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Figure 8. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 8. A, armature of the four posterior trunk limbs as seen in an individual in which they are fortuitously twisted towards the mid line. Proximally the four gnathobases are seen close together, that of limb 11 being jammed between those of limbs 10 and 12. The more distal armature of this limb is largely obscured by that of adjoining limbs. Being the last of the series, with nothing to obscure it posteriorly, trunk limb 12 clearly displays its gnathobase and endites 2–5. Its endopodite is largely obscured by endite 5 but some of its spinous armature can be seen arising from behind that endite. The arrangement of the armature of the endites of this limb facilitates understanding of that of the three more anterior limbs where, especially in limbs 9 and 10, it is seen 'full face' and it is difficult to see where that of one endite ends and that of the next begins. That the more proximal armature of all these limbs consists largely of stout spines, sometimes curved near their tips to enable them to drag material towards the food groove, is readily seen. More distally, especially on limbs 9 and 10, the armature of endite 4 includes many stout hook-like spines (for details see Fig. 8B). The posterior limits of the grid setae, which do not cover the apparatus seen here, are seen to the left (anterior) of the illustration. Scale bar 100 Mm. B, details of the distal endites of trunk limbs 9 and 10 seen at greater magnification. The fifth and fourth endites of limbs 9 and 10, seen face on, have a broad posterior 'margin', in each case provided with an armature of highly specialized spines of great diversity. On endite 5 the spines extend somewhat obliquely to facilitate the 'embracing' of masses of food material. Those of the anterior margin of limb 9 are scrapers that differ somewhat from orthodox scrapers and have hook-like tips. These perhaps serve to sweep and push rather than scrape surfaces, to which access is less easy than for anterior limbs, but their exact role cannot be defined. More distally and posteriorly are hook-like spines of various types and sizes that clearly drag in collected material or, in the case of very large distal hooks, retain it, and there are more hook-like spines internal to the scrapers. On endite 4, a dense and diverse array of hook-like spines and a few small denticulate spines are well suited to passing material proximally. The distal armature of endite 5 of trunk limb 10, while extending outwards so that the entire ensemble forms a scoop, is quite different. Whereas the distalmost spines can clearly scrape and sweep, their close companions bear diverging marginal rows of denticles, well suited to scooping and sweeping masses of material proximally to a region functionally continuous with endite 4, like which it is armed with a profusion of hooks. The large spiniform spines seen on the extreme right are of trunk limb 12. Much of limb 11 is here hidden between this limb and limb 10. These limbs also pass material proximally. Scale bar 50 Mm.

Figure 7. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 7. A, the screen that covers the median face of the anterior trunk limbs. The stout spines borne on the underlying endites, which protrude through the screen and push material towards the food groove during remotion of the limbs, are also well displayed. Scale bar 200 Mm. B, details of the screening setae of the type present in many parts of the screen. Scale bar 20 Mm.

Figure 10. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 10. A, molar region of left mandible in face view. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar 100 Mm. B, the same tilted to show the posterior conical projection. Scale bar 100 Mm. C, the ventral 'teeth' of four of the transverse ridges. D, anteriormost ridges. Scale bar 20 Mm. E, posterior end of masticatory region, showing the large isolated posterior ridge of the masticatory region and adjacent ridges. Scale bar 100 Mm.

Figure 6. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 6. A, endopodite of trunk limb 5 (En5) and adjacent scraper-bearing elements. Anterior (to the left) of it are scrapers of the endopodite and endite 5 of trunk limb 4. The endopodite of trunk limb 5 overlies endite 5 of the same limb. The latter bears a row of scrapers distally: more proximally can be seen some of its armature of often pointed spines. More posteriorly, the posterior margin of the endopodite of trunk limb 6 can just be seen. Note the arrangement of scrapers on the endopodite of trunk limb 5. Proximally they are short. More distally they become progressively longer. Most are stout, but the three distalmost, which are the longest, are finely toothed and over-reach and sweep up material dislodged by their shorter, more robust companions. The distalmost spine in the series is smooth. The short, finely toothed proximal scrapers are suitably located to sweep material brought within reach by distal scrapers of the assemblage in front during the previous cycle. Scale bar 100 Mm. B, details of the posterior region of a gnathobase typical of the middle of the series, showing, posteriorly, one of the stout denticulate spines that sweep material forward, i.e. to the left, along the food groove. Near its base is a sensilla. Between the other two conspicuous elements can just be seen the basal portion of the second stout denticulate spine. This lies more laterally, i.e. nearer to the food groove wall, at a deeper level of focus in the darkness of the food groove. Anterior to the posterior denticulate spine is a smooth spine and, anterior to that, a robust sweeping spine with a reflexed distal portion that bears long spinules. The flexure is probably not an artefact (cf. trunk limb 9, Fig. 5B). The distal part of this spine is partly obscured by the long setules of an adjacent sweeping seta (cf. trunk limb 9, Fig. 5B). Scale bar 20 Mm.

Figure 9. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 9. A, gnathobase of trunk limb 1. Scale bar 100 Mm. B, maxillule; which operates in the horizontal plane. Scale bar 100 Mm. C, skeleton of mandible, dorsal view. Scale bar 250 Mm. Abbreviation: post, posterior.

Figure 2. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 2. A, part of the distal array of scrapers of trunk limb 2. E5, endite 5; En, endopodite. Scale bar 100 Mm. B, a series of scrapers on a single endite (with others beneath). Note how the elaborately articulated scrapers nearest to the observer, which pass over the substratum first, are short and bear stout teeth, while those that do so later are longer and bear a longer row of finer, more comb-like teeth. Scale bar 50 Mm. C, oblique view of adjoining arrays of scrapers. Scale bar 50 Mm.

Figure 12. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 12. A, thick transverse section through posterior part of gizzard, immediately behind that seen in Figure 11A. This shows the circular hoop of chitin that defines the limits of this organ. Dorsally and posterior to the gizzard, the anteriormost portion of the food-packed mid gut is seen. All this food material has passed through the gizzard. Ventrally and at each side are the two anteriorly directed diverticula of the mid gut through which food passes into the convoluted series of smaller subsidiary, blindly ending, tubules in the massive labrum. All this material, or that derived from it after partial digestion in the labrum, returns by the same route to the mid gut. Not all the food in the capacious mid gut enters the labrum. Much of it passes directly to the rectum. Scale bar 100 Mm. B, as Figure 11B, but immediately posterior to it. The complex array of spinules on the median ridge and adjacent walls and roof of the tunnel in which it lies are displayed. Scale bar 50 Mm.

Figure 13. A, right trunk limb 12 in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 13. A, right trunk limb 12 seen from outer (anterior) side. The endopodite is largely obscured by endite 5. Although not visible from this angle, the gnathobase bears two very small, but robust, denticulate spines like its anterior homologues. Scale bar 200 Mm. B, enlargement of A showing detail of the spinous armature of the gnathobase of trunk limb 12, which drags and pushes food into the food groove. C, eggs. Scale bar 100 Mm. D, slightly oblique anterior view of the head of a female. The two eye-like patches are the sensory fields where numerous short setae arise from areas of thin cuticle. Scale bar 1 mm. E, antennule. Scale bar 100 Mm.

Figure 1. Lynceus simiaefacies. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 1. Lynceus simiaefacies. A, bisected female, ventral side uppermost, seen from the midline after removal of the labrum which obscures part of trunk limb 1, showing the median face of the 12 left trunk limbs. Limbs 11 and 12 are very small. The trunk limbs lie more or less as at the end of promotion. Of particular note is that, except on the distal scraper-bearing endites, and at the extreme posterior end, the median face of the limbs is covered by a screen of posteriorly and somewhat dorsally directed setae. The gnathobases of the seven anterior limbs are conspicuous: more posterior gnathobases less easily seen. Note how the cuticle-lined food groove, here torn away over much of its length, widens greatly into a 'basin' in the vicinity of the first three gnathobases. Trunk limb 12, detached from the right hand series, is present at bottom right. Except that the gnathobase lies proximally its orientation bears no relation to that in life. Scale bar 500 Mm. B, distal elements of gnathobases 4–6, seen within the confines of the food groove (FG). Note the stout denticulated spines that sweep food material forward (here to the left), the smooth curved spines (SCS) that are directed posteriorly, and the long, posteriorly directed, soft retaining setae (RS), of which the anteriormost extends posteriorly across the two gnathobases posterior to it. The tips of many screening setae, of which those seen anteriorly are clogged with screened out detritus, are readily seen. Note how the cuticle that lines the food groove reflects segmentation. The segments, of which parts of four are represented, increase in length from posterior to anterior. Scale bar 100 Mm. All subsequent figures refer to L. simiaefacies.

Figure 5. A in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding

Figure 5. A, proximal region of trunk limbs 4 and 5. Endite 2 (E2) is seen overlying the gnathobases (Gn4 and Gn5) and bearing long screening setae and stout spines directed obliquely posteriorly and towards the food groove. Here some of the armature of the grid setae, e.g. at top right, consists of long dorsal setules that rest on the adjacent seta and are held in place by short, spinule-like ventral setules of that seta. Gnathobase 3 (partly visible) has twisted and reveals its densely setose outer face, which overlies the armature of the anterior margin of gnathobase 4 (revealed by its twisting), which it clearly cleans. The soft, flaccid nature of the long posteriorly directed retaining setae (RS) is obvious from the way they have been distorted during preparation of the material. Scale bar 100 Mm. B, proximal parts of trunk limbs 9 and 10, with part of 11 visible. The robust armature of the gnathobases, which sweep along the bottom of the food groove, is well displayed at the bottom of the photograph, as are numerous, mostly short, spines on the posterior margin of each gnathobase, which push and drag food material towards the food groove. These include straight spines and, as seen on gnathobase 10, curved spines that drag rather than push. The long, posteriorly directed retaining seta of gnathobase 9 is the most posterior such of the series. Because of the angle at which the gnathobase is viewed, it appears to be directed 'vertically' and is seen from its dorsal side. More distally the dense array of spines of endite 2 is displayed. To the left the posterior limit of the screen is marked by the tips of several screening setae. The armature of the more distal endites of these limbs is illustrated in Figure 8A and B. Scale bar 50 Mm.

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FIGURE 2. Lynceus mallinensis female. A, Lateral view. B in A new species of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata) from Patagonia, with comments on laevicaudatan systematics

FIGURE 2. Lynceus mallinensis female. A, Lateral view. B, Head, antero-ventral view. C, Head, frontal view. D, head, lateral view. E, Anal somite, lateral view. F, Anal somite, dorsal view. G, Lateral view of anomalous specimen with triangular flanges on carapace. Scale bars: 1 mm.

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FIGURE 1. Lynceus mallinensis male. A in A new species of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata) from Patagonia, with comments on laevicaudatan systematics

FIGURE 1. Lynceus mallinensis male. A, Head, antero-ventral view. B, Head, frontal view. C, Head, lateral view. D, Clasper of first thoracopod, inner view. E, Clasper of first thoracopod, outer view. F, First thoracopod, outer view. G, Second antennae. H, First antennae. I, Anal somite, dorsal view. J, Anal somite, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

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FIGURE 5. A, Dondice occidentalis. B, Godiva rubrolineata. C, Favorinus auritulus. D, Phidiana lynceus. E, Spurilla sargassicola. F, Eubranchus conicla. G, Scyllaea pelagica. H, Doto casandra. I, Chelidonura cubana. J, Aplysia parvula. K, Syphonota geographica. L, Pleurobranchus areolatus. M, Elysia papillosa. N in The opisthobranch gastropods (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) from Venezuela: an annotated and illustrated inventory of species

FIGURE 5. A, Dondice occidentalis. B, Godiva rubrolineata. C, Favorinus auritulus. D, Phidiana lynceus. E, Spurilla sargassicola. F, Eubranchus conicla. G, Scyllaea pelagica. H, Doto casandra. I, Chelidonura cubana. J, Aplysia parvula. K, Syphonota geographica. L, Pleurobranchus areolatus. M, Elysia papillosa. N, Thuridilla malaquita. Ο-P, Placida cremoniana. Q, Okenia zoobotryon. I-Q, Sea s1ugs in their natura1 envirοnment (Gaby Carias).

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FIGURE 3. Lynceus alleppeyensis. A, Female head. B, Male head. C, Telson. D in First faunal inventory of large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Western Maharashtra, India with taxonomical and distributional comments

FIGURE 3. Lynceus alleppeyensis. A, Female head. B, Male head. C, Telson. D, Male clasper. (Scale bars: A, B, D 0.1mm; C 0.05mm).

FIGURE 14 in A Revision of the Australian species of Lynceus Müller, 1776 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata, Lynceidae)

FIGURE 14. Map of Australia showing distribution of the six species of Lynceus. Areas of multiple occurrences have been smoothed and very isolated sites where there is just one record have been noted with an arrow and label. Question marks in blank areas indicate areas where Lynceus could occur and hence further collections are desirable.

FIGURE 4 in A Revision of the Australian species of Lynceus Müller, 1776 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata, Lynceidae)

FIGURE 4. Resting eggs of Lynceus. A. L. macleayanus; B, L. tatei; C, L. argillaphilus sp. nov.; D, L. baylyi sp. nov.; E, L. magdaleanae sp. nov.; F, L. susanneae sp. nov. Scale bars 50 ųm.

FIGURE 5. L. tatei, A–F in A Revision of the Australian species of Lynceus Müller, 1776 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata, Lynceidae)

FIGURE 5. L. tatei, A–F male: A, carapace; B, dorsal view of head; C, lateral view of head; D, first antenna; E, second antenna; F, clasper (endites III to VI of thoracopod 1); G–J female; G dorsal view of head; H, lateral view of head; J, lamina abdominalis, anal plate and last somite. Scale bars 1 mm, except for D which it represents 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in A Revision of the Australian species of Lynceus Müller, 1776 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata, Lynceidae)

FIGURE 8. Digital images of claspers of L. argillaphilus sp. nov. A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, details of spines on endite VI.

FIGURE 13. L in A Revision of the Australian species of Lynceus Müller, 1776 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata, Lynceidae)

FIGURE 13. L. susanneae sp. nov. A–H male: A, carapace; B, dorsal view of head; C, lateral view of head; D, first antenna; E, second antenna; F, clasper (endites III to VI of thoracopod); G endite VI of clasper; H, anal plate; I–K female; I, dorsal view of head; J, lateral view of head; K, posteriolateral process, anal plate and last somite. Scale bars 1 mm, except for D which it represents 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A Revision of the Australian species of Lynceus Müller, 1776 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata, Lynceidae)

FIGURE 1. Exemplar drawing of labelled male head and thoracopod I of L. macleayanus. Scale bars 1 mm.