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121 results for “Monarch”
Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab and Adalimumab Monotherapy in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis (SARIL-RA-MONARCH)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02332590. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 15. Publications: 12.
Adult breeding monarch relative abundance
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Data from: Intra-population variation in the natal origins and wing morphology of overwintering western monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus
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Sun compass neurons are tuned to migratory orientation in monarch butterflies
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Data from: Genomic evidence for panmixia of eastern and western North American migratory monarch butterflies
Monarch butterflies are known for their spectacular annual migration in eastern North America, with millions of monarchs flying up to 4,500 kilometers to overwintering sites in central Mexico. Monarchs also live west of the Rocky Mountains, where they travel shorter distances to overwinter along the Pacific Coast. Monarch numbers have recently dwindled, and monarch migration may be on the brink of extinction. It is often assumed that eastern and western monarchs form distinct evolutionary units that require specific protection, but genomic studies to support this notion are lacking. We used a tethered flight mill to show that migratory eastern monarchs have greater flight performance than western monarchs. However, analyzing more than 20 million SNPs in 43 monarch genomes, we found no evidence for genomic differentiation between eastern and western monarchs, suggesting the existence of one panmictic migratory population. Our genomic analysis also showed identical and low levels of genetic diversity, and a lack of singleton alleles, indicating a shared history of decline of eastern and western monarchs. Gene expression analysis of a subset of candidate genes during active flight revealed differential gene expression related to non-muscular motor activity. Our results demonstrate that North American monarchs form one panmictic and declining population, and that differences in migration distance and destination are therefore likely driven by environmentally induced differential gene expression. Our study indicates that eastern and western monarchs do not form distinct genetic populations, suggesting that preservation of eastern monarchs could potentially rescue western migration and vice versa.
Data from: Monarch butterflies use an environmentally sensitive, internal timer to control overwintering dynamics
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) complements its iconic migration with diapause, a hormonally controlled developmental program that contributes to winter survival at overwintering sites. Although timing is a critical adaptive feature of diapause, how environmental cues are integrated with genetically-determined physiological mechanisms to time diapause development, particularly termination, is not well understood. In a design that subjected western North American monarchs to different environmental chamber conditions over time, we modularized constituent components of an environmentally-controlled, internal diapause termination timer. Using comparative transcriptomics, we identified molecular controllers of these specific diapause termination components. Calcium signaling mediated environmental sensitivity of the diapause timer, and we speculate that it is a key integrator of environmental condition (cold temperature) with downstream hormonal control of diapause. Juvenile hormone (JH) signaling changed spontaneously in diapause-inducing conditions, capacitating response to future environmental condition. Although JH is a major target of the internal timer, it is not itself the timer. Epigenetic mechanisms are implicated to be the proximate timing mechanism. Ecdysteroid, JH, and insulin/insulin-like peptide (IIS) signaling are major targets of the diapause program used to control response to permissive environmental conditions. Understanding the environmental and physiological mechanisms of diapause termination sheds light on fundamental properties of biological timing, and also helps inform expectations for how monarch populations may respond to future climate change.
Data from: Elevated atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide reduce monarch tolerance and increase parasite virulence by altering the medicinal properties of milkweeds
Hosts combat their parasites using mechanisms of resistance and tolerance, which together determine parasite virulence. Environmental factors, including diet, mediate the impact of parasites on hosts, with diet providing nutritional and medicinal properties. Here, we present the first evidence that ongoing environmental change decreases host tolerance and increases parasite virulence through a loss of dietary medicinal quality. Monarch butterflies use dietary toxins (cardenolides) to reduce the deleterious impacts of a protozoan parasite. We fed monarch larvae foliage from four milkweed species grown under either elevated or ambient CO2, and measured changes in resistance, tolerance, and virulence. The most high-cardenolide milkweed species lost its medicinal properties under elevated CO2; monarch tolerance to infection decreased, and parasite virulence increased. Declines in medicinal quality were associated with declines in foliar concentrations of lipophilic cardenolides. Our results emphasize that global environmental change may influence parasite-host interactions through changes in the medicinal properties of plants.
Tam O'Shanter and Monarch o' the Glen Badge
Original model by William Feltz at Fort Bragg CRMP Toy Tam O'Shanter from the Cape Fear Museum of History, Fayetteville, NC Until I know more about the possible familial orign of the badge, I used a texture simlar to the traditional Tartan of my ancestors, the Clan of Russel. I know the head is terrifying, but it was the only way to get the photos to align in Agisoft. I'm going to paint it to look like a Scottish skin color. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Flying on empty: Reduced mitochondrial function and flight capacity in food-deprived monarch butterflies
<p>Mitochondrial function is fundamental to organismal performance, health, and fitness – especially during energetically challenging events, such as migration. With this investigation, we evaluated mitochondrial sensitivity to ecologically relevant stressors. We focused on an iconic migrant, the North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), and examined the effects of two stressors: seven days of food deprivation, and infection by the protozoan parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (known to reduce survival and flight performance). We measured whole-animal resting metabolic rate (RMR) and peak flight metabolic rate, and mitochondrial respiration of isolated mitochondria from the flight muscles. Food deprivation reduced mass-independent RMR and peak flight metabolic rate, whereas infection did not. Fed monarchs used mainly lipids in flight (respiratory quotient 0.73), but the respiratory quotient dropped in food-deprived individuals, possibly indicating switching to alternative energy sources, such as ketone bodies. Food deprivation decreased mitochondrial maximum oxygen consumption but not basal respiration, resulting in lower respiratory control ratio (RCR). Furthermore, food deprivation decreased mitochondrial complex III activity, but increased complex IV activity. Infection did not result in any changes in these mitochondrial variables. Mitochondrial maximum respiration rate correlated positively with mass-independent RMR and flight metabolic rate, suggesting a link between mitochondria and whole-animal performance. In conclusion, low food availability negatively affects mitochondrial function and flight performance, with potential implications for migration, fitness, and population dynamics. Although previous studies have reported poor flight performance in infected monarchs, we found no differences in physiological performance, suggesting that reduced flight capacity may be due to structural differences or low energy stores.</p>
Host plant specificity of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
<p>The preference-performance hypothesis explains host specificity in phytophagous insects, positing that host plants chosen by adults confer the greatest larval fitness. However, adults sometimes oviposit on plants supporting low larval success because the components of host specificity (adult preference, plant palatability, and larval survival) are non-binary and not necessarily correlated. Palatability (willingness to eat) is governed by chemical cues and physical barriers such as trichomes, while survival (ability to complete development) depends upon nutrition and toxicity. Absence of a correlation between the components of host specificity results in low-performance hosts supporting limited larval development. Most studies of specificity focus on oviposition behavior leaving the importance and basis of palatability and survival under-explored. We conducted a comprehensive review of 127 plant species that have been claimed or tested to be hosts for the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus to classify them as non-hosts, low performance, or high performance. We performed a meta-analysis to test if performance status could be explained by the properties of neurotoxic cardenolides or trichome density. We also conducted a no-choice larval feeding experiment to identify the causes of low performance. We identified 34 high performance, 42 low performance, 33 non-hosts, and 18 species with unsubstantiated claims. Mean cardenolide concentration was greater in high- than low-performance hosts and a significant predictor of host status, suggesting possible evolutionary trade-offs in monarch specialization. Other cardenolide properties and trichome density were not significant predictors of host status. In the experiment, we found, of the 62% of larvae that attempted to eat low-performance hosts, only 3.5% survived to adult compared to 85% of those on the high-performance host, demonstrating that multiple factors affect larval host plant specificity. Our study is the first to classify all known host plants for monarchs and has conservation implications for this threatened species.</p>
Monarch butterfly roost site variables and habitat conservation
<p>The criteria that Monarchs use to select specific roost sites, and the landscape context where those sites are found, have received little study. We developed ecological niche models for the Atlantic Flyway roost sites using modeling algorithms, citizen scientist observations, and environmental variables that are known to affect Monarchs in the adult stage prior to migration. These models can be used to help prioritize survey and conservation efforts for Monarchs in areas most suitable for their roosting. We conducted a vulnerability assessment of predicted suitable roost habitat, assessed the connectivity of the habitat with Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis, used Zonation software to create a relative value ranking of the Atlantic flyway region for Monarch roost site conservation, and mapped areas of high conservation value in the flyway in regards to their current predicted vulnerability.</p>
Late instar monarch caterpillars sabotage milkweed to acquire toxins, not to disarm plant defense
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Sabotaging milkweed by monarch caterpillars (<em>Danaus</em> <em>plexippus</em>) is a famous textbook example of disarming plant defense. By severing leaf veins or petioles, monarchs are thought to prevent the flow of toxic latex to their feeding site. Here we show that sabotaging by monarch caterpillars is not only an avoidance strategy. While young caterpillars appear to avoid latex, late-instar caterpillars actively ingest exuding latex, presumably to increase sequestration of toxic latex cardenolides used for defense against predators. Comparisons with caterpillars of the related but non-sequestering common crow butterfly (<em>Euploea</em> <em>core</em>) revealed three lines of evidence supporting our hypothesis. First, monarch caterpillars sabotage inconsistently and therefore the behavior is not obligatory to feed on milkweed, whereas sabotaging precedes each feeding event in <em>Euploea</em> caterpillars. Second, monarch caterpillars shift their behavior from latex avoidance in younger stages to eager drinking in later stages, whereas <em>Euploea</em> caterpillars consistently avoid latex and spit it out during sabotaging. Third, monarchs reared on detached leaves without latex, sequestered more cardenolides when caterpillars imbibed latex offered with a pipette. Thus, we conclude that monarch caterpillars have transformed the 'sabotage to avoid' strategy of their relatives into a 'sabotage to consume' strategy implying a novel behavioral adaptation to increase sequestration of cardenolides for defense.</span></p>
Plant water limitation and its impact on the oviposition preferences of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
<p>Intensifying drought conditions across the western United States due to global climate change are altering plant-insect interactions. Specialist herbivores must find their host plants within a matrix of nonhosts, and thus often rely upon specific plant secondary chemistry for host location and oviposition cues. Climate-induced alterations to plant chemistry could thus affect female selection of larval food-plants. Here, we investigated whether host-plant water limitation influenced oviposition preference in a threatened invertebrate: the monarch butterfly (<em>Danaus plexippus</em>). We found that females deposited more eggs on reduced-water than on well-watered narrowleaf milkweed plants (<em>Asclepias fascicularis</em>), but we could not attribute this change to any specific change in plant chemistry. Specialist herbivores, such as the monarch butterfly, which are tightly linked to specific plant cues, may experience a shift in preferences under global-change conditions. Understanding oviposition preferences will be important to directing ongoing habitat restoration activities for this declining insect.</p>
Temporal matches between monarch butterfly and milkweed population changes over the past 25,000 years
<p>In intimate ecological interactions, the interdependency of species may result in correlated demographic histories. For species of conservation concern, understanding the long-term dynamics of such interactions may shed light on the drivers of population decline. Here we address the demographic history of the monarch butterfly, <em>Danaus</em> <em>plexippus</em>, and its dominant host plant, the common milkweed, <em>Asclepias</em> <em>syriaca</em>, using broad-scale sampling and genomic inference. Because genetic resources for milkweed have lagged behind those for monarchs, we first release a chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation for common milkweed. Next, we show that despite its enormous geographic range across eastern North America, <em>A. syriaca</em> is best characterized as a single, roughly panmictic population. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation via Random Forests (ABC-RF), a machine learning method for reconstructing demographic histories, we show that both monarchs and milkweed experienced population expansion during the most recent recession of North American glaciers 10,000–20,000 years ago. Our data also identify concurrent population expansions in both species during the large-scale clearing of eastern forests (~200 years ago). Finally, we find no evidence that either species experienced a reduction in effective population size over the past 75 years. Thus, the well-documented decline of monarch abundance over the past 40 years is not visible in our genomic dataset, reflecting a possible mismatch of the overwintering census population to effective population size in this species.</p>
Data accompanying: Population-specific patterns of toxin sequestration in monarch butterflies from around the world
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Different factors limit early- and late-season windows of opportunity for monarch development
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Fatty acid and carbon isotopic data for: Use of essential vs. non-essential fatty acids during flight in monarch butterflies: Implications for the importance of nectaring during migration
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Data from: Migratory monarchs that encounter resident monarchs show life-history differences and higher rates of parasite infection
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Behavior and performance data of monarch butterfly caterpillars
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Monarch butterfly roost site variables and habitat conservation
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