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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

FIGURE 1 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time

FIGURE 1. Feeding strategies of extant marine mammal predators (from Kienle et al., 2017) with the addition of grazing (sirenians, authors' work).

Fig. 12 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 12. Cladogram summarizing relationships among major lineages of Perissodactyla and the evolution of various HSB configurations. Boxes on the right indicate HSB configurations in various perissodactyl taxa. Boxes on the tree itself indicate changes in HSB configuration, as inferred from the distribution of HSB configurations given this phylogeny. The phylogeny is a conservative estimate of perissodactyl relationships drawn from Hooker (1989, 1994), Froehlich (1999), and Holbrook (1999, 2009).

Fig. 8 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 8. Compound HSB configuration in Hyrachyus minimus (Fischer, 1829) (KOE 4050); middle Eocene, Geiseltal, Germany. Tangential section of the protoconid of a lower molar in three sequential levels. A. Outer layer with vertical HSB. B. Middle level with a transitional orientation of the HSB. C. Inner layer with transverse HSB.

Fig. 11 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 11 Curved HSB configuration in Moropus elatus. A. Buccal aspect of M2. B. detailed mapping of visible HSB in the paracone (modified from Koenigswald 1994). doi:10.4202/app.2010.0021

Fig. 6 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 6. Curved HSB configuration in Heptodon calciculus Cope, 1880 (KOE 4035, 4036); early Eocene, Willwood Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. A. Tangential section of the posterior loph of a lower molar with two fields of curved HSB with the typical interface. B. Tangential section of the protoconid of a lower molar with the transverse HSB. Abbreviation: if, interface between fields of HSB.

Fig. 4 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of the four configurations of Hunter−Schreger Bands (HSB) found in Perissodactyla: A. Transverse HSB configuration. B. Curved HSB configuration with interface. C. Compound HSB configuration with transverse HSB in an inner layer and vertical HSB in an outer layer. D. Vertical HSB configuration.

Fig. 10 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 10. HSB configuration in the incisors of the rhinocerotid Menoceras arikarense (Barbour, 1906) (USNM 412981); early Miocene, Arikaree Formation, Agate, Nebraska, USA. A. The lower incisor with an almost vertical shearing blade has transverse HSB. B, C. In the upper incisor with a shearing blade oblique to the growing axis the HSB are almost vertical.

Fig. 2 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 2. Appearance of the HSB in variable light. A. Scheme of the fiber optic light guide effect of enamel prisms. Those prisms illuminated perpendicular to the long axis reflect brightly, while those illuminated parallel to the long axis appear dark. B. Transverse HSB illuminated from the left side in an incisor of the artiodactyl Myotragus. Note the regular bifurcation of the light bands to the left, of the dark bands to the right. C–E. Vertical HSB in an etched ground section of a molar of Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) (Upper Pleistocene, Germany KOE 59) illuminated from different sides. Light source on the left (C), light source on the right (D), light source perpendicular to the direction of the bands (E), highlighting the transitional zones. White dotted lines connect identical spots.

Fig. 1 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 1. Vertical HSB configuration as figured by Quenstedt (1852: pl. 2: 1 [A]; pl. 3: 35 [B]). A. Occlusial view with HBS in the extoloph. B. Orienation and bifiurcation of the HSB in tangential aspect.

Fig. 5 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 5. Transverse HSB configuration in Equoidea. A. Lower molar of Mesohippus sp. (KOE 1509); late Eocene–early Oligocene, Toadstool Park area, Nebraska, USA. The transverse HSB are to be seen in the tangential section. Note also the transversely oriented perikymata on the outer enamel surface. Both structures are independent from each other. B. Upper molar of Palaeotherium sp. (KOE 4050); upper Eocene, Frohnstetten, Germany; transverse HSB visible in the translucent enamel of the paracone from the outside.

Fig. 14 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of the stratigraphic occurrence of the four configurations of Hunter−Schreger Bands (HSB) found in the various perissodactyl families. The range data of the families are taken from McKenna and Bell (1997). All four types occurred during the Paleogene in several families. The compound HSB configuration did not reach the Neogene. The three other types are represented by one family each in the extant fauna: the transverse HSB configuration in Equidae, the curved HSB configuration in Tapiridae, and the vertical HSB configuration in Rhinocerotidae.

Fig. 13 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 13. Schematic hypothesis of the evolutionary interrelationship of the four configurations of Hunter−Schreger Bands (HSB) found in Perissodactyla. From the basal transverse HSB configuration evolved the curved HSB configuration on the one hand. On the other hand the compound HSB configuration evolved and gave rise to the vertical HSB configuration in Rhinocerotidae.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution: Datasets

Datasets used in Foley N.M., Mason, V.C., Harris A.J., Bredemeyer K.R., Damas J., Lewin H.A., Eizirik E., Gatesy J., Zoonomia Consortium, Springer M.S., and W.J. Murphy (2022) A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution. Science. x:x-x This repository includes - Alignments for whole genome analyses - Alignments for sliding windows analyses across chromosome 1, chromosome 21, chromosome 22 and the X chromosome - Sliding window alignments used to estimate divergence times - Preliminary topologies derived from the low recombining region on the X chromosome - Machine readable (.csv) versions of tables presented in the paper - Per chromosome fasta files referenced to the human genome exported from the HAL alignment as described in the paper. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ v1.1 added nexus topologies for datasets listed in Table S2

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Diet and the evolution of ADH7 across seven orders of mammals

Dietary variation within and across species drives the eco-evolutionary responsiveness of genes necessary to metabolize nutrients and other components. Recent evidence from humans and other mammals suggests that sugar-rich diets of floral nectar and ripe fruit have favored mutations in, and functional preservation of, the ADH7 gene, which encodes the ADH class 4 enzyme responsible for metabolizing ethanol. Here we interrogate a large, comparative dataset of ADH7 gene sequence variation, including the amino acid residue located at key site 294 that regulates the affinity of ADH7 for ethanol. Our analyses span 171 mammal species, including 59 newly sequenced. We report extensive variation, especially among frugivorous and nectarivorous bats, with potential for functional impact, and widespread variation in the retention and probable pseudogenization of ADH7. However, we find little statistical evidence of a broad impact of diet on putative ADH7 function or tuning at site 294 across mammals, suggesting that the evolution of ADH7 is shaped by complex factors. Our study reports extensive new diversity in a gene of longstanding ecological interest, offers new sources of variation to be explored in functional assays in future studies, and advances our understanding of the processes of molecular evolution.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

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Data from: The evolution of gestation length in eutherian mammals

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publicSep 2024View details →

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Diet and the evolution of ADH7 across seven orders of mammals

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publicJun 2023View details →

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Convergent evolution and predictability of gene copy numbers associated with diets in mammals

Convergent evolution, the evolution of the same or similar phenotypes in phylogenetically independent lineages, is a widespread phenomenon in nature. If the genetic basis for convergent evolution is predictable to some extent, it may be possible to infer organismic phenotypes and adaptability based on genome sequence data. While repeated amino acid changes have been studied in association with convergent evolution, relatively little is known about the potential contribution of repeated gene copy number changes. In this study, we explore whether certain gene copy number changes are linked to diet shifts in mammals and assess if trophic ecology can be inferred from the copy numbers of a specific set of genes. Using 86 mammalian genome sequences, we identified several genes with higher copy numbers in herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores, even after phylogenetic corrections. We were able to confirm previous findings on genes such as amylase, olfactory receptor, and xenobiotic metabolism genes, and identify novel genes whose copy numbers correlate with dietary patterns. For example, omnivores exhibited higher copy numbers of genes encoding gene expression regulators. We also established a discriminant function based on the copy numbers of 13 genes that can help predict trophic ecology based on genome sequence data. These findings highlight a possible association between convergent evolution and repeated copy number changes in specific genes, suggesting the potential to develop a method for predicting animal ecology and adaptability from genome sequence data.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Early origins of divergent patterns of morphological evolution on the mammal and reptile stem-lineages

The origin of amniotes 320 million years ago signalled independence from water in vertebrates and was closely followed by divergences within the mammal and reptile stem lineages (Synapsida and Reptilia). Early members of both groups had highly similar morphologies, being superficially 'lizard-like' forms with many plesiomorphies. However, the extent to which they might have exhibited divergent patterns of evolutionary change, with potential to explain the large biological differences between their living members, is unresolved. We use a new, comprehensive phylogenetic dataset to quantify variation in rates and constraints of morphological evolution among Carboniferous–early Permian amniotes. We find evidence for an early burst of evolutionary rates, resulting in the early origins of morphologically distinctive subgroups that mostly persisted through the Cisuralian. Rates declined substantially through time, especially in reptiles. Early reptile evolution was also more constrained compared to early synapsids, exploring a more limited character state space. Postcranial innovation in particular was important in early synapsids, potentially related to their early origins of large body size. In contrast, early reptiles predominantly varied the temporal region, suggesting disparity in skull and jaw kinematics, and foreshadowing the variability of cranial biomechanics seen in reptiles today. Our results demonstrate that synapsids and reptiles underwent an early divergence of macroevolutionary patterns. This laid the foundation for subsequent evolutionary events and may be critical in understanding the substantial differences between mammals and reptiles today. Potential explanations include an early divergence of developmental processes or of ecological factors, warranting cross-disciplinary investigation.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Supporting data for: Evolutionary drivers, morphological evolution and diversity dynamics of a surviving mammal clade: cainotherioids at the Eocene-Oligocene transition

The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) represents a period of global environmental changes particularly marked in Europe and coincides with a dramatic biotic turnover. Here, using an exceptional fossil preservation, we document and analyse the diversity dynamics of a mammal clade, Cainotherioidea (Artiodactyla), that survived the EOT and radiated rapidly immediately after. We infer their diversification history from Quercy Konzentrat-Lagerstätte (South-West France) at the species level using Bayesian birth-death models. We show that cainotherioid diversity fluctuated through time, with extinction events at the EOT and in the late Oligocene, and a major speciation burst in the early Oligocene. The latter is in line with our finding that cainotherioids had a high morphological adaptability following environmental changes throughout the EOT, which likely played a key role in the survival and evolutionary success of this clade in the aftermath. Speciation is positively associated with temperature and continental fragmentation in a time-continuous way, while extinction seems to synchronize with environmental change in a punctuated way. Within-clade interactions negatively affected the cainotherioid diversification, while inter-clade competition might explain their final decline during the late Oligocene. Our results provide a detailed dynamic picture of the evolutionary history of a mammal clade in a context of global change.