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542 results for “Leaf litter”
Models for rapid estimates of leaf litter chemistry using reflectance spectroscopy
<p>Measuring the chemical traits of leaf litter is important for understanding plants' roles in nutrient cycles, including through nutrient resorption and litter decomposition, but conventional leaf trait measurements are often destructive and labor-intensive. Here, we develop and evaluate the performance of partial least-squares regression (PLSR) models that use reflectance spectra of intact or ground leaves to estimate leaf litter traits, including carbon and nitrogen concentration, carbon fractions, and leaf mass per area (LMA). Our analyses included more than 300 samples of senesced foliage from 11 species of temperate trees, including needleleaf and broadleaf species. Across all samples, we could predict each trait with moderate-to-high accuracy from both intact-leaf litter spectra (validation <em>R<sup>2</sup></em> = 0.543-0.941; %RMSE = 7.49-18.5) and ground-leaf litter spectra (validation <em>R<sup>2</sup></em> = 0.491-0.946; %RMSE = 7.00-19.5). Notably, intact-leaf spectra yielded better predictions of LMA. Our results support the feasibility of building models to estimate multiple chemical traits from leaf litter of a range of species. In particular, the success of intact-leaf spectral models allows non-destructive trait estimation in a matter of seconds, which could enable researchers to measure the same leaves over time in studies of nutrient resorption.</p>
Fig. 3 in Effects Of Leaf-Litter Addition On Carabid Beetles In A Non-Native Norway Spruce Plantation
Fig. 3. Seasonal dynamics of the average number of individuals per trap for the two species (± S. E.)
Fig. 1 in Effects Of Leaf-Litter Addition On Carabid Beetles In A Non-Native Norway Spruce Plantation
Fig. 1. Ordination (NMDS) of the pitfall catches based on the Bray-Curtis similarity index. ¡: Traps of the control plots and l: Traps of the leaf-litter plots
Energetic mismatch induced by warming decreases leaf litter decomposition by aquatic detritivores
<p>1. The balance of energetic losses and gains is of paramount importance for understanding and predicting the persistence of populations and ecosystem processes in a rapidly changing world. Previous studies suggested that metabolic rate often increases faster with warming than resource ingestion rate, leading to an energetic mismatch at high temperature. However, little is known about the ecological consequences of this energetic mismatch for population demography and ecosystem functions.</p> <p>2. Here, we combined laboratory experiments and modeling to investigate the energetic balance of a stream detritivore (Gammarus fossarum) along a temperature gradient and the consequences for detritivore populations and organic matter decomposition.</p> <p>3. We experimentally measured the energetic losses (metabolic rate) and supplies (ingestion rate) of Gammarus and we modeled the impact of rising temperatures and changes in Gammarus body size induced by warming on population dynamics and benthic organic matter dynamics in freshwater systems.</p> <p>4. Our experimental results indicated an energetic mismatch in a Gammarus population where losses via metabolic rate increase faster than supplies via food ingestion with warming, which translated in a decrease of energetic efficiency with temperature rising from 5 to 20 °C. Moreover, our consumer-resource model predicts a decrease in the biomass of Gammarus population with warming, associated with lower maximum abundances and steeper abundance decreases after biomass annual peaks. These changes resulted in a decrease of leaf litter decomposition rate and thus longer persistence of leaf litter standing stock over years in the simulations. In addition, Gammarus body size reductions led to shorter persistence for both leaf litter and Gammarus biomasses at low temperature and the opposite trend at high temperature, revealing that body size reduction was weakening the effect of temperature on resource and consumer persistence.</p> <p>5. Our model contributes to identifying the mechanisms that explain how thermal effects at the level of individuals may cascade through trophic interactions and influence important ecosystem processes. Considering the balance of physiological processes is crucial to improve our ability to predict the impact of climate change on carbon stocks and ecosystem functions.</p>
Figs 161–166 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 161–166. Epigyna, ventral views, and cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. 161–163. Pholcus domingo Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 15721). 164–166. P. matutum Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 15731).
Figs 145–147 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 145–147. Pholcus domingo Huber sp. nov., tips of left procursi, retrolateral views. 145. Dimapatoy (ZFMK, Ar 15728). 146. Santo Domingo (type locality) (ZFMK, Ar 15720). 147. Mt. Mupo (ZFMK, Ar 15727). Scale bar = 0.3 mm.
Figs 140–144 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 140–144. Pholcus domingo Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 15720–21). 140–141. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 142. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 143–144. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 140–141 = 0.5 mm; 142–144 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 93–100. Live specimens. 93–96 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 93–100. Live specimens. 93–96. Pholcus tambunan Huber sp. nov., Crocker Range, ♂, penultimate ♂, and ♀ with egg-sac. 97–100. P. bario Huber sp. nov., Bario, ♂ and ♀ with egg-sac.
Figs 114–119 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 114–119. Pholcus tambunan Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 15711, 15715). 114. Male left palpal tarsal organ. 115. Tip of left embolus. 116. Male gonopore. 117. Base of trichobothrium on male palpal tibia. 118. Female ALS. 119. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale bars: 114, 118 = 20 µm; 115 = 50 µm; 116 = 40 µm; 117 = 8 µm; 119 = 200 µm.
Figs 59–66. Live specimens. 59–62 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 59–66. Live specimens. 59–62. Pholcus bukittimah Huber sp. nov., Dairy Farm, ♂, penultimate ♂, and ♀ with partly parasitized egg-sac. 63–66. P. barisan Huber sp. nov., Bukit Barisan, ♂ and ♀♀ with variably expanded abdomens.
Figs 54–58. Pholcus ledang Huber, 2011 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 54–58. Pholcus ledang Huber, 2011, SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 15704–05). 54. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 55. Right procursus, distal view. 56. Cuticular processes on whitish retrolateral area of left procursus. 57. Male gonopore. 58. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale bars: 54, 58 = 200 µm; 55 = 100 µm; 56 = 10 µm; 57 = 30 µm.
Figs 32–38. Live specimens. 32–35. Pholcus gombak Huber, 2011 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 32–38. Live specimens. 32–35. Pholcus gombak Huber, 2011, Kemensah (32) and Gunung Liang (33–35), ♂, ♀ with parasitized egg-sac seven days before eclosion of wasps (33), one day before eclosion (34), and at eclosion (35). 36–38. P. ledang Huber, 2011, Gunung Ledang, ♂ and ♀ with egg-sac.
Figs 15–19 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 15–19. Pholcus uludong Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 15695–96). 15–16. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; arrow points at uncus-like process of proximal bulbal sclerite. 17. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 18–19. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 15–16, 18–19 = 0.5 mm; 17 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 2–9. Live specimens. 2–3. Pholcus phui Huber, 2011 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 2–9. Live specimens. 2–3. Pholcus phui Huber, 2011, Hala Bala, ♂ and ♀ with egg-sac. 4–7. P. tanahrata Huber sp. nov., Cameron Highlands, ♂, penultimate ♂, and ♀. 8–9. P. uludong Huber sp. nov., Ulu Dong, ♂ and ♀.
Figs 26–31 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 26–31. Pholcus uludong Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 15695–96). 26. Male ocular area, dorsal view. 27. Dorsal process of right procursus. 28. Comb-hairs on male tarsus 4. 29–30. Male and female ALS. 31. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale bars: 26, 31 = 200 µm; 27 = 60 µm; 28–30 = 20 µm.
Figs 72–76 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 72–76. Pholcus barisan Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 15708–09). 72–73. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 74. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 75–76. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 72–73, 75–76 = 0.5 mm; 74 = 0.3 mm.
Fig. 1 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 1. Known distributions of the Pholcus ethagala group (Malay Peninsula and Sumatra; Sri Lankan species not shown), of the P. tambunan group (Borneo) and of the P. domingo group (Philippines).
Figs 10–14 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 10–14. Pholcus tanahrata Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 15692). 10–11. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 12. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 13–14. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 10–11, 13–14 = 0.5 mm; 12 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 20–25 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 20–25. Pholcus uludong Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 15695–96). 20–21. Male and female prosomata, frontal views. 22. Right male palp, retrolateral view. 23. Right procursus and bulb, dorsal view. 24–25. Left bulb with appendix and embolus, prolateral and prolatero-dorsal views; arrow points at uncus-like process of proximal bulbal sclerite. Scale bars: 20, 22 = 300 µm; 21, 23 = 200 µm; 24–25 = 100 µm.
Figs 106–113 in New leaf- and litter-dwelling species of the genus Pholcus from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 106–113. Pholcus tambunan Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 15711, 15715). 106–107. Male and female prosomata, frontal views. 108. Right male cheliceral apophysis. 109. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 110. Left procursus, prolateral view. 111. Proximal parts of left appendix and embolus. 112. Male ocular area, dorsal view. 113. Comb-hairs on male tarsus 4. Scale bars: 106– 107, 112 = 200 µm; 108 = 20 µm; 109–111 = 100 µm; 113 = 10 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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