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FIG. 6 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 6. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, B, right postfrontal in dorsolateral (A) and ventrolateral (B) views; C, D, left postfrontal in dorsolateral (C) and ventrolateral (D) views. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 12 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 12. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, photograph; C, D, virtual 3D models of right dentary in lateral (A, B), medial (C) and ventromedial (D) views. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 14 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 14. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8610: A-G, osteoderms in external (A, C-G) and internal (B) views. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 10 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 10. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A-D, photograph (A) and virtual 3D models (B-D) of right fused exoccipital and opisthotic in anterolateral (A, B), anterior (C) and posterolateral (D) views. In A-C, fused exoccipital and opisthotic are dorsoventrally turned up. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 5 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 5. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965: A-C, SMNK-PAL.8561, photograph (A) and virtual 3D models of right prefrontal in lateral (A, B) and medial (C) views; D, E, SMNK-PAL.8690, virtual 3D models of left prefrontal in lateral (D) and medial (E) views; F, G, posterior portion of left frontal bone in dorsal (F) and ventral (G) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 2. — A-D in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 2. — A-D, Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, virtual 3D models of individual bones of holotype skull in internal view; B-D, right septomaxilla in dorsal (B), laterodorsal (C) and ventral (D) views; E, F, right septomaxilla of Ophisaurus attenuatus in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B-F, 2 mm.

FIG. 4. — A-C in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 4. — A-C, Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, B, virtual 3D models of nasals in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views; C, reconstruction of posterior ornamented shields in dorsal view; D, E, virtual 3D models of anterior portions of skulls of Ophisaurus ventralis (Linnaeus, 1766) (ZFMK 95414) (D) and Ophisaurus attenuatus Baird, 1880 (DE 43) (E) in dorsal views. Scale bars: A-C, 2 mm; D, 3 mm; E, 2.5 mm.

FIG. 11 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 11. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A-G, photographs (A-D) and virtual 3D models (E-H) of left lower jaw elements and teeth in lateral (A-F) and medial (G, H) views. Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 mm; D, E, H, 2 mm; C, F, G, 5 mm.

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Text-fig. 3. Progonomys morganae molars from the upper part of the Nagri Formation. a) YGSP 33180, holotype, from Y 450 and b) 54091 from Y 450; both left M1 with buccal side upward. c) 34159 from Y259; and d) 36168 from Y 311, left and right m1, respectively, with lingual side upward. Scale for all is 1 mm. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 3. Progonomys morganae molars from the upper part of the Nagri Formation. a) YGSP 33180, holotype, from Y 450 and b) 54091 from Y 450; both left M1 with buccal side upward. c) 34159 from Y259; and d) 36168 from Y 311, left and right m1, respectively, with lingual side upward. Scale for all is 1 mm.

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FIG. 3 in First record of ostriches (Aves, Struthioniformes, Struthionidae) from the late Miocene of Bulgaria with taxonomic and zoogeographic discussion

FIG. 3. — Distribution of Struthio spp. in the late Miocene: 1, Grebeniki, Ukraine; 2, HD, Bulgaria; 3, Novoelizavetovka (Novo-elizavetovka), Ukraine; 4, KM, Bulgaria; 5, Maragha, Iran; 6, Il'inka and Snigirevka, Ukraine; 7, Nova Emetivka (Novaya Emetovka), Ukraine; 8, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan; 9, Siwalik, Pakistan; 10, Samos, Greece.

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FIG. 1 in First record of ostriches (Aves, Struthioniformes, Struthionidae) from the late Miocene of Bulgaria with taxonomic and zoogeographic discussion

FIG. 1. — Measurements of distal tmt. and phal. 1 dig.3 ped. in Struthio spp.(used in Table 1): A, tmt. dex. dist.: a, maximum width of distal epyphisis; b, width of tr. tmt 4; c, width of tr. tmt 3; d, minimum diameter of tr. mt. 3; e, diameter of tr. tmt 4; f, diameter of tr. tmt 3; B, phal. 1 dig. 3 ped. sin.: g, maximum height of facies articularis prox.; h, maximum height of dist. end; i, maximum width of facies articularis prox.; j, minimum width of (body of the) phal.; k, maximum width of dist. end; l, dorsal length of ph.; m, ventral length of phal.

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FIG. 2 in First record of ostriches (Aves, Struthioniformes, Struthionidae) from the late Miocene of Bulgaria with taxonomic and zoogeographic discussion

FIG. 2. — Struthio cf. karatheodoris (Sk, right) in comparison to S. camelus (Sc, left): A-C, tmt. dex. dist. ad., Sk (NMNHS 16371), middle Turolian near Kalimantsi village (Blagoevgrard Region, southwestern Bulgaria) and Sc (NMNHS 6/2006); A, cranial view; B, distal view; C, lateral view; D-G, phal. 1 dig. 3 ped. sin. ad., Sk (NMNHS 16372), middle Turolian or early-middle Turolian boundary near Hadzhidimovo (Blagoevgrard Region, southwestern Bulgaria) and Sc (NMNHS 4/2006); D, distal view; E, dorsal view; F, medial view; G, proximal view. Photographs: Asen Ignatov. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Fig. 29. A in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 29. A, chronogram of species of Cormohipparion showing window for time of origin of H. primigenium-like morphology between the biochrons of C. merriami and C. fricki, the exit of H. primigenium-like morphology at ca. 11.3 Ma, and the age of Cormohipparion sp. from California (illustrated below), thought to be close to the species population that dispersed to the Old World. The?Dispersal barrier? refers to the high sea-level that lowered at about 11.3 MA (Ta3 of Haq et al., 1988; modified by Hardenbol et al., 1998). B, upper cheek tooth dentition of Hippotherium primigenium from Höwenegg, Germany, HLMD 1081. After Sondaar (1961), fig. 21A.

Fig. 16. Cormohipparion johnsoni, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 16. Cormohipparion johnsoni, F:AM 71891, Burge Quarry, Burge Member, Valentine Formation, late Barstovian, Nebraska. A, left lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth dentition.

Fig. 11 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 11. Cormohipparion cf. occidentale. F:AM 71872,?Thin Elk Formation, South Dakota, early Clarendonian. A, lateral view of cranium showing tall-crowned upper cheek teeth. B, occlusal view of left upper cheek teeth.

Fig. 13 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 13. Cormohipparion occidentale. Log-ratio diagrams of cranial dimensions of samples from XMas- Kat, Machaerodus, and Hans Johnson quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Nebraska.

Fig. 19. Cormohipparion merriami, AMNH 141219 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 19. Cormohipparion merriami, AMNH 141219, Burge Quarry, Valentine Formation, Nebraska, late Barstovian. A, left lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of upper cheek tooth dentition, drawn by E. L. F.

Fig. 15 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 15. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion matthewi compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 25. Hippotherium and Cormohipparion. A–D in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 25. Hippotherium and Cormohipparion. A–D, Hippotherium sp., Pannonian C?, Mariathal, Austria. E, Hippotherium sp., Pannonian C, Gaiselberg, Austria. F–G, Cormohipparion sp., Punchbowl Formation, LACM 7502, medial Clarendonian, California. A, PIUW 3504/3, LP2, reversed. B, PIUW 3540/97, LP3, reversed. C, PIUW 3540/54, LP4, reversed. D, PIUW 3540/136, RM1. E, NHMW 0024/26, RM2. F, partial palate with right and left P2–M2, occlusal view. Preservation of the specimen apparently masks the complexity of the plis caballin in P4–M2. G, right lateral view of partial palate, showing remnant of posteroventral border of DPOF and the IOF located above the anterior root of P3.

Fig. 7 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 7. Correlation of rock and faunal units of the Valentine and Ash Hollow formations, Nebraska and South Dakota, modified after Skinner and Johnson (1984: fig. 3).