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70 results for “Miscanthus”
Figure 3 Stigmaeopsis sabelisi n in Description of two new species of Stigmaeopsis, Banks 1917 (Acari, Tetranychidae) inhabiting Miscanthus grasses (Poaceae)
Figure 3 Stigmaeopsis sabelisi n. sp.: A – Femur, genu, tibia and tarsus I of male; B – Femur, genu, tibia and tarsus II of male; C – Femur, genu, tibia and tarsus III of male; D – Femur, genu, tibia and tarsus IV of male.
Figure 1 Stigmaeopsis sabelisi n in Description of two new species of Stigmaeopsis, Banks 1917 (Acari, Tetranychidae) inhabiting Miscanthus grasses (Poaceae)
Figure 1 Stigmaeopsis sabelisi n. sp.: A – Dorsum of female; B – Distal segment of palpus of female; C – Distal segment of palpus of male; D – Aedeagus; E – Female genital flap and anterogenital area.
Figure 5 Stigmaeopsis continentalis n in Description of two new species of Stigmaeopsis, Banks 1917 (Acari, Tetranychidae) inhabiting Miscanthus grasses (Poaceae)
Figure 5 Stigmaeopsis continentalis n. sp.: A – Femur, genu, tibia and tarsus I of female; B – Femur, genu, tibia and tarsus II of female; C – Femur, genu, tibia and tarsus I of male; D – Femur, genu, tibia and tarsus II of male.
FIG. 1 in Kwanghwana miscanthi Karun., C.H.Kuo & K.D.Hyde, gen. et sp. nov. (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) on Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K.Schum. & Lauterb. (Poaceae)
FIG. 1. — Phylogram generated from RAxML analysis based on a combined dataset of LSU, SSU, ITS and TEF1-α partial sequences. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood higher than 60% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) greater than 0.90 are displayed as above the nodes respectively. The extype strains are in bold. New strain is indicated in red. The tree is rooted to Leptosphaeria doliolum (Pers.) Ces. & De Not. (CBS 505.75) and Paraleptosphaeria dryadis (Johanson) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley (CBS 643.86).
FIG. 2 in Kwanghwana miscanthi Karun., C.H.Kuo & K.D.Hyde, gen. et sp. nov. (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) on Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K.Schum. & Lauterb. (Poaceae)
FIG. 2.— Kwanghwana miscanthi Karun., C.H.Kuo & K.D.Hyde, sp. nov. (MFU 18-1950, holotype): A, B, appearance of ascomata on the host Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K.Schum. & Lauterb. (Poaceae) leaf sheath; C, section through ascoma; D, section through peridium at the apex; E, section through peridium at the base; F, hamathecium; G, Pseudoparaphyses; H-K, asci; L-P, ascospores; Q, germinating ascospore; R, S, culture characteristics on PDA (r = from above, s = from below). Scale bars: C, 20 µm; D-F, 25 µm; G-K, 20 µm; L-Q, 25 µm.
Data from: Biomass yield, yield components and growing season phenotypic measurements of Miscanthus
<p>For sustainable biomass production of <em>Miscanthus × giganteus</em> (hereafter miscanthus), understanding the impact of stand age and nitrogen (N) fertilization on biomass yield is crucial. This study investigated the effects of varying N fertilization rates (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>) on yield components (tiller height, density, and weight) and their correlations with end-of-season biomass yield in miscanthus. We also explored end-of-season biomass yield prediction using in-season traits (canopy height, leaf area index (LAI), and leaf chlorophyll content (LCC)). The study was conducted at two sites in Illinois: a previously unfertilized 10-year-old miscanthus research stand at Urbana and a 16-year-old commercial stand at Pesotum with a history of annual 56N application. Results from 2018-2021 in Urbana and 2020-2021 in Pesotum showed increased biomass yields with N fertilization, varying by rate, year, and location. Biomass yield in Pesotum peaked at 56N, while in Urbana, it increased significantly at 112 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>. Biomass yield was strongly correlated with tiller height and weight measured at Urbana across N rates. Morphological traits measured every 2-3 weeks during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons showed that canopy height was the strongest single predictor of miscanthus biomass yield, followed by LCC. Mid-August to September measurements of these traits were the best predictors of biomass yield. Multiple regressions involving the canopy height and LCC further improved yield predictions. We conclude that while N enhances biomass yields of aging miscanthus, the optimum rate depends on the site, environmental conditions, and management.</p>
Site impacts nutrient translocation efficiency in intra- and interspecies miscanthus hybrids on marginal lands
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Miscanthus</span><span>, a C<sub>4</sub> perennial rhizomatous grass, is capable of growing in varied climates and soil types in Europe, including on marginal lands. It can produce high yields with low nutrient inputs when harvested after complete senescence. Senescence induction and rate depend on complex genetic, environmental, and management interactions. To explore these interactions, we analysed four miscanthus hybrids </span><span>(two novel seed-based hybrids, GRC 3<em> (M. sinensis × sinensis</em>) and GRC 14 (<em>M. sacchariflorus × sinensis)</em>; GRC 15, a<em> </em>novel <em>M. sacchariflorus × sinensis </em>clone; and GRC 9, a standard <em>M.</em></span><em><span> </span></em><em><span>× giganteus</span></em><span> clone</span><span>)</span><span> in Italy, Croatia, Germany and the UK.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Over all trial locations and hybrids, the average aboveground biomass of the three-year-old stands in August 2020 was 15 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup> with nutrient contents of 7.6 mg N g<sup>-1</sup> and 14.6 mg K g<sup>-1</sup>. As expected, delaying the harvest until spring reduced overall yield and nutrient contents (12 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup>,<sup> </sup>3.3 mg N g<sup>-1</sup> and 5.5 mg K g<sup>-1</sup>). At lower latitudes, the late-ripening <em>M.</em> </span><em><span>sacchariflorus × sinensis</span> </em><span>GRC 14 and GRC 15 combined high yields with low nutrient contents. At the most elevated latitude location (UK), the early-ripening </span><em><span>M. sinensis × sinensis</span> </em><span>combined high biomass yields with low nutrient offtakes. The clonal <em>M. × giganteus</em> with intermediate flowering and senescence attained similar low nutrient contents by spring harvest at all four locations.</span></p> <p><span>Seasonal changes in yield and</span><span> nutrie</span><span>nt </span><span>levels analysed in this study provide: 1) a first step towards recommending hybrids for specific locations and end uses in Europe; 2) crucial data for determination of harvest time and practical steps in the valorisation of biomass; and 3) key sustainability data for life cycle assessments. Identification of trade-offs resulting from genetic × environment × management interactions are critical for increasing sustainable biomass supply from miscanthus grown on marginal lands.</span></p>
Yield development and nutrient offtake in contrasting Miscanthus genotypes under green and brown harvest regimes
<p>Harvest time is an important variable that determines the yield of miscanthus biomass, its possible end uses, and the nutrient offtake from the field. Green harvests result in a higher yield and greater nutrient removal from the field. Brown miscanthus harvests, carried out in late winter or early spring, result in lower yields, and a lower nutrient offtake, whereby the harvested biomass is better suited to use in combustion. To look at the long term impact of green harvests on miscanthus this experiment followed the yield development of two miscanthus genotypes subjected to green and brown harvests over a period of seven years at one site in Southern Germany. The standard commercial genotype <em>Miscanthus x giganteus</em> (Mxg) was compared to a novel late-ripening <em>Miscanthus sinensis</em> genotype: Syn55. Average yields of Mxg were 19.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup> for green harvests and 13.2 t ha<sup>-1</sup> for brown harvests compared to 13.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup> and 12.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup> for green and brown harvested Syn55 respectively. Yields of Mxg were very different for green and brown harvests; green harvested Mxg had very high nutrient offtake, while brown harvested Mxg had the lowest nutrient offtakes of all treatments. Syn55 showed a less marked difference between green and brown harvests likely due to its tendency to retain its leaves over winter. Syn55 was however not tolerant of a green harvest, with yields of brown harvested stands surpassing the yield of green harvested stands in several years. Mxg was shown to be tolerant of green harvests, producing consistently high yields when harvested in October. Early signs of yield decline were detected in both genotypes when harvested green, likely due to incomplete carbohydrate relocation. Alternating green and brown harvests are recommended to allow stands to replenish carbohydrate stores and to form a litter layer. </p>
Expanding the Miscanthus market in the UK: Growers in profile and experience, benefits and drawbacks of the bioenergy crop
<p>To achieve net zero greenhouse gas emission by 2050 as set out by the 2019 amendment to the 2008 UK Climate Change Act, a major shift towards renewable energy is needed. This includes the development of new methods along with improving and upscaling existing technologies. One example of new methods in bioenergy is developing new <em>Miscanthus</em> cultivars for electricity generation via thermal power station furnaces. <em>Miscanthus</em> is still relatively new compared to other agriculture practices, so market assessments and improvements are needed to reduce the barriers of entry for prospective growers. This publication provides a profile of UK <em>Miscanthus</em> growers and their businesses, their experiences of benefits and drawbacks of the crop, and what they see as potential barriers to entry for prospective farmers. A survey of current <em>Miscanthus</em> growers in England and Wales was conducted and indicated that most farmers were content with the crop and that its environmental and economic benefits were noted. However, it was evident that with a geographically limited UK market, growers wanted to see a better distribution of biomass processing stations to reduce the ongoing costs of transport. With growing demand for renewables, including bio-energy sources, it was determined important to provide information and support for stable farming operations and to incentivise the adoption of <em>Miscanthus</em>. Such incentives include ongoing development of new cultivars, focussing on traits such as production potential and stressor resilience, and growers indicated preference for an annual planting grant. These developments are predicted to further improve the crop's profit margin, making it a more cost-effective crop for farmers. Sensitively managed <em>Miscanthus</em> also has the potential to contribute to carbon sequestration, soil health and aspects of farmland biodiversity. Incentivising such management in government land-based environmental schemes would offer additional income streams and help to promote environmental positive crop planting.</p>
Biomass potential via light interception of novel miscanthus hybrids from field trials
<p>New biomass crop hybrids for bioeconomic expansion require yield projections to determine their potential for strategic land use planning in the face of global challenges. Our biomass growth simulation incorporates radiation interception and conversion efficiency. Models often use leaf area to predict interception which is demanding to determine accurately, so instead, we use low-cost rapid light interception measurements using a simple lab-made line ceptometer and relate the dynamics of canopy closure to thermal time, and to measurements of biomass. We apply the model to project the European biomass potentials of new market-ready hybrids for 2020–30. Field measurements are easier to collect, the calibration is seasonally dynamic and reduces influence of weather variation between field sites. The model obtained is conservative, being calibrated by crops of varying establishment and varying maturity on less productive (marginal) land. This results in conservative projections of miscanthus hybrids for 2020-30 based on 10% land use conversion of the least (productive) grassland and arable for farm diversification, which show a European potential of 80.7–89.7 Mt y<sup>-1</sup> biomass, with potential for 1.2-1.3 EJ y<sup>-1</sup> energy and 36.3–40.3 Mt y<sup>-1</sup> carbon capture, with seeded <em>M. sacchariflorus</em> x <em>sinensis</em> displaying highest yield potential. Simulated biomass projections must be viewed in light of the field measurements on less productive land with high soil water deficits. We are attempting to model results from an ambitious and novel project combining new hybrids across Europe with agronomy which has not been perfected on less productive sites. Nevertheless, at a time of energy sourcing issues, seed-propagated miscanthus hybrids for the upscaled provision of bioenergy offer an alternative source of renewable energy. If European countries provide incentives for growers to invest, seeded hybrids can improve product availability and biomass yields over the current commercial miscanthus variety.</p>
Data from: An efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for gene functional studies in Miscanthus
<p><span>Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful tool for transient gene functional analysis in plants, especially for monocot species (e.g., grasses) that are recalcitrant to transformation. Despite various VIGS systems that have been developed in different plant species, none was previously available for the bioenergy crop Miscanthus. Here we report the establishment of an efficient and robust VIGS system mediated by Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) in Miscanthus. We first investigated the impact of various factors that may affect gene silencing efficiency using the <em>Miscanthus sinensis Phytoene Desaturase</em> (<em>MsPDS</em>) gene as a visual indicator of photobleaching. Then, we optimized the TRV-elicited VIGS procedure using an orthogonal experimental design with four factors (sprout size, Agrobacterium concentration, vacuum infiltration time, and co-incubation time) each at three levels. The following led to the highest silencing efficiency (~76%): inoculation of germinating seedlings (1.0-2.0 mm), <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em> culture grown to optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.4, vacuum infiltration for 90 min, and co-incubation for 5 h. The VIGS system established was applicable for both <em>M. sinensis</em> and <em>M. lutarioriparius</em>, with comparable gene silencing efficiency. We verified the efficacy of the VIGS system via the functional characterization of the role of a MYB transcription factor, MsMYB112, in salt stress tolerance. Expression of <em>MsMYB112</em> was successfully knocked down using the VIGS system, and this led to compromised salt tolerance in the silenced Miscanthus plants. The TRV-based VIGS system established may, therefore, substantially facilitate functional genomic studies in Miscanthus.</span></p>
Data from: Comparative LCA studies of simulated HMF-biorefineries from maize and miscanthus as an example of first- and second-generation biomass as a tool for process development
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a versatile platform chemical for a fossil free, bio-based chemical industry. HMF can be produced by using fructose as a feedstock. Using edible, first-generation biomass to produce chemicals has been questioned in terms of potential competition with food supply. Second-generation biomass like miscanthus could be an alternative. However, there is a lack of information if second-generation lignocellulosic biomass is a more sustainable feedstock to produce HMF. Therefore, a life cycle assessment was performed in this study to determine the environmental impacts of HMF production from miscanthus and to compare it with HMF from high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). HFCS from either Hungary or Baden-Württemberg (Germany) was considered. Compared to the HFCS biorefineries the miscanthus concept is producing less emissions in all impact categories studied, except land occupation. Overall, the production and usage of second-generation biomass could be especially beneficial in areas where the use of N-fertilizers is restricted. Besides, conclusions for the further development of the on-farm-biorefinery concept were elaborated. For this purpose, process simulations from a previous study were used. Results of the previous study in terms of TEA and the current LCA study in terms of environmental sustainability indicate that the lignin depolymerization unit in the miscanthus biorefinery has to be improved. The scenario without lignin depolymerization performs better in all impact categories. The authors recommend to not further convert the lignin to products like phenol and other aromatic compounds. The results of the contribution analyses show that the major impact in the HMF production is caused by the auxiliary materials in the separation units and the required heat. Further technical development should focus on efficient heat as well as solvent use and solvent recovery. At this point further optimizations will lead to reduced emissions and costs at the same time. The presented data set is the used inventory to model the environmental impacts. </span></p>
Integrating perennial biomass crops into crop rotations: How to remove miscanthus and switchgrass without glyphosate
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Perennial energy grasses have gained attention in recent years as a promising resource for the bioeconomy because of their benign environmental profile, high stress tolerance, high biomass yields and low input requirements. Currently, strong breeding efforts are being made to extend the range of commercially available miscanthus and switchgrass genotypes. In order to foster farmers' acceptance of these crops, and especially of novel hybrids, more information is required about how they can be efficiently integrated into cropping rotations, how they can be removed at the end of their productive lifespan, and what effect they have on subsequently grown crops. Farmers in Europe are meanwhile increasingly constrained in the methods available to them to remove these crops, and there is a risk that the herbicide glyphosate, which has been used in many studies to remove them, will be banned in coming years. This study looks at the removal of seven-year-old stands of miscanthus and switchgrass over one year at an experimental site in Southern-Germany. Three novel miscanthus genotypes were studied, alongside one variety of switchgrass, and the impact of each crop's removal on the yield of maize grown as a follow-on crop was examined. A combination of soil tillage and grass herbicides for maize cultivation was successful in controlling miscanthus regrowth, such that yields of maize grown after miscanthus did not differ significantly from yields of maize grown in monoculture rotation (18.1 t dry biomass ha<sup>-1</sup>). Yields of maize grown after switchgrass (14.4 t dry biomass ha<sup>-1</sup>) were significantly lower than maize in monoculture rotation caused by insufficient control of switchgrass regrowth by the applied maize herbicide. Although some regrowth of miscanthus and switchgrass was observed in the follow-on crop maize, complete eradication of both crops was achieved by subsequent winter wheat cultivation.</span></p>
Biomass yields, reproductive fertility, compositional analysis and genetic diversity of newly developed triploid giant Miscanthus Hybrids
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Data from: An efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for gene functional studies in Miscanthus
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Switchgrass and Miscanthus long-term yield across Michigan and Wisconsin
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Expanding the Miscanthus market in the UK: Growers in profile and experience, benefits and drawbacks of the bioenergy crop
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Data from: Comparative LCA studies of simulated HMF-biorefineries from maize and miscanthus as an example of first- and second-generation biomass as a tool for process development
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Yield development and nutrient offtake in contrasting Miscanthus genotypes under green and brown harvest regimes
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Site impacts nutrient translocation efficiency in intra- and interspecies miscanthus hybrids on marginal lands
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