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Fig. 5 in Gladiopycnodontidae, a new family of pycnodontiform fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of three genera

Fig. 5. Gladiopycnodus karami gen. et sp. nov. The pelvic girdle as seen on the photo of a specimen in a private collection.

Fig. 10 in Gladiopycnodontidae, a new family of pycnodontiform fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of three genera

Fig. 10. Monocerichthys scheuchzeri gen. et sp. nov. The vomerian region of the skull in holotype CLC S-413b.

Fig. 8 in Gladiopycnodontidae, a new family of pycnodontiform fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of three genera

Fig. 8. Monocerichthys scheuchzeri gen. et sp. nov. General reconstruction based on the two faces of holotype CLC S-413a, b. Body scales are omitted.

Fig. 21 in Gladiopycnodontidae, a new family of pycnodontiform fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of three genera

Fig. 21. Rostropycnodus gayeti gen. et sp. nov. A. Caudal skeleton of holotype CLC S-608a. The arrows point on the more external procurrent rays of the caudal fin. B. Body scales of paratype CLC S-595.

Fig. 19 in Gladiopycnodontidae, a new family of pycnodontiform fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of three genera

Fig. 19. Rostropycnodus gayeti gen. et sp. nov., paratype CLC S-337 Reconstruction of the skull based on the three specimens.

Fig. 7 in Osteology and relationships of Rhinopycnodus gabriellae gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes) from the marine Late Cretaceous of Lebanon

Fig. 7. Rhinopycnodus gabriellae gen. et sp. nov. Caudal skeleton of holotype CLC S-725. The arrows point at the more external principal caudal rays.

Fig. 5 in Osteology and relationships of Rhinopycnodus gabriellae gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes) from the marine Late Cretaceous of Lebanon

Fig. 5. Rhinopycnodus gabriellae gen. et sp. nov. Pelvic girdle of holotype CLC S-725, surrounding pelvic and postcloacal scales and beginning of the anal fin.

Fig. 4 in Osteology and relationships of Rhinopycnodus gabriellae gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes) from the marine Late Cretaceous of Lebanon

Fig. 4. Rhinopycnodus gabriellae gen. et sp. nov. Reconstruction of the skull and shoulder girdle of holotype CLC S-725.

Fig. 8 in Osteology and relationships of Rhinopycnodus gabriellae gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes) from the marine Late Cretaceous of Lebanon

Fig. 8. Rhinopycnodus gabriellae gen. et sp. nov. A. The first twelve scales of the dorsal ridge. B. Three scales of the ventral keel.

Fig. 20 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 20. Distribution of the studied species of the genus Rhagasostoma Koschinsky, 1885 in the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia.

Fig. 19 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 19. Rhagasostoma mimosa (Brydone, 1930). A–B. Lectotype, SM B36696, early Maastrichtian (Ostrea lunata Zone), Porosphaera Beds of Trimingham, Norfolk, England, UK. A. Part of erect bifoliate colony showing ovicellate (some ooecia arrowed) and non-ovicellate autozooids and aviacularia. B. Detail of autozooids with opesiules and some with vestigial ooecia (arrowed), and avicularia. C. SMF 29923, early Maastrichtian, Island of Møn, Denmark, bifurcating colony showing autozooids some opesiules and avicularia. D–F. Early Maastrichtian of an unknown locality on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Mangystau Region, Kazakhstan. D–E. PIN 5502/3057. D. Part of erect bifoliate colony showing autozooids and aviacularia. E. Detail of autozooids with opesiules and avicularia. F. PIN 5502/3056, autozooids with opesiules and avicularia. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B = 100 µm; C = 1 mm; D = 2 mm; E–F = 500 µm.

Fig. 18 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 18. Rhagasostoma rowei (Brydone, 1906). A. SMF 29932, early Maastrichtian, Rügen, Germany, overview of erect bifoliate stem-like then dichotomously branching colony. B–C. SMF 29925, early Maastrichtian, Island of Møn, Denmark. B. Overview of erect bifoliate stem-like then dichotomously branching colony. C. Opesia and opesiules of avicularium. D. SMF 29933, late Maastrichtian, former brick factory, Hamburg-Hummelsbüttel, Germany, showing the parallel-sided base of erect bifoliate colony with rare avicularia. E. TsNIGR Museum 36/9757, late Maastrichtian, Turkmenistan, Tuarkyr, showing the parallel-sided base of erect bifoliate colony with rare avicularia. F–H. Maastrichtian, Kazakhstan, Mangyshlak Peninsula. F–G. PIN 3421/1009. F. Erect bifoliate colony, almost parallelsided but widening distally. G. The widest part of the colony showing autozooids and numerous avicularia. H. PIN 3421/1008, showing autozooids with long cryptocystal tongues, and avicularia. I. TsNIGR Museum 32/9757, late Maastrichtian, Turkmenistan, western Kopetdag, showing ovicellate (arrows) and non-ovicellate autozooids with long cryptocystal tongues, and avicularia. J. PIN 5502/3050, Maastrichtian, Kazakhstan, northern Aral Sea Region, showing autozooids and avicularia. Scale bars: A–B, D, H, J = 1 mm; C = 100 µm; E–G = 2 mm; I = 500 µm.

Fig. 13 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 13. Rhagasostoma gibbosum (Marsson, 1887). A–C. Erratic block of?late Campanian age, quarry near Hrodna/Grodno (Гродна/Гродно), Grodno Region, Belarus. A. PIN 2922/218, overview of erect bifoliate colony showing autozooids, avicularia and kenozooids. B. PIN 2922/216, autozooids with proximal peripheral caverns (Cv) and broken ooecium (arrowed), avicularia. C. PIN 2922/275, nonovicellate autozooids with proximal caverns and avicularia. D–E. Late Campanian (Belemnitella lanceolata Zone), Emba River, Kazakhstan. D. PIN 5502/3058, overview of erect bifoliate colony showing autozooids (some ovicellate), avicularia and kenozooids. E. PIN 5502/3059, non-ovicellate and ovicellate autozooids, some with gymnocyst (arrowed), and avicularia. Scale bars: A, D–E = 1 mm; B–C = 500 µm.

Fig. 11 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 11. Rhagasostoma operculatum sp. nov. A–C. Holotype, TsNIGR Museum 27/12582, western Kopetdag, Turkmenistan, boundary between the early and late Campanian (Cibicidoides temirensis/ Bolivinoides decoratus decoratus Zone, LS13). A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids with putative opercula and avicularia. C. Autozooids with putative opercula and avicularium. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C = 200 µm.

Fig. 9. Rhagasostoma angliae Brydone, 1936. A–C in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 9. Rhagasostoma angliae Brydone, 1936. A–C. SM B36671, Middle Campanian (Belemnitella mucronata Zone), Weybourne, Norfolk, England, UK. A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Nonovicellate autozooids and avicularia. C. Opesiae of non-ovicellate autozooids with distal shelf and avicularium. D–E. SMF 29914, Late Campanian of Vigny, Île-de-France, France. D. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. E. Non-ovicellate and one ovicellate (with partially broken ooecium, arrowed) autozooids and avicularia. F–G. SMF 26288, early Maastrichtian of Hemmor, Germany. F. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. G. Non-ovicellate autozooids and avicularia. Scale bars: A, D = 1 mm; B, G = 200 µm; C = 100 µm; E = 300 µm; F = 2 mm.

Fig. 10 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 10. Rhagasostoma aralense sp. nov., southern Aral Sea Region, Uzbekistan. A–F. Holotype, TsNIGR Museum 26/12582, early Campanian, Cibicidoides temirensis/Bolivinoides decoratus decoratus Zone. A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids with proximolateral peripheral caverns and avicularia. C. Opesia of non-ovicellate autozooid with crenulated proximal edge. D. Edge of the colony with autozooids, avicularia, and kenozooids. E. Non-ovicellate autozooids with proximal peripheral caverns and avicularium. F. Non-ovicellate autozooids and avicularia. G. Paratype, TsNIGR Museum 28/12582, middle Campanian, Brotzenella monterelensis Zone, ovicellate autozooid and avicularium. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C = 100 µm; D–G = 200 µm.

Fig. 7. Rhagasostoma minuens Brydone, 1936. A–C in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 7. Rhagasostoma minuens Brydone, 1936. A–C. Coniacian, Chatham, Kent, England, UK. A–B. SMF 29921. A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids with proximolateral peripheral caverns (Cv) and broken ooecia, avicularia, and intramural avicularia within host avicularia (arrowed). C. SMF 29922, autozooids with proximolateral peripheral caverns (arrowed) and broken ooecia (some with reparative sutures). D. SMF 29920, early Campanian, Harnham, SW of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, UK; non-ovicellate autozooids, some with proximal peripheral caverns, and avicularia; intramural kenozooids observed within host autozooid and avicularia (arrowed). E–F. Early Campanian, Meeching Quarry, Newhaven, East Sussex, England, UK. E. SMF 29943, ovicellate (with broken ooecia) and non-ovicellate autozooids, some with proximal peripheral caverns, avicularia, and intramural kenozooid within a host avicularium (arrowed). F. SMF 29944, ovicellate (with broken ooecia) and non-ovicellate autozooids with proximal peripheral caverns and avicularia. G. SMF 29918, Campanian, Hanches, France, overview of bifoliate colony showing autozooids and avicularia. H. SM B36678, specimen (a), late Campanian to early Maastrichtian (Ostrea lunata Zone) [middle Campanian (Belemnitella mucronata Zone), Weybourne, Norfolk, in SM database], Trimingham, Norfolk, England, UK; autozooids with peripheral caverns surrounding the cryptocyst and avicularia. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B, E–G = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 300 µm; H = 200 µm.

Fig. 4 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 4. Rhagasostoma inelegans (Lonsdale, 1850). A–C. Early Campanian, Alemannia quarry, Sehnde-Höver, Lower Saxony, Germany. A–B. SMF 24564. A. Distal part of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids and avicularia (ooecia of endozooidal ovicells are clearly visible). C. SMF 29915, fragment of erect bifoliate colony with rare ovicellate autozooids, intramural non-ovicellate autozooid within autozooid and intramural avicularia within avicularia (arrowed). D–F. Erratic block of Campanian age, quarry near Hrodna/Grodno (Гродна/Гродно), Grodno Region, Belarus. D. PIN 2922/219, overview of erect bifoliate colony with row of three ovicellate autozooids, one with a broken ooecium, and avicularia. E–F. PIN 2922/273. E. Autozooid with broken ooecium, avicularia and non-ovicellate autozooids. F. Intramural non-ovicellate autozooid within autozooid and intramural avicularium within avicularium, and normal avicularium. Scale bars: A, C–D = 1 mm; B = 300 µm; E = 500 µm; F = 200 µm.

Fig. 5 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 5. Rhagasostoma brydonei sp. nov. A–D. Latest Turonian (Sternotaxis plana Zone), Kings Lane, Froxfield, south of Alton, Hampshire, England, UK. A–B. Holotype, SM B36666. A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids (Az) and kenozooids (Kz) with peripheral caverns (arrowed) and avicularia. C–D. Paratype SM B36667. C. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. D. Autozooids with peripheral cavern surrounding the cryptocyst (arrowed) and avicularia. E–H. Coniacian, Chatham, Kent, England, UK. E. Paratype, SMF 29940, autozooids with proximal peripheral caverns (arrowed) and avicularia. F. Paratype, SMF 29939, autozooids with peripheral cavern surrounding the cryptocyst and avicularia. G–H. Paratype, SMF 29941. G. Autozooids with peripheral cavern surrounding the cryptocyst and avicularia. H. Autozooids with peripheral cavern surrounding the cryptocyst and ooecia of immersed ovicells (arrowed) and avicularia. Scale bars: A, D, H = 200 µm; B = 100 µm; C, F = 1 mm; E, G = 500 µm.

Fig. 2 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 2. Map of the Caspian and Aral seas region showing localities of bryozoan material examined or mentioned in this study. Abbreviations: Emb = Emba River, Aqtöbe Region, Kazakhstan; Kop = western Kopetdag, Balkan Region, Turkmenistan; Man = Mangyshlak Peninsula, Mangystau Region, Kazakhstan; NAS = northern Aral Sea region, Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan; SAS = southern Aral Sea region north of Chimboy/Shımbay, Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan; Tua = Tuarkyr, Balkan Region, Turkmenistan.