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74 results for “Mediterranean forest”
Data from: Evaluating temporal turnover in avian species richness in a Mediterranean semiarid region: different responses to elevation and forest cover
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Data from: Uncovering biodiversity deficits: experimental evidence for dispersal limitation of woody species in Mediterranean forest patches
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Data and code from: Echoes of the past: Long-term climate stability shapes functional and phylogenetic diversity in Euro-Mediterranean forests
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Legacy effects of seed dispersal mechanisms shape the spatial interaction network of plant species in Mediterranean forests
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Soil nutrient fluxes and hot spots in a Mediterranean mixed-conifer forest
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Monitoring clearcutting and subsequent rapid recovery in Mediterranean coppice forests with Landsat time series
<p>This dataset considers information from clear-cut coppice forest occurred between 1999 and 2015 in three different area of Tuscany Region (Italy). </p> <p>The dataset consists in one shape file and two csv files.</p> <p>The shape file contains in 2371 spatial polygons of clear-cut occurred in the three area between 1999 and 2015. The polygons were generated using visual interpretation of the Landsat Time Series and high resolution regional ortomosaic. Photo interpreters delineated the spatial extent of each clear-cut and recorded the year of harvest, adopting a minimum mapping unit of 0.1 hectares. The database associated with shape file report information related with area extent of clear-cut, year of clear-cut and the forest types that is associated with the clear-cut derived by the Tucant Regional Forest Inventory (RFI) data that give information on dominant species. </p> <p>The .csv files reported the temporal characteristic of clear-cut based on Landsat Time Series data and based on Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) Canopy Height Model (CHM), in order to describe the temporal trend of clear-cut based on remote sensing data.</p>
Data from: Of niche differentiation, dispersal ability and historical legacies: what drives woody community assembly in recent Mediterranean forests?
Community assembly rules have been extensively studied, but its association with regional environmental variation and land use history remains largely unexplored. Land use history might be especially important in Mediterranean forests, considering their historical deforestation and recent afforestation. Using forest inventories and historical (1956) and recent (2000) land cover maps, we explored the following hypotheses: 1) woody species assembly is driven by environmental factors, but also by historical landscape attributes; 2) recent forests exhibit lower woody species richness than pre-existing due to the existence of colonization credits; 3) these credits are modulated by species' life-forms and dispersal mechanisms. We examined the association of forest historical type (pre-existing versus recent) with total species richness and that of diverse life-forms and dispersal groups, also considering the effects of current environment and past landscape factors. When accounting for these effects, no significant differences in woody species richness were found between forest historical types except for vertebrate-dispersed species. Species richness of this group was affected by the interaction of forest historical type with distance to coast and rainfall: vertebrate-dispersed species richness increased with rainfall and distance to the coast in recent forests, while it was higher in dryer sites in pre-existing forests. In addition, forest historical types showed differences in woody species composition associated to diverse environmental and past landscape factors. In view of these results we can conclude that: 1) community assembly in terms of species richness is fast enough to exhaust most colonization credit in recent Mediterranean forests except for vertebrate-dispersed species; 2) for these species, colonization credit is affected by the interplay of forest history and a set of proxies of niche and landscape constraints of species dispersal and establishment; 3) woody species assemblage is mostly shaped by the species' ecological niches in these forests.
Data from: Effects of forest certification on the ecological condition of Mediterranean streams
1. Forest certification, a proxy for sustainable forest management, covers more than 10% of the world's forests. Under forest certification, forest managers and landowners must comply with environmental, economic and social management standards aiming to promote forest conservation. Despite an increasing area of certified forests, there is a dearth of data on how forest certification is affecting the conservation of forest ecosystems and associated habitats. 2. Here we assess the effects of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification, one of the largest certification schemes in the world, on the ecological condition of streams crossing Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands. 3. We used the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP) to compare the ecological condition of streams located in areas with three and five years of certification, in non-certified areas and in least-disturbed streams. 4. Forest certification positively affected the ecological condition of the surveyed streams but its effects were only measurable after five years of certification. Streams with five years of certification had more continuous, dense and diverse riparian vegetation when compared to streams located in non-certified areas. Moreover, the condition of streams located in areas with five years of forest certification was similar to the condition of least- disturbed streams. 5. Synthesis and applications. Forest certification promotes the ecological condition of streams occurring within Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands. This mainly happens because in areas under forest certification managers and landowners have to comply with management practices that require them to remove or reduce the main causes for stream degradation, allowing riparian habitats to recover. Within landscapes with large and increasing areas under forest certification, such as the Mediterranean cork oak woodlands, the positive effects of certification on the ecological condition of streams may spread across the hydrographic network in the medium to long term.
Data from: The interplay among acorn abundance and rodent behavior drives the spatial pattern of seedling recruitment in mature Mediterranean oak forests
The patterns of seedling recruitment in animal-dispersed plants result from the interactions among environmental and behavioral variables. However, we know little on the contribution and combined effect of both kinds of variables. We designed a field study to assess the interplay between environment (vegetation structure, seed abundance, rodent abundance) and behavior (seed dispersal and predation by rodents, and rooting by wild boars), and their contribution to the spatial patterns of seedling recruitment in a Mediterranean mixed-oak forest. In a spatially explicit design, we monitored intensively all environmental and behavioral variables in fixed points at a small spatial scale from autumn to spring, as well as seedling emergence and survival. Our results revealed that the spatial patterns of seedling emergence were strongly related to acorn availability on the ground, but not by a facilitationeffect of vegetation cover. Rodents changed seed shadows generated by mother trees by dispersing most seeds from shrubby to open areas, but the spatial patterns of acorn dispersal/predation had no direct effect on recruitment. By contrast, rodents had a strong impact on recruitment as pilferers of cached seeds. Rooting by wild boars also reduced recruitment by reducing seed abundance, but also by changing rodent's behavior towards higher consumption of acorns in situ. Hence, seed abundance and the foraging behavior of scatter-hoarding rodents and wild boars are driving the spatial patterns of seedling recruitment in this mature oak forest, rather than vegetation features. The contribution of vegetation to seedling recruitment (e.g. facilitation by shrubs) may be context dependent, having a little role in closed forests, or being overridden by directed seed dispersal from shrubby to open areas. We warn about the need of using broad approaches that consider the combined action of environment and behavior to improve our knowledge on the dynamics of natural regeneration in forests.
Data from: Introducing resprouters to enhance Mediterranean forest resilience: importance of functional traits to select species according to a gradient of pine density
Resprouter species are important for Mediterranean ecosystem resilience, but they are scarce in landscapes dominated by pioneer pines. Sound knowledge of resprouter seedling functional responses and establishment success across different pine habitats would help guide forest restoration efforts. Four broadleaved resprouter species, that is two shrubs – Arbutus unedo and Pistacia terebinthus – and two trees – Fraxinus ornus and Sorbus domestica – were planted under an experimentally created gradient of pine cover from totally open conditions to dense pine cover. Seedling survival and growth were monitored for 5 years. Phenological, physiological and morphological traits were measured to gain insight into the mechanisms of pine–seedling interaction. Interaction outcomes varied according to species identity, pine cover treatment and time. Light-to-moderate pine cover induced greater height growth and little or no effects on diameter and survival of the two trees. Competition was always detected for shrubs, whereas competition and facilitation were noted for trees. Within pine stands, negative interactions increased with tree cover, making dense stands the most limiting. Interactions were only detectable after 2–3 years, but increased in intensity with time. Functional responses to increasing pine cover indicated a seedling strategy of carbon gain optimization in the shade (increased specific leaf area and leaf area, decreased leaf dry matter content), particularly in tree species seedlings. Increasing pine cover induced higher water stress, but lower photochemical stress. The deciduous species had a longer vegetation season under pine canopies, whereas the evergreen shrub Arbutus unedo showed a lower polycyclism rate and flower production. Synthesis and applications. Moderate pine cover facilitates the establishment of deciduous trees at the expense of shrubs. This pattern can be attributed to a higher shade tolerance of the trees than the shrubs combined with a low tolerance of trees to photoinhibition. We therefore recommend using evergreen shrubs for the restoration of open land and high-specific-leaf-area deciduous trees for pine stand diversification. However, in dense forests, thinning is needed to increase light availability prior to seedling introduction.
Data from: Soil microclimate changes affect soil fungal communities in a Mediterranean pine forest
• Soil microclimate is a potentially important regulator of the composition of plant-associated fungal communities in climates with significant drought periods. Here, we investigated spatio-temporal dynamics of soil fungal communities in a Mediterranean Pinus pinaster forest in relation to soil moisture and temperature. • Fungal communities in 336 soil samples collected monthly during a year from 28 long-term experimental plots were assessed by PacBio sequencing of ITS2 amplicons. Total fungal biomass was estimated by analysing ergosterol. Community changes were analysed in the context of functional traits. • Soil fungal biomass was lowest during summer and late winter and highest during autumn, concurrent with a greater relative abundance of mycorrhizal species. Intra-annual spatio-temporal changes in community composition correlated significantly with soil moisture and temperature. Mycorrhizal fungi were less affected by summer drought than free-living fungi. In particular, mycorrhizal species of the short-distance exploration type increased in relative abundance under dry conditions, whereas species of the long-distance exploration type were more abundant under wetter conditions. • Our observations demonstrate a potential for compositional and functional shifts in fungal communities in response to changing climatic conditions. Free-living fungi and mycorrhizal species with extensive mycelia may be negatively affected by increasing drought periods in Mediterranean forest ecosystems.
FIGURES 21–25 in Three new species of Collembola from soils of Mediterranean cork-oak forests of Sicily (Italy)
FIGURES 21–25. Friesea guarinoi sp. nov. SEM microphotographs: 21, habitus dorsal view, bar=90 micrometers; 22, Ant. IV, bar=9 micrometers; 23, eyes, bar=9 micrometers; 24, labium, bar=20 micrometers; 25, female genital plate, bar=10 micrometers.
FIGURES 32–37 in Three new species of Collembola from soils of Mediterranean cork-oak forests of Sicily (Italy)
FIGURES 32–37. Arrhopalites antonioi sp. nov. SEM microphotographs: 32, habitus lateral view; 33, head spine; 34, great Abd posterior spine-like seta; 35, Ant. III; 36, Th II–III spine; 37, Abd VI chaetotaxy.
FIGURES 16–20 in Three new species of Collembola from soils of Mediterranean cork-oak forests of Sicily (Italy)
FIGURES 16–20. Neonaphorura alicatai sp. nov.: 16, dorsal Th chaetotaxy; 17, dorsal Abd chaetotaxy; 18, ventral Abd chaetotaxy; 19, chaetotaxy of Tita III; 20, schematic whorl representation of Tita III.
FIGURES 38–43 in Three new species of Collembola from soils of Mediterranean cork-oak forests of Sicily (Italy)
FIGURES 38–43. Arrhopalites antonioi sp. nov.: 38, head chaetotaxy; 39, Ant. I–III chaetotaxy; 40, dorsal Ant. IV chaetotaxy; 41, ventral Ant. IV chaetotaxy; 42, complete Ant. IV chaetotaxy; 43, labrum.
FIGURES 11–15 in Three new species of Collembola from soils of Mediterranean cork-oak forests of Sicily (Italy)
FIGURES 11–15. Neonaphorura alicatai sp. nov.: 11, dorsal head chaetotaxy; 12, Ant. III organ; 13, ventral head chaetotaxy; 14, schematic representation of PAO; 15, lateral projection of a PAO granule.
FIGURES 1–10 in Three new species of Collembola from soils of Mediterranean cork-oak forests of Sicily (Italy)
FIGURES 1–10. Neonaphorura alicatai sp. nov. SEM microphotographs: 1, habitus dorsal view; 2, Ant. III–IV; 3, Ant. III ventral sensillum; 4, head pseudocellus and PAO; 5,dorsal pseudocellus of Abd V; 6, Abd VI dorsal view; 7, mouth cone; 8,dorsal pseudocellus of Th I; 9, Dorsal and lateral pseudocelli of Th III; 10, dorsal pseudocellus of Abd IV.
FIGURES 44–46 in Three new species of Collembola from soils of Mediterranean cork-oak forests of Sicily (Italy)
FIGURES 44–46. Arrhopalites antonioi sp. nov.: 44, leg I chaetotaxy, anterior view; 45, leg II chaetotaxy, anterior view; 46, leg III chaetotaxy, anterior view.
FIGURES 28–31 in Three new species of Collembola from soils of Mediterranean cork-oak forests of Sicily (Italy)
FIGURES 28–31. Friesea guarinoi sp. nov.: 28, ventral Ant. III–IV chaetotaxy; 29, labrum chaetotaxy; 30, dorsal Th and Abd chaetotaxy; 31, ventral Abd IV–VI chaetotaxy of a male.
Evidence for antagonistic effects of climate change and exotic pathogens on regeneration of Mediterranean forests
<ol> <li>Understanding the interactive effects of global change drivers on tree demography is fundamental for realistic predictions of future forest dynamics. Multiple studies have shown increasing drought and exotic pathogens to severely threaten forest persistence by increasing mortality and decreasing growth of adult trees. However, much less is known about their effects on regeneration, and how they might affect seedling performance in additive and non-additive (synergistic or antagonistic) ways.</li> <li>Here we aimed to fill this gap by experimentally exploring the effects of increasing drought and soil-borne pathogens on tree regeneration in two types of mixed oak forests (<em>Quercus suber</em>-<em>Q. canariensis </em>and<em> Q. suber-Olea europaea</em>) invaded by the exotic soil-borne oomycete <em>Phytophthora</em> <em>cinnamomi</em>, one of the most aggressive plant pathogens on earth. We conducted a seed-sowing experiment with oomycete-specific fungicide taking advantage of rainfall exclusion infrastructures that excluded 30% of the annual rainfall, simulating predictions of climate change models for Mediterranean systems. Seedling emergence, survival and growth of the three tree species were followed over 3 years.</li> <li>We found that neutral or positive drought effects on regeneration dominated over negative effects in the tree community. Moreover, most positive drought effects on the dominant species (<em>Q. suber</em>) were not direct, but rather indirectly mediated by soil-borne pathogens. This was shown by the fact that positive drought effects disappeared with fungicide application. </li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>: Overall, our results suggest that rainfall reductions predicted by climate change models for the Mediterranean region might have minor direct negative effects on early regeneration of tree species, but that could play a major indirect role by limiting the negative effects of exotic pathogens on highly susceptible tree species. These findings highlight that antagonisms among global change drivers should be recognized as important forces that might slow down the current loss of tree health.</li> </ol>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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