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FIGURE 16 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 16. Distribution of Echinolittorina natalensis (open circles), E. omanensis (solid circles) and E. subnodosa (open triangles). Literature records: A, Kilburn (1972); B, Melvill & Standen (1901).

FIGURE 23 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 23. Distribution of Echinolittorina pascua (open squares), E. sundaica (solid triangles), E. cinerea (solid circles), and E. hawaiiensis (open circles). Literature records: A, Dharma (1997); B, Rosewater (1970); C, Fujioka & Kurozumi (1980); D, Kurozumi (1994); E, Vermeij et al. (1984).

FIGURE 2 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 2. Terminology of Echinolittorina shells and radulae. A. E. malaccana. B. E. tricincta. C. E. reticulata. D. E. novaezelandiae. E. Radula of E. pascua in flat view.

FIGURE 14. Echinolittorina natalensis. A–G, penes. H, pallial oviduct. I, J, paraspermatozoa. K–M, pelagic egg capsules. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 14. Echinolittorina natalensis. A–G, penes. H, pallial oviduct. I, J, paraspermatozoa. K–M, pelagic egg capsules. A, Amanzimtoti, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa (BMNH 20040211; shell H = 6.3 mm). B, C, Ankarena, Île Ste Marie, Madagascar (BMNH 20030679; shell H B = 10.8 mm, C = 10.5 mm). D, E, K–M, North Pier, Durban, South Africa (BMNH 20040210; shell H D = 10.0 mm, E = 9.4 mm). F, I, J, Oysterbay, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (BMNH 20040212; shell H = 6.5 mm). G, H, Libanona Beach, Tolagnaro, Madagascar (BMNH 20030691; shell H G = 7.8 mm, H = 10.0 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 22. Echinolittorina pascua. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, paraspermatozoa. A–C, F in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 22. Echinolittorina pascua. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, paraspermatozoa. A–C, F, Hanga Tee, Easter I. (BMNH 20040232; shell H A = 12.2 mm, B = 12.9 mm, C = 13.5 mm, F 13.2 mm). D, North Beach, Henderson I. (BMNH 20040233; shell H = 9.9 mm). E, G, Punta Hanga Poukura, Easter I. (BMNH 20040234; shell H = 3.8 mm). H, Anakena, Easter I. (BMNH 20040235). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 11. Echinolittorina marisrubri new species. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 11. Echinolittorina marisrubri new species. A, Little Aden, Yemen (BMNH 20030882). B, C, Safaga, Egypt (NNML). D, Eilat, Israel (BMNH 20030883). E, H, Red Sea (BMNH 20030884). F, paratype (BMNH 20030886). G, holotype, Port Safaga, Egypt (BMNH 20030885). I, Hind Kadam, Sudan (BMNH 1891.1.31.49).

Figure 16 in A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

Figure 16. Radula (A, B) and protoconchs (C–F) of Cremnoconchus species. A, B, C. dwarakii (two views of radula, flat and at 45°), Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (shell H = 6.4 mm). C, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. F, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. Scale bars A, B = 50 Mm; C–F = 0.5 mm. White arrowhead marks junction of protoconch and teleoconch.

Figure 13 in A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

Figure 13. Radulae of Cremnoconchus species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A, B, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.4 mm). C, D, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 9.5 mm). E, F, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 5.7 mm). G, H, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 8.5 mm). Scale bars = 50 Mm.

Figure 12 in A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

Figure 12. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus hanumani (A–G) and C. globulus (H–L), all to same magnification. A–L, penes (all fixed in ethanol); F, G are intact and sectioned views of same penis. A–C, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: A = 4.9 mm; B = 3.5 mm; C = 3.3 mm). D–G, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: D = 3.9 mm; E = 4.0 mm; F, G = 5.0 mm). H–K, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: H = 7.0 mm; I = 6.0 mm; J = 7.0 mm; K = 6.3 mm). L, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.9 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 6.

Figure 8 in A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

Figure 8. Distribution of Cremnoconchus species (solid circles). Two or more species names (e.g. syhadrensis + canaliculatus) indicate sympatric occurrence. See Supporting Table S1 for locality details. The shaded area is the Western Ghats region as defined by Irfan-Ullah & Davande (2008). Cities indicated by asterisks.

Figure 7 in A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

Figure 7. Radulae of Cremnoconchus species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A, B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.0 mm). C, D, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 4.9 mm). E, F, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 9.3 mm). G, H, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 5.0 mm). Scale bars = 50 Mm.

Figure 3 in A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

Figure 3. Shells of Cremnoconchus syhadrensis. A, Cremnobates syhadrensis W.T. Blanford, 1863, neotype, no locality (BMNH 1906.1.1.2247). B, C, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (two views of same specimen; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV- 2290). D, E, Anjani, Nashik Dist., Maharashtra (BMNH 1911.8.23.70–71). F, J–L, Torna Fort, Pune Dist., Maharashtra (USNM 317696). G–I, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra (G, H two views of same specimen; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2293, 2292). M, Torna Fort, Pune Dist., Maharashtra (USNM 317695).

Figure 1 in A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

Figure 1. Measurements and terminology of shell and operculum (illustrated by Cremnoconchus syhadrensis). Abbreviations: B, breadth; DS, diameter of spiral part of operculum; H, height; H2, height of last two whorls; LA, length of aperture (in apertural plane); OL, opercular length (excluding flexible flange); p, periphery; U, width of pseudumbilicus; WA, width of aperture (in apertural plane). Shape indices: shell shape = H2/B; apertural shape = LA/WA; opercular ratio = OL/DS.

Figure 6 in A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

Figure 6. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus syhadrensis. A, B, D–G, penes (A, E–F, fixed in ethanol; B, D, live). E–G are three views of single penis, external (E), with base sectioned (F), and with coiled penial vas deferens displaced to the right to show retractor muscle and with filament sectioned to show continuation of vas deferens to its tip (G). C, pallial oviduct and egg removed from straight section. A, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (BMNH 20120035; shell H = 7.4 mm). B, C, E–G, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: B = 7.2 mm; C = 7.2 mm; D = 5.8 mm; E–G = 7.5 mm). D, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS). Abbreviations and shading conventions: b, copulatory bursa (dashed outline, visible by transparency); c, cavity surrounding penial vas deferens and retractor muscle (black); d, distal to this point the penial vas deferens is tightly bound to the sheath of the retractor muscle; e.g. egg groove visible by transparency (thick line); f, penial filament; g, opaque glandular region of penial base (medium stipple); gc, firm gelatinous coating of mature egg; i, invagination of penial base (shaded); o, position of terminal opening of pallial oviduct into mantle cavity; oag, opaque part of albumen gland (dense stipple); ov, ovum; pvd, penial vas deferens; rm, retractor muscle of penial filament; ss, straight section of pallial oviduct; tag, translucent region of albumen gland (sparse stipple).

FIGURE 37 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 37. Molecular phylogeny of Echinolittorina species generated by Bayesian analysis of COI sequence. Outgroups and 26 Indo-West Pacific species of Echinolittorina not shown (for these see Williams & Reid 2004: fig. 2B). Numbers adjacent to branches are posterior probabilities. Radular types (normal or narrowed) of sequenced individuals are shown for E. jamaicensis and E. tuberculata only. This tree does not resolve basal relationships (for these see Fig. 1), but shows high support for species-level groupings. The two radular types do not define distinct species groups. Numbers adjacent to species names indicate the localities, using the same codes as Williams & Reid (2004: appendix). Additional localities are: E. placida: 1, 20 km S Campeche, Mexico; 2, Dauphin I., Alabama, USA; 3, Sebastian Inlet, Florida, USA; E. jamaicensis: 2, Eight-mile Rock, Grand Bahama, Bahamas (incorrect locality was given in Williams & Reid 2004); 3, Playa Dorada, Dominican Republic; 4, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA; 5, Harrison Point Lighthouse, Barbados; E. pulchella: 2, Carajamba, Angola; 3, São Tiago, Angola; 4, Old Ningo, 30 km E Accra, Ghana; 5, Aboadze, 10 km E Takoradi, Ghana; E. tuberculata: 3, Church Bay, Bermuda; 4 and 5, Harrison Point, Barbados; E. meleagris B: 3, Takoradi, Ghana; 4, Old Ningo, 30 km E Accra, Ghana. Voucher specimens are depositied in BMNH. Sequences are available from Genbank.

FIGURE 32. Echinolittorina tuberculata. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 32. Echinolittorina tuberculata. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, egg capsules (G after Borkowski 1971; H, after Bandel 1974). I, head. J–L, paraspermatozoa. A, K, South Water Cay, Belize (BMNH 20081050; shell H = 9.3 mm). B, Playa Giron, S Cuba (BMNH 20081060; shell H = 6.8 mm). C, D, I, L, MacArthur Causeway, Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA (BMNH 20081049; shell H C = 9.5 mm, D = 9.6 mm, I = 9.4 mm). E, F, Antigua (BMNH 20081058; shell H E = 11.9 mm, F = 16.4 mm). G, south Florida, USA. H, Santa Marta, Colombia. J, Jingle Beach, Priory, Jamaica (BMNH 20081061). Shading conventions as in Figure 15.

FIGURE 30 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 30. Distribution of Echinolittorina angustior from material examined (solid circles) and literature records (open circles; A, Flores 1973a).

FIGURE 10. Echinolittorina lineolata. A, Littorina lineolata d in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 10. Echinolittorina lineolata. A, Littorina lineolata d'Orbigny, 1840, lectotype, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (BMNH 1854.12.4.363/1). B, Bara Cunha, 60 km S Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (BMNH 20080975). C, E, Curumirin, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (MZSP 31267). D, Araruama Point, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (BMNH 20080976). F, Pernambuco, Brazil (BMNH 1844.8.7.1). G, Pernambuco, Brazil (BMNH 1924.12.3.10). H, Natal, Brazil (BMNH 20080977). I, I. Queimada Grande, São Paulo state, Brazil (MZSP 24919). J, Cabo Polonia, Uruguay (USNM 359202). K, Barra, Rio Grande, Brazil (BMNH 1958.4.10.2). L, I. Sta Barbara, Abrolhos Arch., Brazil (USNM 770002).

FIGURE 8. Echinolittorina mespillum. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 8. Echinolittorina mespillum. A, head and penis. B–F, penes. G, egg capsule (after D'Asaro 1986). H–J, pallial oviducts. K, L, paraspermatozoa. A, C, H, I, Priory, Jamaica (BMNH 20080974; shell H A = 3.9 mm, C = 3.5 mm, H = 4.7 mm, I = 5.1 mm). B, D, Morant Reef, Jamaica (BMNH 20080973; shell H B = 5.3 mm. D = 5.7 mm). E, Boca Raton Inlet, Palm Beach Co., Florida, USA (ANSP A8181b). F, J–L, Eight-mile Rock, Grand Bahama I., Bahamas (BMNH 20080969; shell H F = 5.8 mm, J = 5.9 mm). G, South Bimini, Bahamas. Shading conventions as in Figure 15.

FIGURE 13 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 13. Distribution of Echinolittorina lineolata (solid circles) and E. vermeiji (solid triangles).