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Fig. 4 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 4. Plot of standard length against snout length for Cathorops aguadulce (holotype, open circle; non-type specimens, filled circle) and C. kailolae (holotype, filled triangle; paratypes and non-type specimens, open triangle).

Fig. 19. Cathorops melanopus, UMMZ 197336, 188.0 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 19. Cathorops melanopus, UMMZ 197336, 188.0 mm SL (body in lateral view). Guatemala, Izabal, río Motagua at Finca Hopi.

Fig. 1 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 1. Cathorops aguadulce, holotype, FMNH 4678, 227.0 mm SL (body in lateral view). Mexico, Veracruz, río Papaloapan basin, río Tesechoacán at Pérez.

Fig. 6 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 6. Distribution of freshwater species of Cathorops in Mesoamerica. C. aguadulce [open square, holotype; filled square, non-types; hatched square, from Miller et al. (2005, Map 6.144)]; C. kailolae [open circle, holotype; filled circle, paratypes; gray circle, non-types; hatched circle, from Miller et al. (2005, Map 6.144)], and Cathorops melanopus (triangle). Some symbols represent more than one locality or lot of specimens (from www.aquarius.geomar.de).

Fig. 12 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 12. Cathorops higuchii, holotype, USNM 79363, 129.0 mm SL (body in lateral view). Panama, Colón Reef.

Fig. 10 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 10. Tooth plates of Cathorops belizensis. Abbreviations: atp - accessory tooth plates; Den - dentary; pe - posterior expansion; PMtp - premaxillary tooth plates.

Fig. 15 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 15. Tooth plates of Cathorops higuchii. Abbreviations: atp - accessory tooth plates; Den - dentary; pe - posterior expansion; PMtp - premaxillary tooth plates.

Fig. 2 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 2. Cathorops aguadulce, holotype, FMNH 4678, 227.0 mm SL (head in dorsal view). Mexico, Veracruz, río Papaloapan basin, río Tesechoacán at Pérez.

Fig. 5 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 5. Plot of standard length against distance from snout to dorsal fin for Cathorops aguadulce (holotype, open circle; nontype specimens, filled circle) and C. kailolae (holotype, filled triangle; paratypes and non-type specimens, open triangle).

Fig. 14 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 14. Plot of maxillary barbel length against supraoccipital process length for Cathorops higuchii (holotype, filled triangle; paratypes, open triangle) and C. mapale (holotype, open circle; non-type specimens, filled circle).

Fig. 11 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 11. Distribution of marine and estuarine species of Cathorops in the CentralAmerican Caribbean. Cathorops belizensis (triangle) and C. higuchii (open square, holotype and some paratypes; filled square, other paratypes). Some symbols represent more than one locality or lot of specimens (from www.aquarius.geomar.de).

Fig. 16 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 16. Cathorops kailolae, holotype, USNM 134330, 181.0 mm SL (body in lateral view). Guatemala, lago Izabal, embayment about 3 mi. W of El Estor.

Fig. 20. Cathorops melanopus, UMMZ 197336, 188.0 in Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species

Fig. 20. Cathorops melanopus, UMMZ 197336, 188.0 mm SL (headindorsalview).Guatemala, Izabal, ríoMotaguaatFincaHopi.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2014View details →

zenodo36/100

Supplementary material 1 from: Haemig P (2014) Aztec introduction of the great-tailed grackle in ancient Mesoamerica: Formal defense of the Sahaguntine historical account. NeoBiota 22: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.22.6791

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dryad36/100

The Andes of Colombia and Ecuador as a barrier to fern and lycophyte species from Mesoamerica

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publicJan 2025View details →

dryad36/100

Consequences of drought severity for tropical live oak (Quercus oleoides) in Mesoamerica

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publicMar 2020View details →

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: A jungle tale: molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates of the Desmopsis - Stenanona clade (Annonaceae) in Mesoamerica

The predominantly Asian tribe Miliuseae (Annonaceae) includes over 37 Neotropical species that are mainly distributed across Mesoamerica, from southern Mexico to northern Colombia. The tremendous ecological and morphological diversity of this clade, including ramiflory, cauliflory, flagelliflory, and clonality, suggests adaptive radiation. Despite the spectacular phenotypic divergence of this clade, little is known about its phylogenetic and evolutionary history. In this study we used a nuclear DNA marker and seven chloroplast markers, and maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods to reconstruct a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny of tribe Miliuseae, especially focusing on the Desmopsis-Stenanona clade. We also perform ancestral area reconstructions to infer the biogeographic history of this group. Finally, we use ecological niche modeling, lineage distribution models, and niche overlap tests to assess whether geographic isolation and ecological specialization influenced the diversification of lineages within this clade. We reconstructed a monophyletic Miliuseae that is divided into two strongly supported clades: (i) a Sapranthus-Tridimeris clade and (ii) a Desmopsis-Stenanona clade. The colonization of the Neotropics and subsequent diversification of Neotropical Miliuseae seems to have been associated with the expansion of the boreotropical forests during the late Eocene and their subsequent fragmentation and southern displacement. Further speciation within Neotropical Miliuseae out of the Maya block seems to have occurred during the last 15 million years. Lastly, the geographic structuring of major lineages of the Desmopsis-Stenanona clade seems to have followed a climatic gradient, supporting the hypothesis that morphological differentiation between closely related species resulted from both long-term isolation between geographic ranges and adaptation to environmental conditions.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Interglacial genetic diversification of Moussonia deppeana (Gesneriaceae), a hummingbird-pollinated, cloud forest shrub in northern Mesoamerica

Recent empirical work on cloud forest-adapted species supports the role of both old divergences across major geographical areas and more recent divergences attributed to Pleistocene climate changes. The shrub Moussonia deppeana is distributed in northern Mesoamerica, with geographically disjunct populations. Based on sampling throughout the species range and employing plastid and nuclear markers, we (i) test whether the fragmented distribution is correlated with main evolutionary lineages, (ii) reconstruct its phylogeographical history to infer the history of cloud forest in northern Mesoamerica and (iii) evaluate a set of refugia/vicariance scenarios for the region and demographic patterns of the populations whose ranges expanded and tracked cloud forest conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum. We found a deep evolutionary split in M. deppeana about 6–3 Ma, which could be consistent with a Pliocene divergence. Comparison of variation in plastid and nuclear markers revealed several lineages mostly congruent with their isolated geographical distribution and restricted gene flow among groups. Results of species distribution modelling and coalescent simulations fit a model of multiple refugia diverging during interglacial cycles. The demographic history of M. deppeana is not consistent with an expanding–contracting cloud forest archipelago model during the Last Glacial Maximum. Instead, our data suggest that populations persisted across the geographical range throughout the glacial cycles, and experienced isolation and divergence during interglacial periods.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica

Background. Cloud forest, characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover and a fragmented distribution, is one of the most threatened habitats especially in the Neotropics. Tree ferns are among the most conspicuous elements in these forests and ferns are restricted to regions in which minimum temperatures rarely drop below freezing and rainfall is high and evenly distributed around the year. Current phylogeographic data suggest that some of the cloud forest-adapted species remained in situ or expanded to the lowlands during glacial cycles and contracted allopatrically during the interglacials. Although the observed genetic signals of population size changes of cloud forest-adapted species including tree ferns correspond to predicted changes by Pleistocene climate change dynamics, the observed patterns of intraspecific lineage divergence showed temporal incongruence. Methods. Here we combined phylogenetic analyses, ancestral area reconstruction, and divergence time estimates with climatic and altitudinal data (environmental space) for phenotypic traits of tree fern species to make inferences about evolutionary processes in deep time. We used phylogenetic Bayesian inference and geographic and altitudinal distribution of tree ferns to investigate the ancestral area and elevation and environmental preferences of Mesoamerican tree ferns. The phylogeny was then used to estimate divergence times and ask whether the ancestral area and elevation and environmental shifts were linked to climatic events and historical climatic preferences. Results. Bayesian trees retrieved Cyathea, Alsophila, Gymnosphaera and Sphaeropteris in monophyletic clades. Splits for species in these genera found in the Mesoamerican cloud forests are recent, from the Neogene to the Quaternary. Australia was identified as the ancestral area for the clades of these genera, except for Gymnosphaera that was Mesoamerica. Climate tolerance was not divergent from hypothesized ancestors for the four most significant variables or elevation. For elevational shifts we found repeated changes from low to high elevations. Conclusions. Our data suggest that representatives of Cyatheaceae main lineages migrated from Australia to Mesoamerican cloud forests in different times and have persisted in these environmentally unstable areas but extant species diverged recently from their ancestors.