations in this dataset are 40 meter transects at nine reef sites along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel and at two sites on the north side of Santa Cruz Island. The PDF document provides descriptive information of the transect such as headings and relative locations of the points along the transect. Data were recorded in 2010 and 2011, except that IVEE transect 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were recorded in 2024.
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group M1.2 Kelp forests
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>M1.2 Kelp forests</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
SBC LTER: Reef: Annual time series of biomass for kelp forest species, ongoing since 2000 (Reformatted to a Darwin Core Archive)
This data package is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, event core). For more information on Darwin Core see https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/. This Level 2 data package was derived from the Level 1 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/edi/281/3, which was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-sbc/50/10. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: These data are annual estimates of biomass of approximately 225 taxa of reef algae, invertebrates and fish in permanent transects at 11 kelp forest sites in the Santa Barbara Channel (2-8 transects per site). Abundance is measured annually (as percent cover or density, by size) and converted to biomass (i.e., wet mass, dry mass, decalcified dry mass, ash free dry mass) using published taxon-specific algorithms. Data collection began in summer 2000 and continues annually in summer to provide information on community structure, population dynamics and species change. The time period of data collection varied among the 11 kelp forest sites. Sampling at BULL, CARP, and NAPL began in 2000, sampling at the other 6 mainland sites (AHND, AQUE, IVEE, GOLB, ABUR, MOHK) began in 2001 (transects 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 at IVEE were added in 2011). Data collection at the two Santa Cruz Island sites (SCTW and SCDI) began in 2004. See Methods for more information. See Methods for more information. The primary research objective of the Santa Barbara Coastal LTER is to investigate the importance of land and ocean processes in structuring giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera ) forest ecosystems. As in many temperate regions, the shallow rocky reefs in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, are dominated by giant kelp forests. Because of their close proximity to shore, kelp forests are influenced by physical and biological processes occurring on land as well as in the open ocean. SBC LTER research
Santa Barbara Channel Marine BON Darwin Core Archive: Nearshore kelp forest integrated benthic cover, 1980-ongoing
The Santa Barbara Channel Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (SBCMBON) tracks long-term patterns in species abundance and diversity. This dataset contains cover of kelp forest sessile invertebrates, understory macroalgae, and substrate types by integrating data from four contributing projects working in the kelp forests of the Santa Barbara Channel, USA. Divers collect data on using either uniform point contact (UPC) or random point contact (RPC) methods. The four contributing projects are two research projects: The Santa Barbara Coastal LTER (SBC LTER) and the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), the kelp forest monitoring program of the Santa Barbara Channel National Park, and the San Nicolas Island monitoring program supported by USGS. Together, these projects have recorded data for more than 200 species at approximately 100 sites on both the mainland coast and on the Santa Barbara Channel Islands. Sampling began in 1982 and is ongoing. Data were collected by human observation (divers using SCUBA) during regular surveys. Percent cover is recorded for taxa where individuals cannot be counted. Cover can be calculated from the data here as the fraction of total points at which the taxon was present x 100. With UPC and RPC methods, multiple species can be recorded at any given point. The total percent cover of all species combined using this method can exceed 100%; however, the percent cover of any single species cannot exceed 100%. See Methods for information on integration and data processing. MBON is funded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This dataset is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, occurrence core). This is a derived data product and see provenance for the source data. For users who are interested in using all or part of this integrated datasets, please contact data owners to discuss your
Santa Barbara Channel Marine BON Darwin Core Archive: Nearshore kelp forest integrated quad and swath cover, 1980-ongoing
The Santa Barbara Channel Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (SBCMBON) tracks long-term patterns in species abundance and diversity. This dataset contains counts of algae and invertebrates (both sessile and mobile) by integrating data from four contributing projects working in the kelp forests of the Santa Barbara Channel, USA. The four contributing projects are two research projects: The Santa Barbara Coastal LTER (SBC LTER) and the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), the kelp forest monitoring program of the Santa Barbara Channel National Park, and the San Nicolas Island monitoring program supported by USGS. Together, these projects have recorded data for more than 200 species at approximately 100 sites on both the mainland coast and on the Santa Barbara Channel Islands. Sampling began in 1982 and is ongoing. Data were collected by human observation (divers using SCUBA) during regular surveys. The data table documents the number of organisms and the area over which that number was counted for calculation of areal abundance. Data were collected by human observation (divers using SCUBA) during regular surveys. The algae and invertebrate counts record the number of taxa found in each plot, including quad (small square plots such as 1 or 2 m2) and swath (large linear plots such as 60 m2). See Method and protocol for information on integration and data processing. MBON is funded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This dataset is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, occurrence core). This is a derived data product and see provenance for the source data. For users who are interested in using all or part of this integrated datasets, please contact data owners to discuss your research interests, data-related issues or any other questions. A recommended citation for the data package is available from the down
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Fish abundance (Reformatted to a Darwin Core Archive)
This data package is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, event core). For more information on Darwin Core see https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/. This Level 2 data package was derived from the Level 1 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/edi/189/2, which was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-sbc/17/35. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: These data describe the abundance and size of fish species as part of SBCLTER's kelp forest monitoring program to track long-term patterns in species abundance and diversity. This study began in 2000 in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA. The abundance and size of all taxa of resident kelp forest fish encountered along permanent transects are recorded at nine reef sites located along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel and at two sites on the north side of Santa Cruz Island. These sites reflect several oceanographic regimes in the channel and vary in distance from sources of terrestrial runoff. In these surveys, fish were counted in either a 40x2m benthic quadrat, or in the water parcel 0-2m off the bottom over the same area. The two tables in this data package include: 1) The annual benthic fish community survey which was conducted on 11 reefs once a year around late July or early August; and 2) The monthly fish survey which was conducted once a month at a subset of the sites (3 of the annual sites) The time period of data collection for the annual benthic fish community survey varied among the 11 kelp forest sites. Sampling at BULL, CARP, and NAPL began in 2000, sampling at the other 6 mainland sites (AHND, AQUE, IVEE, GOLB, ABUR, MOHK) began in 2001 (transects 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 at IVEE were added in 2011). Data collection at the two Santa Cruz Island sites (SCTW and SCDI) began in 2004. The monthly fish survey at ABUR (Transect 1, 2, and 3), AQUE
SBC LTER: Reef: Long-term experiment: biomass of kelp forest species, ongoing since 2008 (Reformatted to a Darwin Core Archive)
This data package is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, event core). For more information on Darwin Core see https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/. This Level 2 data package was derived from the Level 1 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/edi/278/3, which was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-sbc/119/7. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: These data represent values of biomass density for more than 200 species of macroalgae, invertebrates and fish measured in fixed plots at five reefs as part of a long-term experiment designed to evaluate the effects of disturbance to giant kelp on the structure and productivity of the benthic community. Taxon-specific relationships between size and mass were applied to field measurements of species abundance to estimate biomass density of each species. The five reefs (Arroyo Quemado 34°28.048’N, 120°07.031’W; Carpinteria 34°23.474’N, 119°32.510’W; Isla Vista 34°23.275’N, 119°32.792’W; Mohawk 34°23.649’N, 119°43.762’W; and Naples 34° 25.342’N, 119° 57.102’W) ranged in depth from 5.8 m to 8.9 m (MLLW) and were chosen to represent a range of physical and biological characteristics known to influence subtidal macroalgal assemblages in the region. A common (but not always persistent) feature on these reefs was the presence of the giant kelp, which forms a dense canopy at the sea surface that suppresses recruitment and growth of understory algae below it. See Methods for more information. The primary research objective of the Santa Barbara Coastal LTER is to investigate the importance of land and ocean processes in structuring giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera ) forest ecosystems. As in many temperate regions, the shallow rocky reefs in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, are dominated by giant kelp forests. Because of their close proximity to shore, kelp forests are i
SBC LTER: Reef: Feeding relationships for kelp forest species
These data are an assembled food web for all species sampled in the SBC LTER annual kelp forest community surveys. Relationships are taken from literature review on diets and consumption habits of target species, plus searches of theses, grey literature, and student report databases at major west coast libraries. Only feeding observations from studies that showed direct consumption or provided strong evidence of a direct feeding relationship between two taxa were used. Our final food web was revised and verified after consultation with several experts in the field of kelp forest community ecology. See Methods section for complete information on cited literature and contributing experts. These data represent Table S1 for Appendix S1 for a published paper: <ulink url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02409.x">Byrnes, J. E., D. C. Reed, B. J. Cardinale, K. C. Cavanaugh, S. J. Holbrook and R. J. Schmitt. 2011. Climate-driven increases in storm frequency simplify kelp forest food webs. Global Change Biology, 17: 2513â24. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02409.x</ulink>.
Kelp forest fish communities environmental DNA samples from Santa Barbara Channel
The dataset in this package is the processed fish community structure inferred from 12S eDNA metabarcoding in the Santa Barbara Channel. 49 water samples were collected across 11 sites in 2017 and the taxa were identified to the highest resolution possible. The raw DNA sequence has been archived in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) under the accession number PRJNA667508. This dataset is used to support manuscript: Lamy, T., Pitz, K.J., Chavez, F.P. et al. Environmental DNA reveals the fine-grained and hierarchical spatial structure of kelp forest fish communities. Sci Rep 11, 14439 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93859-5
SBC LTER Darwin Core Archive: Kelp Forest Reef Fish Abundance
These data describe the abundance of reef fish as part of the Santa Barbara Coastal LTER program (SBC LTER) to track long-term patterns in kelp forest reef species abundance and diversity. The study began in 2000 in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA, and the time series is ongoing and updated approximately annually. Abundances of all taxa of resident kelp forest fish encountered along permanent transects are recorded at nine reef sites located along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel and at two sites on the north side of Santa Cruz Island. These sites reflect several oceanographic regimes in the channel and vary in distance from sources of terrestrial runoff. In these surveys, fish were counted in either a 40x2m benthic quadrat, or in the water parcel 0-2m off the bottom over the same area. This dataset is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, occurrence core). All taxa are counted (using an open species list), and abundances are zero-filled for each taxon not encountered. This is a derived data product and less-processed data may be available. See http://sbc.lternet.edu for more information and source data, which may include additional measurements, and http://sbc.marinebon.edu for processing notes.
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Nitrogen uptake in Carpinteria and Mohawk kelp forests, 2016-2017
A large on-going time-series monthly water samples have been taken at 1m, 5 m and 10 m depth from the offshore edge of five kelp forests near Santa Barbara, CA, USA (Arroyo Burro, Arroyo Quemado, Carpinteria, Mohawk, Naples). See dataset: http://sbc.lternet.edu/cgi-bin/showDataset.cgi?docid=knb-lter-sbc.10. Two datasets are presented here. One is a field study conducted in two of the sites (Mohawk or Carpinteria) to test the N uptake of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) and phytoplankton from May 2016 to October 2017. In situ rates of urea, ammonium and nitrate uptake by giant kelp blades and phytoplankton, which were enclosed together within polyethylene blade bags, from the surface canopy of Mohawk or Carpinteria kelp forests. The second dataset has the results of laboratory experiments for testing the direct uptake of urea by whole blades and natural phytoplankton communities entrained in surface canopy waters.
SBC LTER: Reef: Coefficients for estimating biomass from body size or percent cover for kelp forest species
These data provide coefficients to estimate the biomass of macroalgae, invertebrates and fish from field measurements of body size or percent cover. We developed quantitative relationships between mass and length or mass and percent cover, and conversion factors for transforming wet mass into dry mass, shell free and decalcified dry mass, and ash-free dry mass for taxa of benthic macroalgae and macroinvertebrates common to giant kelp forests in southern California. We also compiled literature-based relationships between mass and total length for reef fish common to giant kelp forests in southern California.
SBC LTER : Reef: Dissolved nitrogen fluxes from kelp forest sediment
Permeable marine sediments are biogeochemically active and may contribute dissolved nutrients to support primary production in coastal regions. This study examined the potential of permeable marine sediments near giant kelp forests in the Santa Barbara Channel, California to serve as a source of dissolved nutrients to the overlying water column to support the observed growth of kelp during summer months when nitrate availability is low. Over the course of three summers (2017-2019) sediment cores were collected at three nearshore kelp forest sites (ABUR, MICR, GOLB), and flow-through bioreactor incubations were conducted to measure nutrient fluxes. Data are contained in two tables: 1) changes in nutrient concentrations measured over the course of both control (seawater only) and experimental (seawater + sediment) incubations (µM hr-1) and 2) net fluxes of nutrients from sediments (µmol m-2 hr-1). This data package is to support manuscript “Lowman H., Hirsch M., Brezinkski M., and Melack J. Examining the Potential of Sandy Marine Sediments Surrounding Giant Kelp Forests to Provide Recycled Nutrients for Growth. Journal of Coastal Research.”
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Kelp Forest Data to support "Estimating biomass of benthic kelp forest invertebrates from body size and percent cover"
These data describe quantitative relationships between wet mass and length or wet mass and percent cover, and conversion factors to transform wet mass into dry mass, shell-free and decalcified dry mass, and ash-free dry mass for 84 species of benthic macroinvertebrates common to giant kelp forests in southern California. Data are based on organisms collected from sites in the Santa Barbara Channel between April 2010 and May 2014. These measurements are intended to facilitate the conversion of invertebrate abundance into common metrics of biomass, for quantitative studies of community dynamics, trophic interactions, energy flow and biodiversity. Converting numerical abundance (i.e., organism density) to biomass requires information on the relationship between individual size and biomass. For colonial and small aggregating taxa that are numerous and indistinct, measures of abundance are usually proportional (e.g., percent cover). Hence, converstions are taxa-specific, based on either size or cover, and a variety of metrics of species biomass are included, e.g., wet mass, shell-free wet mass, ash-free dry mass. Data are published in Reed, D. C, J. C. Nelson, S. L. Harrer, and R. J. Miller, Estimating biomass of benthic kelp forest invertebrates from body size and percent cover data. Marine Biology. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-016-2879-x. From the paper abstract: The inability to compare different measures of species abundance (such as density and percent cover) or different metrics of species biomass (such as wet mass and ash-free dry mass) hampers quantitative studies of community dynamics, trophic interactions, energy flow and biodiversity. This has been especially problematic for the dynamic and highly productive communities inhabiting shallow reefs in temperate seas where varied metrics are commonly used to characterize the abundance and biomass of different suites of species. Regressions for all 84 species were highly significant and regression fits were very good for mos
Non-trophic interactions amplify kelp harvest-induced biomass oscillations and biomass changes in a kelp forest ecological network model
<p><span>Kelp forests are important marine ecosystems providing habitat for numerous species. Despite over 50 years of mechanical harvesting in the Northeast Atlantic, the indirect impacts of kelp harvesting and associated habitat loss on faunal species within kelp forests remain poorly understood. We investigated the consequences of kelp harvesting by developing an allometric trophic network model for a subtidal Northeast Atlantic kelp forest (dominated by <em>Laminaria</em> <em>hyperborea</em>). Additionally, we designed a novel mechanistic model to explore the non-trophic interactions between kelp and age class 0 Atlantic cod (<em>Gadus</em> <em>morhua</em>) and kelp and European lobster (<em>Homarus</em> <em>gammarus</em>), specifically focusing on the increased survival benefits provided by the kelp habitat. Simulations were conducted over a 50-year period, incorporating harvesting cycles of 2, 5, and 9 years, as well as low and high harvesting intensities. Our findings reveal the complex dynamics resulting from kelp harvesting. The recovery of kelp biomass was observed with 5- and 9-year harvesting cycles, whereas a decline was observed with a 2-year cycle. Furthermore, the non-trophic interaction facilitated a higher pre-harvest biomass for both the European lobster and the Atlantic cod compared to scenarios without this interaction. These results highlight the multitrophic effects of kelp harvesting and emphasize that the recovery of kelp-associated species may not necessarily align with kelp recovery, depending on harvesting intensity and recovery periods. Importantly, our study contributes to a better understanding of the ecological consequences of kelp harvesting and underscores the need for sustainable management practices to mitigate habitat loss in kelp ecosystems.</span></p>
Climate-driven shifts in kelp forest composition reduce carbon sequestration potential
<p>The potential contribution of kelp forests to blue carbon sinks is currently of great interest but interspecific variance has received no attention. In the temperate Northeast Atlantic, kelp forest composition is changing due to climate-driven poleward range shifts of cold temperate <em>Laminaria</em> <em>digitata</em> and <em>L</em>. <em>hyperborea</em> and warm temperate <em>L</em>. <em>ochroleuca</em>. To understand how this might affect the carbon sequestration potential of this ecosystem, we quantified interspecific differences in carbon export and decomposition alongside changes in detrital photosynthesis and biochemistry. We found that while warm temperate kelp exports up to 71% more carbon per plant, it decomposes up to 155% faster than its boreal congeners. Elemental stoichiometry and polyphenolic content cannot fully explain faster carbon turnover, which may be attributable to contrasting tissue toughness or unknown biochemical and structural defences. Faster decomposition causes the detrital photosynthetic apparatus of <em>L</em>. <em>ochroleuca</em> to be overwhelmed 20 d after export and lose integrity after 36 d, while detritus of cold temperate species maintains carbon assimilation. Depending on the photoenvironment, detrital photosynthesis could further exacerbate interspecific differences in decomposition via a potential positive feedback loop. Through compositional change such as the predicted prevalence of <em>L</em>. <em>ochroleuca</em>, ocean warming may therefore reduce the carbon sequestration potential of such temperate marine forests.</p>
Historical kelp forests in California over multiple centuries
<p>Kelp forests have deteriorated globally due to anthropogenic stressors. There is an urgent need to extend baselines, to understand the processes that underlie the persistence and recovery of kelp forests, and to distinguish the normal range of ecosystem variability from more extreme changes. Using a mixed-method, historical ecology approach we integrate archival data, oral histories, and contemporary ecological data to examine the dynamics of kelp forests over a multi-decadal to multi-century time period in central California. We focus on sea otters, sunflower seastars, sea urchins, kelp cover, kelp species dynamics, and climate. From 1826 to 2020 kelp was highly variable. There were seven periods of low kelp cover and two periods of exceptionally low kelp cover (1896-1899; 2014-2016) following El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSOs). Exceptionally low kelp cover did not occur when two predators – seastars and sea otters – were present. In all cases, kelp recovered following times of extremely low cover, with a lag, which was extended by the duration of warm water anomalies. We present the concept of an ENSO Recovery Lag - a metric indicating the time it takes for kelp to recover following ENSO events. Kelp remained low for approximately two years following 80% of ENSOs. The greatest kelp decline (12-fold) was in Santa Cruz (northern Monterey Bay). Herbivore populations (sea urchins) were highly variable over the past century and exhibited short and long-term changes in abundance. Sunflower seastars were present in low, stable abundances prior to seastar wasting disease (1938-2013 mean density: 0.02/m<sup>2</sup>) when they declined by 97.5%. Insights from this reconstruction indicate that kelp recovery following extended warm water anomalies exhibits a lag, and occurs over multiple years.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.