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648 results for “Local adaptation”

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zenodo40/100

Text-fig. 1. Ohře rift fault zone with location of our localities (adapted Rapprich et al. 2007). a – Vrbice, b – Nechranice, c – Bečov, d – Divoká rokle. in New Fossil Woods From The Paleogene Of Doupovské Hory And České Středohoří Mts. (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 1. Ohře rift fault zone with location of our localities (adapted Rapprich et al. 2007). a – Vrbice, b – Nechranice, c – Bečov, d – Divoká rokle.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2015View details →

dryad40/100

Environment and phenology shape local adaptation in thermal performance

Populations within species often exhibit variation in traits that reflect local adaptation and further shape existing adaptive potential for species to respond to climate change. However, our mechanistic understanding of how the environment shapes trait variation remains poor. Here, we used common garden experiments to quantify thermal performance in eight populations of the marine snail Urosalpinx cinerea across thermal gradients on the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of North America. We then evaluated the relationship between thermal performance and environmental metrics derived from time-series data. Our results reveal a novel pattern of "mixed" trait performance adaptation, where thermal optima was positively correlated with spawning temperature (cogradient variation), while maximum trait performance was negatively correlated with season length (countergradient variation). This counterintuitive pattern likely arises because of phenological shifts in the spawning season, whereby "cold" populations delay spawning until later in the year when temperatures are warmer compared to "warm" populations that spawn earlier in the year when temperatures are cooler. Our results show that variation in thermal performance can be shaped by multiple facets of the environment and are linked to organismal phenology and natural history. Understanding the impacts of climate change on organisms therefore requires the knowledge of how climate change will alter different aspects of the thermal environment.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

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Text-fig. 1. Map of westernmost part of Rio Grande do Sul showing the position of the sampling locality (star). Adapted from Oliveira and Kerber (2009). in A New Fossil Fabaceae Wood From The Pleistocene Touro Passo Formation Of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil

Text-fig. 1. Map of westernmost part of Rio Grande do Sul showing the position of the sampling locality (star). Adapted from Oliveira and Kerber (2009).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

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Data from: Selection on growth rate and local adaptation drive genomic adaptation during experimental range expansions in the protist Tetrahymena thermophila

1. Populations that expand their range can undergo rapid evolutionary adaptation of life-history traits, dispersal behaviour, and adaptation to the local environment. Such adaptation may be aided or hindered by sexual reproduction, depending on the context. 2. However, few empirical and experimental studies have investigated the genetic basis of adaptive evolution during range expansions. Even less attention has been given to the question how sexual reproduction may modulate such adaptive evolution during range expansions. 3. We here studied genomic adaptation during experimental range expansions of the protist Tetrahymena thermophilain landscapes with a uniform environment or a pH-gradient. Specifically, we investigated two aspects of genomic adaptation during range expansion. Firstly, we investigated adaptive genetic change in terms of the underlying numbers of allele frequency changes from standing genetic variation and de novo variants. We focused on how sexual reproduction may alter this adaptive genetic change. Secondly, we identified genes subject to selection caused by the expanding range itself, and directional selection due to the presence or absence of the pH-gradient. We focused this analysis on alleles with large frequency changes that occurred in parallel in more than one population to identify the most likely candidate targets of selection. 4. We found that sexual reproduction altered adaptive genetic change both in terms of de novo variants and standing genetic variation. However, sexual reproduction affected allele frequency changes in standing genetic variation only in the absence of long-distance gene flow. Adaptation to the range expansion affected genes involved in cell divisions and DNA repair, whereas adaptation to the pH-gradient additionally affected genes involved in ion balance, and oxidoreductase reactions. These genetic changes may result from selection on growth and adaptation to low pH. 5. In the absence of gene flow, sexual reproduction may have aided genetic adaptation. Gene flow may have swamped expanding populations with maladapted alleles, thus reducing the extent of evolutionary adaptation during range expansion. Sexual reproduction also altered the genetic basis of adaptation in our evolving populations via de novo variants, possibly by purging deleterious mutations or by revealing fitness benefits of rare genetic variants.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

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Rapid and transient evolution of local adaptation to seasonal host fruits in an invasive pest fly

Both local adaptation and adaptive phenotypic plasticity can influence the match between phenotypic traits and local environmental conditions. Theory predicts that environments stable for multiple generations promote local adaptation, while highly heterogeneous environments favor adaptive phenotypic plasticity. However, when environments have periods of stability mixed with heterogeneity, the relative importance of local adaptation and adaptive phenotypic plasticity is unclear. Here, we used Drosophila suzukii as a model system to evaluate the relative influence of genetic and plastic effects on the match of populations to environments with periods of stability from three to four generations. This invasive pest insect can develop within different fruits, and persists throughout the year in a given location on a succession of distinct host fruits, each one being available for only a few generations. Using reciprocal common environment experiments of natural D. suzukii populations collected from cherry, strawberry and blackberry, we found that both oviposition preference and offspring performance were higher on medium made with the fruit from which the population originated, than on media made with alternative fruits. This pattern, which remained after two generations in the laboratory, was analyzed using a statistical method we developed to quantify the contributions of local adaptation and adaptive plasticity in determining fitness. Altogether, we found that genetic effects (local adaptation) dominate over plastic effects (adaptive phenotypic plasticity). Our study demonstrates that spatially and temporally variable selection does not prevent the rapid evolution of local adaptation in natural populations. The speed and strength of adaptation may be facilitated by several mechanisms including a large effective population size and strong selective pressures imposed by host plants.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

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Indicators and metrics in local climate adaptation plans

This dataset gathers information related to indicators and metrics collected from 11 local climate adaptation plans in worldwide cities -  Athens (Greece), Auckland (USA), Barcelona (Spain), Glasgow (UK), Istanbul (Turkey), Lima (Peru), Los Angeles (USA), Montreal (Canada), Nagoya (Japan), New York City (USA), Portland (USA), Tokyo (Japan) and Vancouver (Canada). The dataset describes the use and characteristics of adaptation indicators and metrics across climate adaptation-related planning documents. Although the sample is relatively small, it is a reflection of the global embryonic stage of adaptation metrics practice. The results of the analysis of this database have been published in: Goonesekera, S. M., & Olazabal, M. (2022). Climate adaptation indicators and metrics: State of local policy practice. Ecological Indicators, 145, 109657. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109657">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109657</a> (OPEN ACCESS)

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

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VCF file from: Signatures of local adaptation to current and future climate in phenology-related genes in natural populations of Quercus robur

Qrob_seqcap_87_18799.vcf - containing 18,799 single nucleotide variants (SNPs) in phenology-related genes in 87 individuals of Quercus robur from 6 populations, described in Meger et al.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

zenodo40/100

Upper thermal tolerance of grassland vipers (Vipera spp.): environmental drivers and local adaptation

The thermal tolerance of ectotherms is a critical factor that influences their distribution, physiology, behaviour, and ultimately survival. Understanding the factors that shape thermal tolerance in these organisms is therefore of great importance for predicting their responses to forecasted climate warming. Here, we investigated the voluntary thermal maximum (VTmax) of nine grassland viper taxa and explored the factors that influence this trait. The small size of these vipers and the open landscape they inhabit renders them particularly vulnerable to overheating and dehydration. We found that the VTmax of grassland vipers is influenced by environmental temperature, precipitation, shortwave flux, and individual body size, rather than by phylogenetic relatedness. Vipers living in colder environments exhibited a higher upper thermal tolerance, contradicting the hypothesis that environmental temperature is positively related to VTmax. Our findings emphasise the importance of considering local to regional adaptation and environmental conditions when studying thermal physiology and the evolution of thermal tolerance in ectotherms.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

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Data from: Reciprocal transplants reveal asymmetric local adaptation of Himalayan Rhododendron approaching elevational range limit

As plant species expand their upper limit of distribution under current warming, some retain both traditional climate space and biotic environment while others encounter novel conditions. The latter is the case for Rhododendron campanulatum,a woody shrub that grows both above and below treeline at our study site in the Eastern Himalaya where a very conspicuous, stable treeline was defined by a nearly contiguous canopy of tall Abies spectabilis trees, many of them over a century old. Prior work showed that treeline had remained static in this region while R. campanulatum expanded its elevational range limit. We tested local adaptation of R. campanulatum by performing reciprocal transplants between the species' current elevational range limit (4023masl) and just above treeline (3876 masl). Contrary to expectation, the coldest temperatures of late winter and early-mid spring were experienced by plants at the lower elevation: R. campanulatum at species' limit (upper site) were covered by snow for a longer period (40 more days) and escaped the coldest temperatures suffered by conspecifics at treeline (lower site). The harsher spring conditions at treeline likely explains why leaves were smaller at treeline (15.3 cm2) than at species-limit (21.3 cm2). Contrary to results from equivalent studies in other regions, survival was reduced more by downslope than by upslope movement, again potentially due to extreme cold temperatures observed at treeline in spring. Upslope transplantation had no effect on mortality, but mortality of species-limit saplings transplanted downslope was three times higher than that of residents at both sites. A general expectation is that locals should survive better than foreign transplants, but survival of locals and immigrants at our species-limit site was identical. However, those species-limit saplings that survive the transplant to treeline grew faster than both locals at treeline and the transplants at species-limit. Overall, we found asymmetric adaptation: compared to treeline saplings, those at species-limit (147 m above treeline) were more tolerant of extremes in the growing season but less tolerant of extremes in winter and early-mid spring, displaying local adaptation in a more complex manner than simply home advantage, and complicating predictions about impacts of future regional climate change.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

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Data for: Differences in mucilage properties and stomatal sensitivity of locally adapted Zea mays in relation with precipitation seasonality and vapour pressure deficit regime of their native environment

Dataset PlantDirect published manuscript: Berauer et al. (2023) - Differences in mucilage properties and stomatal sensitivity of locally adapted Zea mays in relation with precipitation seasonality and vapour pressure deficit regime of their native environment Article DOI: 10.1002/pld3.519   All data is provided within one excel file. Please, pay attention to the provided ReadMe sheet for information on the dataset.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

dryad40/100

High tolerance to zinc but no evidence for local adaptation in the aquatic plant Lemna minor

Duckweeds are a widely distributed and economically important aquatic plant family that have high potential for phytoremediation of polluted water bodies. We collected four ecotypes of the common duckweed (Lemna minor) from the four corners of Switzerland and assessed how their home vs. away environments influenced their growth. Additionally, we investigated their response to a metal pollutant (Zn) in both their home and away environments. Zn is found in freshwater systems and can become harmful to plants at elevated concentrations. We hypothesized that growing in their home environment would help the plants buffer the negative effect of the metal pollutant. To test this, we measured Lemna growth in a common garden experiment in a glasshouse where the four ecotypes were grown in each of the water environments, as well as in three different concentrations of Zn. To investigate whether interactions between Lemna and their microbial community can enhance or reduce tolerance to heavy metal pollution, we sampled chlorophyll-a as a proxy for algal biomass. Finally, we measured total nitrogen and total organic carbon to describe the abiotic environment in more detail. The four Lemna ecotypes exhibited significantly different growth rates across the water treatments. This difference in fitness was matched with DNA sequencing revealing genetic differentiation between the four ecotypes. However, the effect of the water and zinc treatment on Lemna growth was the same for all ecotypes. We did not find evidence for local adaptation; instead, we observed strong plastic responses. Lemna growth rates were higher under higher Zn concentrations. This positive effect of Zn on Lemna growth could be in part due to reduced competition with algae. We conclude that L. minor ecotypes may exhibit large differences in growth rate, but that the species overall have a high Zn tolerance and strong plastic adaptive potential in novel environments.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

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Data from: A range-expanding butterfly is susceptible to cold and long winters but shows no signs of local adaptation to winter conditions

Numerous species shift or expand their ranges polewards in response to climate change. Even when expanding species follow their climatic niches, expanding range margin populations are likely to face unfamiliar environmental conditions and thus natural selection for local adaptation. The wall brown butterfly (Lasiommata megera) has expanded northwards in Sweden in the years 2000–2020, most likely as a result of climate change, and has previously been shown to have evolved local adaptations to northern daylength conditions. This evolution has occurred despite hypothesised genetic constraints to adaptation at range margins. We studied local adaptation to winter conditions in four of the previously-studied L. megera populations, using a common garden laboratory experiment with a warm and short, an intermediate, and a cold and long winter treatment. We compared the winter and post-winter survival of caterpillars from two southern core range and two northern range margin populations in Sweden. During the experiment, we measured metabolic rates of a subset of diapausing caterpillars to test whether populations differ in metabolic suppression during diapause. Further, we measured supercooling points, which reflect lower lethal temperature in L. megera, of the same subset of caterpillars. We also compared supercooling points between L. megera and three closely related species with more northern distributions. Few individuals survived the coldest treatment all the way to successful adult emergence, so L. megera seems susceptible to cold winters. Individuals of northern descent did not survive cold winters any better than individuals from southern populations. Similarly, there were no signs of local adaptation in metabolic rates or supercooling points. The comparison among species did not reveal any clear relationship between geographical distribution and supercooling point. Although northern winters probably exert strong selection on L. megera, we provide comprehensive evidence for the lack of local adaptation to winter conditions. This contrasts with the previous finding of quickly-evolved local adaptation in diapause timing, highlighting the need to consider how traits associated with different seasons differ in how they may evolve and facilitate climate change-induced range expansions.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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Data: "Happy new ears: rapid adaptation to novel spectral cues in vertical sound localization."

Data related to the manuscript entitled: "Happy new ears: rapid adaptation to novel spectral cues in vertical sound localization.". For more information, read the README file.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

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Local adaptation and the evolution of genome architecture in threespine stickleback

Theory predicts that local adaptation should favour the evolution of a concentrated genetic architecture, where the alleles driving adaptive divergence are tightly clustered on chromosomes. Adaptation to marine vs. freshwater environments in threespine stickleback has resulted in an architecture that seems consistent with this prediction: divergence among populations is mainly driven by a few genomic regions harbouring multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) for environmentally adapted traits, as well as candidate genes with well-established phenotypic effects. One theory for the evolution of these "genomic islands" is that rearrangements remodel the genome to bring causal loci into tight proximity, but this has not been studied explicitly. We tested this theory using synteny analysis to identify micro- and macro-rearrangements in the stickleback genome and assess their potential involvement in the evolution of genomic islands. To identify rearrangements, we conducted a de novo assembly of the closely-related tubesnout (Aulorhyncus flavidus) genome and compared this to the genomes of threespine stickleback and two other closely related species. We found that small rearrangements, within-chromosome duplications, and Lineage-Specific Genes (LSGs) were enriched around genomic islands, and that all three chromosomes harbouring large genomic islands have experienced macro-rearrangements. We also found that duplicates and micro-rearrangements are 9.9x and 2.9x more likely to involve genes differentially expressed between marine and freshwater genotypes. While not conclusive, these results are consistent with the explanation that strong divergent selection on candidate genes drove the recruitment of rearrangements to yield clusters of locally adaptive loci.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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