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Fig. 4 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 4. Details of Litoria azuroscelis, new species, holotype MZB Amph. 32893 in preservative. A, Details of eye showing largely unpigmented nictitating membranes, B, dorsal view of head, C, details of hand show moderately extensive webbing, and D, whole animal showing colouration in preservative.

Fig. 2 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 2. Details of nuptial excrescences in frogs from the Litoria infrafrenata (A–B) and Litoria graminea groups (C–F). A, Litoria purpureolata, B, Litoria lubisi, C, L. pallidofemora, D, L. pterodactyla, E, L. huntorum, and F, L. azuroscelis, new species. Note very fine excrescences in the two species from the Litoria infrafrenata group (A and B).

Fig 3 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig 3. Litoria azuroscelis, new species, holotype MZB Amph. 32893 in life. A, lateral view, B, more dorsal view highlighting blue wash on groin and hidden surfaces of hindlimbs. Photographs: Rainer Günther.

Fig. 7 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 7. Forest interior at Maja Waterfall, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, the type locality of Litoria azuroscelis, new species. Photograph: Rainer Günther.

Fig. 5. A in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 5. A, Spectrogram of male Litoria azuroscelis, new species, and B, amplitude spectrum for calls in 5A. Calls recorded at 25°C.

Fig. 6 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 6. Map of New Guinea with the type locality of Litoria azuroscelis, new species, at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula indicated by a red star.

openCC (other)Jan 2023View details →

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The effect of salt dosing for chytrid mitigation on tadpoles of a threatened frog, Litoria aurea

The novel fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid) is one of the greatest threats to amphibians worldwide. Small increases in water salinity (up to ca. 4 ppt) have been shown to limit chytrid transmission between frogs, potentially providing a way to create environmental refugia to reduce its impact at a landscape scale. However, the effect of increasing water salinity on tadpoles, a life stage confined to water, is highly variable. Increased water salinity can lead to reduced size and altered growth patterns in some species, with flow-on effects to vital rates such as survival and reproduction. It is thus important to assess potential trade-offs caused by increasing salinity as a tool to mitigate chytrid in susceptible frogs. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of salinity on the survival and development of tadpoles of a threatened frog (Litoria aurea), previously demonstrated as a suitable candidate for trialling landscape manipulations to mitigate chytrid. We exposed tadpoles to salinity ranging from 1-6 ppt and measured survival, time to metamorphosis, body mass and locomotor performance of post-metamorphic frogs as a measure of fitness. Survival and time to metamorphosis did not differ between salinity treatments or controls reared in rainwater. Body mass was positively associated with increasing salinity in the first 14 days. Juvenile frogs from three salinity treatments also showed the same or better locomotor performance compared to rainwater controls, confirming that environmental salinity may influence life history traits in the larval stage, potentially as a hormetic response. Our research suggests that salt concentrations in the range previously shown to improve survival of frogs in the presence of chytrid are unlikely to impact larval development of our candidate threatened species. Our study lends support to the idea of manipulating salinity to create environmental refugia from chytrid for at least some salt-toler

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Figure 2 in Early to middle Pleistocene occurrences of Litoria, Neobatrachus and Pseudophryne (Anura) from the Nullarbor Plain, Australia: first frogs from the "frog-free zone"

Figure 2. Anatomical features of the frog ilium mentioned in the text. Adapted from Tyler (1976).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

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Figure 6 in Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea

Figure 6. Map of Papua New Guinea showing the type locality of Litoria aplini.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

FIGURE 10 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 10. Photographs of breeding habitat for L. watsoni sp. nov. A) Permanent stream with larger interconnected and isolated pools at Tianjara (K. Klop-Toker), B) pond in Nadgee (R. Bilney); and L. littlejohni C) permanent stream with larger interconnected and isolated pools at Dharawal National Park (K. Klop-Toker), D) pond in the Watagan Mountains.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 7. Regression of pulse repetition rate against temperature. Litoria littlejohni—red circles, L. watsoni sp. nov.—blue squares. Equations for the regression lines, R2 value and F test for significance for each species are also included. Shaded areas 90% CI.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 4. SVD Quartets phylogeny for Litoria based on SNP genotypes with ambiguity codes substituted for heterozygous sites.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 1. Map showing the distribution of genotyped samples of Litoria littlejohni [red squares] and Litoria watsoni sp. nov. [blue circles] and museum voucher records from the Atlas of Living Australia, accessed July 2018 [small black circles]. Symbols arrowed with letters indicate type locations. See Table 1 for key to location numbers.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 6. Comparison of the male advertisement calls of A–B) L. littlejohni (ABTC 80813) McKenzie Road, Watagan Mountains, and C–D) the holotype of L. watsoni sp. nov. (AMS R186898), Parma Creek Nature Reserve. A) and C) Waveform and spectrogram of a single call; B) and D) Waveform and spectrogram of two notes with the time axis expanded, showing the pulses. Calls in A) and C) comprise 11 and nine notes respectively.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 3. Analyses of SNP data for Litoria littlejohni and Litoria watsoni sp. nov. A) PCoA plot based on 10,901 SNPs and B) STRUCTURE barplot.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 9. Images of Litoria watsoni sp. nov. in life from the Parma Creek Nature Reserve and Budderoo Plateau, NSW. A) ventral view showing colour under legs and in axilla, B) back of thigh, C) plantar view of foot, D) palmar view of hand.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 8. Images in life of Litoria littlejohni A–C) unvouchered males Sawmill Pond, Watagan Mountains, NSW; and Litoria watsoni sp. nov., D) holotype, adult male (AMS R186898) Parma Creek Nature Reserve, NSW, E) adult male Parma Creek Nature Reserve, NSW, F) adult male Gerringong Falls, Budderoo Plateau, NSW.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 5. Histograms of the discriminant function scores (LD) for morphological analysis of adult female and male frogs.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 2. Mitochondrial ND4 ML inference tree for Litoria littlejohni and Litoria watsoni sp. nov. with ML bootstrap proportions (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right) at nodes. The tree was rooted with members of the Litoria rubella and Litoria peronii species groups. For collection locations and ABTC numbers see Table 1.

FIGURE 11 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 11. Historic distribution of L. littlejohni and L. watsoni sp. nov. by decadal sampling periods from the ALA (accessed May 2020). Circles show the areas of the far south east of the distribution of L. watsoni sp. nov. and in the Greater Blue Mountains area in the north west of the distribution of L. littlejohni where records have declined.