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Figure 7 in A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA

Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E.

Figure 1. A in A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA

Figure 1. A. Oblique northerly view of Dietz Hill, site UF278. White tuff capping the hill yielded radiometric age of 36.21±0.26 Ma (n=26) (Manchester and McIntosh 2007). Woods and fruits and seeds derive from the same tuff. Google Earth imagery. B. Index map of Oregon. Yellow rectangle showing the location of satellite image in C. C. Paleobotanical localities in the vicinity of Post, Oregon, in the Crooked River valley. Yellow line marks the approximate contact between the Clarno Formation (Tc) and overlying John Day Formation (Tjd) based on the geologic mapping of Waters (1968). Quaternary deposits in the Crooked River floodplain and localized Plio-Pleistocene igneous intrusions not shown (see Waters 1968 for detail). Late Eocene localities: UF279 Post Hammer site; UF278 Dietz Hill (subject of this treatment), UF254 Brummers Spring, UF256 Teater Road leaf locality. Early Oligocene locality: UF258. Crooked River leaf site (Chaney 1927, Meyer and Manchester 1997).

Figure 12 in A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA

Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray parenchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F.

Figure 2 in A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA

Figure 2. Pinaceae. Keteleeria farjonii, UF 278-84891. A‒C. Distinct growth rings, gradual transition from earlywood to latewood, traumatic resin canals, TS. D. Uniseriate rays, TLS. E, F. Intertracheary pitting mostly uniseriate, rays composed of ray parenchyma cells, RLS. G. Mostly two pits per cross-field, difficult to determine if taxodioid or cupressoid; n to left of nodular end wall; p above pitted horizontal walls, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, D; E; 50 µm in F; 20 µm in G.

Figure 11. Ulmaceae. Ulmus woodii. A in A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA

Figure 11. Ulmaceae. Ulmus woodii. A. Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883. B. Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883. C. Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866. D‒F. Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702. E. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS. F. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F.

Figure 5 in A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA

Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D.

Figure 14 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 14. Detail of chimney at the Second Seep Site, where the location of a solemyid bivalve in figure 12A is situated at periphery of seep limestone .

Figure 4 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 4. Sketch of the Main Seep Site in east-west cross-sectional view. The sketch shows some representative positions of primary seep-related bivalves. Note relative positions of massive limestone in relation to areas dominated by nodules and carbonate blebs. Dashed symbol represents Keasey mudstone. A meter or more of black mudstone immediately subjacent to the limestone yield seep-related mollusks.

Figure 13 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 13. Early diagenetic infilling of botryoidal aragonite in shell interior of the epitonid gastropod Boreoscala condoni (Dall, 1908). Note different size bubbles in successive layers. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 3. The Main Seep Site, east side, looking west. The numbers denote the top (1) and base (2) of the seep limestone body, respectively. The limestone is covered at top by approx. 1.8 m of Keasey mudstone, typical of middle member lithology..

Figure 12 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 12. Solemyid bivalve preservation in the seep mudstone facies. A. Chalky remnant shell material on an articulated internal mold collected in life orientation. B. Fragments of chalky articulated internal molds and extremely thin shell fragments that exfoliated during collection. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 8 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 8. Select carbonate rock hand samples from the Main Seep Site, with some showing taphonomy of macrofossil occurrences. A. Articulated specimens of Conchocele taylori Hickman, 2015 on weathered (orange-brown stained) outer surface of medium gray colored microcrystalline carbonate; sample RC9(2). B. Articulated specimen of C. taylori with partial recrystallized shell, found in stratigraphic up position, and infilled with medium gray microcrystalline carbonate sample RC10B. C. Dark gray, homogeneous to slightly mottled microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, thin-shelled bivalve fragments; sample RC9. D. Irregular, coalesced nodular, medium to dark gray microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, straight bivalve shell fragments; sample RC10A. E. Irregularly nodular and mottled microcrystalline carbonate to cemented breccia of medium to dark gray microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, relatively thick, single curved valves of C. taylori shells; sample RC11. F. microcrystalline carbonate cemented, friable calcareous sandstone with nacreous molluscan shell fragments; sample RC21.

Figure 6 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 6. Photographs of exposures. A. Upper turbidite bed with meter-stick for scale. Note sharp base of bed. B. Closeup of the base of the upper turbidite bed showing scour channel filled with medium sand. C. Rockfall in predominantly medium- to thick-bedded mudstones 1-3 meters below lower turbidite bed. Blocks in background are pieces of turbidite bed fallen from the bank. D. Lower turbidite bed at a point where it descends to near river level. E. Medium-bedded mudstones at base of stratigraphic section. Upper part of bank exposure is composed of Pleistocene fluvial gravels.

Figure 5 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 5. Stratigraphic sections of the Main Seep Site in relation to Second and Third sites and stratigraphic position of UCMP localities. The Main Seep Site (Fig. 4) consists of a thick limestone lithosome including immediately subjacent black mudstone. The Second Seep Site about 70m west of the main seep, consists of a large conduit about 0.5 m wide by 3 meters high and a complex association of concretions. This site occurs at the east end of the exposure shown in Fig. 7. The Third Seep Site includes a localized concentration of small blebby concretions.

Figure 11 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 11. Depiction of solemyid burrow (Fig. 11A, from Hickman 1984) and lucinid burrow (Fig. 11B, from Hickman 1994, 2003b). Such burrows span oxic-anoxic boundaries to provide their symbionts with sulfide from the sediment and oxygen from the water column and as well as meeting their own oxygen needs. The presence of an articulated fossil solemyid in life position (i.e. in situ) indicates the presence of an ancient oxic-anoxic interface, regardless of whether the burrow is clearly preserved. Extensive bioturbation characteristic of the massive Keasey siltstone and mudstone units is likely to obliterate uncemented burrow ichnofabrics of solemyids. See Droser & Bottjer (1989) for history of bioturbation. On the other hand, burrows of decapods are more likely to be preserved since decapod crustaceans secrete a calcareous cement that prevents burrows from caving — e.g. collophanite (an amorphous calcium phosphate). See Weimer and Hoyt (1964).

Figure 1 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 1.. Field area maps. A. Study site location in the vicinity of Vernonia, northwest Oregon State, U.S.A. B. Detail of UCMP IP localities along Rock Creek 8 kilometers west of Vernonia. UCMP IP locality 16636 at the west end is from the base of the measured section (Fig. 2) while UCMP IP locality 16621 is from the top of the measured section. The Main Seep Site is located between collections UCMP IP localities 16630 and 16621. C. Geologic map along Rock Creek from Vernonia to the former town of Keasey. Geology generalized from mapping by Alan Niem in Wells et al. (2020). Abbreviated geologic units in the map include the following: Qaf = Holocene and Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits; Qls = Holocene and Pleistocene landslide deposits; Qt = Holocene and Pleistocene talus; Qtd = Holocene and Pleistocene terrace deposits. M22= macrofauna locality from Warren et al. (1945) and benthic foraminiferal localities 249-251 and 239-247 from McDougall (1979).

Figure 2 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 2. Stratigraphic section of the Keasey Formation in the vicinity of the Rock Creek seep site, showing position of UCMP localities. Yellow highlighted area above the upper turbidite bed is the equivalent stratigraphic positions of the Main and Second Seep Sites, whereas the minor yellow highlighted area just below the upper turbidite gives the stratigraphic position of small blebby concretions defining the Third Seep Site

Figure 9 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 9. Map occurrences of major macrofaunal elements and associations at the cold seep horizon in limestone, muddy siltstone, and siltstone facies and exemplar outcrops of non-chemosymbiotic. A. byssally attached bivalves from the Mud Pecten Association; C, D, E, M. Suspension-feeding heterodont bivalve association; B, F, L, deposit-feeding Protobranch Association; G, H I, J, chemosymbiotic Thyasirid-Solemyid Association; K. Turrid–Naticid–Epitoniid Association.

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Figure 34 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 34. Flesh reconstruction of the Ham 3 Anoplotherium latipes specimen in bipedal stance, based on the skeletal reconstruction in Figure 31. Scale bar = 100 mm.