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Milky Way Arch over Amboseli National Park

Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   This image was taken in July 2016 from the Amboseli National Park in Kenya, located close to the equator. In Egyptian mythology from northern Africa, the Milky Way was associated with a river sailed by gods and souls. The Zulu in South Africa interpret this pattern of dark and bright clouds of stars as an animal with black and white skin, whereas the South African Khoikhoi and San considered it “The Star’s Road”. In several South African cultures, the arch of the Milky Way is a pathway to the heavens formed by a mother goddess, according to a South African creation myth that was adopted in the 19th century from early ethnological research, but has vanished today. In the middle-right of the image we find the bright red star Antares in the modern constellation of the Scorpion and at the upper-left edge is the white star Vega that is considered a Male Steenbok by the peoples around Cape Town. Indigenous Australians have many names for the Milky Way. The Yolnu people of Arnhem Land in Australia’s Northern Territory refer to the Milky Way as Milnguya, the sky river. One of the prominent patterns in this image is associated with the contrast between the light and dark regions of the Milky Way. These dark regions are cool dense clouds of interstellar dust and gas, which block the light from stars behind them. One of the prominent patterns is that of the Celestial Emu referred to as Tchingal by several Indigenous peoples of south Australia. The head and beak of the emu (the Coalsack Nebula) lie to the bottom-left of the Southern Cross (seen in the far bottom-right of the image), and the body and legs stretch leftward from it. Other indigenous groups associate the dark regions with caves or waterways. The orientation of the emu over the year provides important clues as to when it is time to pick emu eggs, and when the eggs are hatching. In some months, when these clouds of the Milky Way are close to the horizon, they are not considered as emu at all but as two creeping crocodiles. The modern figure of the dark Pipe Nebula is clearly visible above the centre of the Galaxy; the smoke of this pipe reaches the colourful rho Ophiuchi region next to Antares in Scorpius, the orange-red star just above the Milky Way. Antares is referred to by the Boorong people as Djuit, the red-rumped parrot, while the Kokatha people of the Western Desert refer to Antares as Kogolongo, the red-tailed black cockatoo. In addition, some notable constellations can be seen: Cygnus, Aquila, Lyra, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Crux, and Centaurus. The pointer stars, Alpha and Beta Centauri, are occasionally interpreted as The Eyes of the Beast in some South African traditions. Credit: Amirreza Kamkar/IAU OAE (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">CC BY 4.0</a>)

Milky Way over Avenue of Baobabs

Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   This image, taken from the Avenue of Baobabs, Morondava, Madagascar, in July 2017, shows the majestic band of the Milky Way, our home galaxy, together with a rich collection of constellations and asterisms: Crux, Centaurus, Scorpius, Sagittarius and the Teapot asterism. Towards the bottom left of the image we can see the Southern Cross and the pointer stars Alpha (the brighter of the two) and Beta Centauri, which help to distinguish it from similar-looking configurations. Some cultures in Africa associate the Southern Cross with a giraffe, while others associate the constellations with a pride of lions or even with the Tree of Life. Antares, the brightest star in the constellation Scorpius, is the orange-red star straight up from the middle baobab tree. To the Pokomo people from southwestern Kenya, Africa, the Milky Way is associated with the smoke emanating from a campfire lit by ancient people. The various people in South Africa, in contrast, have different star tales; the Khoikhoi from the region around Cape Town explained the colours of the red and white stars as red and white roots that were roasted on a fire and thrown towards the sky together with the ashes of the fire. The Xhosa from further east consider the Milky Way the raised bristle of a huge angry dog, while the Zulu from near Johannesburg interpret it as a stream of spears of their strongest warriors. Polynesian people, who were adept seafarers and navigators, see the constellation Scorpius as a fish hook, and refer to it as the demigod Maui’s Fish Hook. For the Djab Wurrung and the Jardwadjali people, the Southern Cross is part of a Dreamtime Story involving Tchingal, the Bram-bram-bult brothers (the pointer stars), their mother Druk (Delta Crux), and Bunya, the hunter who gets changed into a possum (Gacrux, red star at the top of the Southern Cross). In this image, the planets Saturn (the bright point above Antares) and Jupiter (the bright point at the bottom-right of the image close to the trunk of the baobab tree) are visible. Indigenous cultures have various stories associated with the planets, for example Kamilaroi and Wailan people associate Saturn with wunygal, a small bird. The Boorong people of Western Victoria associate Jupiter with Ginabongbearp, the chief of the old spirits (Nurrumbunguttias), who takes the totemic form of the sulphur-crested white cockatoo. Credit: Amirreza Kamkar/IAU OAE (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">CC BY 4.0</a>)

The Milky Way Across the Zenith

Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   This all-sky image shows our home galaxy, the Milky Way, crossing the zenith, the point just above the observer as seen from Nagano, Japan, in May 2019. Such images of the whole sky can be taken either with a fish-eye lens or with a convex mirror on the ground, the latter of which would show the photographer as well. Some of the brightest stars in the night sky can be seen in this image, as well as two of the giant planets of our Solar System: Jupiter, the brightest point in the bottom of this image, and Saturn, another bright point just to the opposite side of the Galaxy, to the bottom and next to the horizon. Directly right of the Milky Way and below Jupiter, we can spot the bright red star Antares, the primary star of the Japanese asterism of The Heart. Japanese constellations derive from ancient Chinese constellations, which were adopted with only slight or no changes. In this tradition, The Heart is the heart of the “Azure Dragon”, a super-constellation that represents the spring. In the Babylonian and Greco-Roman traditions, this area is considered the heart of the Scorpion. In Babylonian religion, the star is associated with Lisi, the child of the mother goddess, but in Greek mythology it is related to the planet Mars, because of its colour. The reddish colour also led to the star’s Chinese name “The Fire Star”. We know that this colour is caused by its relatively cool temperature. Going from Antares to the right of the image, we find the more northern parts of the sky. The bright star in the lower-right of the image, close to the horizon, is Arcturus, located in the modern constellation Boötes. While Antares and its surrounding area are considered the heart of the Azure Dragon, Arcturus and Spica (below the horizon) are two single-star asterisms forming its huge horn. Pointing towards it from above, at the right-hand edge of the image’s horizon, we can see the handle of the Big Dipper, or Plough, which is part of the constellation Ursa Major. The bright point to the right of the galaxy and just above the middle of the image is Vega, located in the modern constellation Lyra. Extending a line to the other side of the Galaxy and a bit lower in the image we can find Altair, in the constellation Aquila. From that point we extend another line to Deneb, the brightest star in the constellation of the Swan, also a bit higher in this image and completely flooded by the Milky Way. These three bright stars comprise the asterism known as the Summer Triangle in the northern hemisphere. Credit: Ohnishi Kouji/IAU OAE (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">CC BY 4.0</a>)

Milky Way Arch over La Palma

Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   This image, which shows the majestic band of the Milky Way and a range of culturally significant patterns, was taken in May 2022 at a very high altitude from the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in La Palma, from which one can see the clouds below. Some prominent star patterns include Scorpius, Sagittarius, Lyra, Cygnus, Aquila, the Summer Triangle asterism, and the Teapot asterism. As the Canary Islands used to be a starting point for European sailors to explore the world, we use this place to point to the many indigenous cultures they encountered. Most notably it is the dark patterns within the band of the Milky Way that hold significance for many Indigenous cultures around the world. The dark patterns are in fact dense, cool clouds of gas and dust that block the light from stars. Indigenous people see caves, waterways and various patterns associated with the dark regions of the Milky Way. The constellations and patterns hold different cultural significance and interpretations for different people. For example, the constellation Scorpius is referred to by Polynesian people as the demigod Maui’s Fishhook. The Yolnu people of Arnhem Land associate Scorpius with a crocodile called Ingalpir. Some Indigenous Australian groups associate stories with individual stars within Scorpius, most notably Antares, the orange-red star in the top right of the image above the band of the Milky Way. Next to the Scorpion and above the bright centre of the Milky Way, there is a prominent dark cloud that is called the Pipe Nebula by modern astrophotographers. The smoke of this pipe goes up to rho Ophiuchi. This and all the other dark clouds in the Milky Way together form the backbone of heaven for some tribes, and an animal with black-and-white skin for South African Zulu people. The nomenclature of bright stars also has cross-cultural roots. For example, Vega (the bright blue star towards the top of the image) comes from the Arabic waqi, from al-nasr al-waqi, the Eagle who throws himself down (in order to hunt). This contrasts with the Flying Eagle, Altair, also derived from Arabic. Antares is a Greek word meaning “the one similar to Mars”, referring to its colour. The star name Shaula in the stinger of the Scorpion is a modern version of the Babylonian or even Sumerian star name. Credit: Amirreza Kamkar/IAU OAE (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">CC BY 4.0</a>)

The Milky Way Over Anglers Reach

Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   The Milky Way and several astronomical objects are seen in this image taken from the southern hemisphere, in Anglers Reach, Australia, in April 2022. On the bottom-left side we can identify the constellation Scorpius with its brightest star, Antares, the reddish spot just above the arc. Some prominent but small southern constellations can also be seen: the dominating bright stars in the middle-left of the image in the Milky Way are the four bright stars of Crux (the Southern Cross) and to its left the two pointer stars, alpha and beta Centauri. Crux points towards the southern celestial pole, which is not marked by a bright star, and The pointer stars point towards Crux, distinguishing it from the asterism of the False Cross in the constellation Argo. Crux features on the national flags of Australia, Brazil, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and New Zealand. As Crux lies in the brightest parts of the Milky Way, the dark cloud of the famous Coalsack Nebula is prominent next to the bright stars. It forms one of the dark constellations in South American, South African and Australian indigenous cultures. The huge Australian dark constellation of the Emu is almost completely above the horizon in this image, stretching from its head in the Coal Sack to the horizon. In Greek antiquity, the stars of Crux also belonged to the constellation Centaurus, a hybrid creature with a human torso and head attached to a horse body with four legs. The Greek centaur represents Chiron, the wise teacher of all Greek heroes. Its brightest star is Rigil Kentaurus (Alpha Centauri), the front hoof of the centaur. Just below it, we find the small constellation Triangulum Australe. The triple star system of Alpha Centauri is our Sun’s nearest stellar neighbour. Along the Milky Way in the middle-right of the picture we find the huge constellation Argo, the Ship. The smaller ancient constellation Argo was extended by Dutch navigators around 1600, and the number of stars in this constellation was then so big that the 18th-century French mathematician Lacaille needed to introduce subtitles for Argo in his star catalogue. In doing so, he invented the constellations Puppis, Carina and Vela. In Carina, the Keel of the ship, this reddish photograph clearly displays the Carina Nebula. At the right edge of the image we can spot the brightest star in the night sky, Sirius, while the second brightest star, Canopus, the rudder of Argo, the Ship, dominates the area under the arch of the Milky Way. Also below the Milky Way arc, we can see the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud, which are small satellite galaxies of our own Galaxy.   Credit: Lucy Yunxi Hu/IAU OAE (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">CC BY 4.0</a>)

Winter Milky way

Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   Taken near Lake Misurina in the Veneto region of Italy in February 2019, this image shows a clear and starry sky over a winter landscape. We can see part of the Milky Way arc. From the left side, towards the south-east, we see Sirius, "The Burner" in Greek, the brightest star in the night sky. It is part of the constellation Canis Major, The Great Dog, one of the dogs of Orion, the great hunter, in Greek mythology. Orion’s other dog, Canis Minor, the Small Dog, is represented by the bright star Procyon and its fainter neighbours. The Greek star name means “The One [rising] before The Dog” and the star is seen at the top left side of the image just above the arc of the Galaxy. Orion lies to the right of Canis Major. We can spot its characteristic “belt”, an asterism composed of three bright stars aligned in a straight line.  Above the treetops to the right of Orion, the open star clusters of the Hyades and the Pleiades in the constellation Taurus, the Bull, are visible. According to ancient lore, these two clusters form a Celestial Gate directly next to the intersection of the great circles of the ecliptic and the Milky Way. In Greco-Roman mythology, Taurus is associated with the god Zeus who is said to have used a bull to seduce the Phoenician princess Europa. Above the constellation Taurus, we can see a bright star just above the arc of the Galaxy. This is Capella, the brightest star of the constellation Auriga, The Charioteer. This is one of the 88 modern constellations and is associated with the Greek hero Erichthonius of Athens. Hindu astronomy considers Capella as the heart of Brahma, one of the three major gods. The indigenous people of Bororo in Brazil have a constellation representing a cayman, comprising some of the stars of Auriga and some stars from neighbouring constellations. To the right of Taurus, we find the modern constellation Perseus with the bright double star cluster h+chi Perseii, which represents the metal of Perseus’s sabre in Greek mythology. Perseus is the hero who was sent out to prove himself, and happened to rescue Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus as the Roman poet Ovid wrote. We can also see the constellation Cassiopeia, associated with the queen and mother of Andromeda in Greek mythology. It is composed of five bright stars in the shape of a W, which was considered the asterism of The Key by the Greeks according to the poet Aratus. The recognisable shape is also associated with other mythologies: for instance, it represents the princess Sharmishtha in Hindu astronomy, a bat in Thailand, and a camel in native Arabic astronomy. In the gap between the trees, the Andromeda Galaxy is visible. Credit: Giorgia Hofer/IAU OAE (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">CC BY 4.0</a>)

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

A Bayesian Estimation of the Milky Way's Circular Velocity Curve using Gaia DR3

The derived input dataset of approximately 0.6 million RGB stars used in the work "A Bayesian Estimation of the Milky Way’s Circular Velocity Curve using Gaia DR3" . The authors kindly ask to cite the original work described in (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202346474">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202346474</a>) should one make use of this catalogue.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Combined three-dimensional Milky Way extinction map (2019)

This file contains an updated version of the combined Milky-Way extinction map from Bovy, Rix, Green et al. (2015) (see the Appendix) in HDF5 format. The component of the original dust map coming from Pan-STARRS data was updated to the Pan-STARRS dust map from Green et al. (2019). The format is similar to that described here: http://argonaut.skymaps.info/usage, except that no samples are included (so only the /best_fit attribute and other supporting ones are included). This file is downloaded and read by the https://github.com/jobovy/mwdust code.

opencc-by-4.0May 2020View details →

Dataset for paper "Decaying dark matter signal across the Milky Way?"

Summary of observations after cleaning. File naming: mw-xmm-obs-<region>.csv, where  <region> identifies corresponding region bounds in arcmin. List of fields: ObsId - XMM-Newton observation id l - galactic longitude, degrees b - galactic latitude, degrees off-center - an angular distance of the instrument pointing direction from the Galactic center, arcmin Exposure - cleaned exposure of the MOS1/MOS2/PN cameras, ksec FoV - spectra extraction regions of the MOS1/MOS2/PN spectra (field-of-view), arcmin^2

opencc-zeroSep 2015View details →

Combined three-dimensional Milky Way extinction map

This file contains the combined Milky-Way extinction map from Bovy, Rix, Green et al. (2015) (see the Appendix) in HDF5 format. The format is similar to that described here: http://argonaut.skymaps.info/usage, except that no samples are included (so only the /best_fit attribute and other supporting ones are included). This file is downloaded and read by the https://github.com/jobovy/mwdust code.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

The Data For Inside-Out versus Upside-Down: The Origin and Evolution of Metallicity Radial Gradients in FIRE Simulations of Milky Way-mass Galaxies and the Essential Role of Gas Mixing

The files titled Graf et al. 2024b store the x-axis and y-axis values for each line in each figure. The files which end in .py are the scripts which produced the data in the figures. This data abides by CC-BY.

openncgl-uk-2.0Sep 2022View details →

Revisiting the Milky Way — White Hole Binary with Energy Backlash and White Hole Seed Signature

The observation made on Sep 25, 2022 on Harvard-Smithsonian MicroObservatory detected a white hole binary with white hole seed signatures in the collision momentum. A wide area of tree-shaped energy backlash were detected due to the high energy phenomenon with the angular momentum of the observation. The scattering of miniature black holes and miniature white holes was the main composition of the observation data, and contributed to the overall interference patterns in the observational result. The cluster formation in the observation mainly originated from between 948 and 999 Kelvins, and the energy backlash to the lower thermodynamic regime. The resonance signatures on the star systems above ~1360 Kelvins were observed, with lower surface threshold located between 1143 and 1263 Kelvins. The observation is consistent with the observation made on the Ring Nebula M57 on Jun 12, 2022, with silhouettes of the white hole seed and black hole seed collision momentum between 0 and 73.7 Kelvins. The observations confirmed the geodesics of ring singularity of black hole studies to be the collision momenta of black hole and white hole seeds.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Unveiling the Milky Way dust extinction curve in 3D

We measure the extinction curves of 220 million stars with Gaia XP spectra and near-infrared photometry from 2MASS and WISE. We use a data-driven model that is developed from <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.524.1855Z/abstract">Zhang et al. 2023</a>, with variable extinction curves, to determine stellar parameters and extinction curves simultaneously. For full details of our method, see our corresponding paper*. Here, we provide the resulting catalog of stellar parameters, our trained stellar model, and a few Python scripts that demonstrate how to interact with the catalog and model. See the <code>README.md</code> for more information. * Link of the paper will be posted here once available. Update on 05.04.2024: Uploaded the reference table <code>xi_Rv_ext_curve.h5</code>,  which was missing. Updated the script <code>plot_ext_curve.py</code> for a larger range of R(V) . Update on 17.05.2024: Uploaded preliminary maps in <code>Rv_map_new.h5</code>; Uploaded the script <code>example_query.py</code> for examples of querying the map, as well as code for generating sky-view and birds'-eye view pictures.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

All-sky three-dimensional dust density and extinction Maps of the Milky Way out to 2.8 kpc

Three-dimensional dust density maps are crucial for understanding the structure of the interstellar medium of the Milky Way and the processes that shape it. However, constructing these maps requires large datasets and the methods used to analyse them are computationally expensive and difficult to scale up. As a result it is has only recently become possible to map kiloparsec-scale regions of our Galaxy at parsec-scale grid sampling. We present all-sky three-dimensional dust density and extinction maps of the Milky Way out to 2.8~kpc in distance from the Sun using the fast and scalable Gaussian Process algorithm Dustribution. The sampling of the three-dimensional map is $l,b,d = 1^{\circ} \times1^{\circ} \times 1.7$~pc. The input extinction and distance catalogue contains 120 million stars with photometry and astrometry from Gaia DR2, 2MASS and AllWISE. This combines the strengths of optical and infrared data to probe deeper into the dusty regions of the Milky Way. We compare our maps with other published 3D dust maps. All maps quantitatively agree at the $0.001$~mag~pc$^{-1}$ scale with many qualitatively similar features, although each map also has its own features. We recover Galactic features previously identified in the literature. Moreover, we also see a large under-density that may correspond to an inter-arm or -spur gap towards the Galactic Centre.   Here we provide the full dataset generated from Dustribution covering the full sky out to 2.8 kpc. We provide the 3D dust extinction and density files as well the l,b,d coordinate grid that the data is presented in.    The data in each file is as follows: <ul> <li>lbdGrid_l_bounds.pkl.npy: The boundaries of the grid cells of the merged map in l (degrees). Numpy array of size 881.</li> <li>lbdGrid_b_bounds.pkl.npy: The boundaries of the grid cells of the merged map in b (degrees). Numpy array of size 273.</li> <li>lbdGrid_d_bounds.pkl.npy: The boundaries of the grid cells of the merged map in d (pc). Numpy array of size 1644.</li> <li>Density_Median_lbd.pkl.npy: The median of 100 density samples of the merged map (mag pc^-1). Treat this as the estimate of the density. Numpy array of size (880, 272, 1644)</li> <li>Density_16P_lbd.pkl.npy: The 16th percentile of the density of the merged map (mag pc^-1). Treat median-16p as the estimate of the lower uncertainty on the density. Numpy array of size (880, 272, 1644)</li> <li>Density_84P_lbd.pkl.npy: The 84th percentile of the density of the merged map (mag pc^-1). Treat 84p-median as the estimate of the upper uncertainty on the density. Numpy array of size (880, 272, 1644) </li> <li>Ext_Median_lbd.pkl.npy: The median of the integral of 100 sample maps at each cell in the merged map (mag). Treat this as the estimate of the extinction in each cell. Numpy array of size (880, 272, 1644). </li> <li>Ext_16P_lbd.pkl.npy: The 16th percentile of the integral of 100 sample maps at each cell in the merged map (mag). Treat median-16p as the estimate of the lower uncertainty on the extinction in each cell. Numpy array of size (880, 272, 1644)</li> <li>Ext_84P_lbd.pkl.npy: The 84th percentile of the integral of 100 sample maps at each cell in the merged map (mag). Treat 84p-median as the estimate of the upper uncertainty on the extinction in each cell. Numpy array of size (880, 272, 1644)</li> <li>read_and_plot.ipynb: a short jupyter notebook demonstrating how to read in the data files, with some quick examples of plotting them.</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Dataset for paper "Surface brightness profile of the 3.5 keV line in the Milky Way halo"

Summary of observations after cleaning. File naming: mw-xmm-obs-<region>.csv, where  <region> identifies corresponding region bounds in arcmin. List of fields: ObsId - XMM-Newton observation id l - galactic longitude, degrees b - galactic latitude, degrees off-center - angular distance of the instrument pointing direction from the Galactic center, arcmin Exposure - cleaned exposure of the MOS1/MOS2/PN cameras, ksec FoV - spectra extraction regions of the MOS1/MOS2/PN spectra (field-of-view), arcmin^2

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Data for the paper "Uncovering the birth of the Milky Way through accurate stellar ages with Gaia", accepted in Nature Astronomy

Data files used in the paper that contain information that is not available in public catalogues, and that is necessary to produce the figures. The extended dataset consists of: i) (a and b panels of figure 1): two tables directly retrieved from the Gaia archive as described in Methods, supplemented by extinction information on a star-by-star basis; the code used to interpolate the 3-D extinction maps by Lallement et al. (2018) can be retrieved from \url{https://github.com/edober/dust_maps_3d}.  ii) (c and d panels of Figure 1, Figure 2 and panel a of Figure 3): two tables with the derived solution CMDs. Two files with the necessary data to define the boxes used to select stars in the blue and red sequences of the halo CMD are also included.  iii) (panel b of Figure 3): necessary tables with the age, metallicity and velocity data for the main progenitor and accreted satellite for realisation g15784 of the MaGICC program (Brook et al. 2012). The complete information on the final timestep of that simulation, together with scripts to read and plot the data are also included in the extended dataset. A explanatory README is contained within the tar file.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2019View details →

Simulations of gas and stars in Milky Way-like discs

Top-down movies of a galactic gas disc evolving in different spiral arm and bar models, for 400 million years of evolution. Spiral arm and bar features rotate as rigid structures and at speeds different to the gas disc. The simulations are performed with the smoothed particles hydrodynamics code Gasoline2 (<a href="https://gasoline-code.com/">https://gasoline-code.com/</a>) and movies were made using the python package Pynbody (<a href="https://pynbody.github.io/pynbody/">https://pynbody.github.io/pynbody/</a>). The accompanying paper has been accepted by the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

opencc-zeroMar 2016View details →

Models of Dust Scattered Radiation in the Milky Way

Photons from hot stars are scattered by interstellar dust grains to give rise to the diffuse Galactic light (DGL) in the UV. I have modeled the dust scattered light in the two GALEX bands (FUV: 152 nm  and NUV: 236 nm) with a Monte Carlo program (available from ascl:1512.012). The spectral type, coordinates and distance of the stars are from the Hipparcos catalog and are modeled using Castelli-Kurucz templates. The dust distribution is taken from Green et al. (2019). The scattering phase function is given by the Henyey-Greenstein function. This data set includes 10 zipped files in each of the two GALEX bands with another at 1100 A. Each file contains the results of the model runs for a range of albedo (0.1 - 0.9) at a single value of g. The models and the data are described in https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2016arXiv160100430M/abstract. Added required dust files and program source code.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Orbits of Milky Way satellites in an ensemble of Galactic potentials including the LMC

This archive contains the samples from the MCMC analysis of Milky Way potential, including the dynamical perturbation from the LMC, and corresponding orbits of other Galactic satellites in each choice of the MW+LMC potential. There are 1000 samples of the MW+LMC potential parameters from the chain, and for each of them, one sample from the posterior distribution of present-day position/velocity for each satellite (i.e., sampled from its measurement uncertainties and weighted by the probability of finding this phase-space point in the DF corresponding to the given potential in the chain). The archive contains pre-computed trajectories for 63 objects, stored as a 4d numpy array  orbits.npy  with shape (63 objects, 1000 samples, 151 timesteps, 6 phase-space coordinates). The timesteps are equally spaced between -3 Gyr and now (also stored in orbit_times.npy). Object names are listed in  names.npy;  LMC comes 0th. The potential parameters for each of these 1000 samples are stored in potential_params.npy - each row has 6 parameters, 5 for the MW halo and the last one is the LMC mass. The script  integrate_orbits.py  contains a routine for constructing the MW potential with the given parameters (taken from the chain), computing the past trajectories of MW+LMC and constructing the time-dependent potential of both galaxies, which can then be used to integrate orbits of test particles, such as other satellites. Doing this for all 1000 samples and 62 objects would take some time, that's why they are provided in already pre-computed form.