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Seasonal shifts of biodiversity patterns and species’ elevation ranges of butterflies and moths along a complete rainforest elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon
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Data from: Butterfly and moth communities differ in their response to habitat structure in rainforests of Mount Cameroon
Mechanisms structuring tropical communities are still under-studied, especially in Afrotropical rainforests. Although insect herbivores are considered to depend on plant diversity, we hypothesized that vegetation structure, together with other microhabitat characteristics, can be more important for some insects. Here, we compared habitat associations of fruit-feeding butterflies and moths, two ecologically different groups of Lepidoptera, in three rainforest localities in foothills of Mount Cameroon, West/Central Africa. Based on a comprehensive dataset of 16,040 specimens of 398 species systematically collected by 240 traps at 48 plots (altogether 9.68 ha), we analyzed how plant community composition, habitat openness, and forest structure affect communities of butterflies and moths. We expected different habitat descriptors to predict communities of the two insect groups. Habitats of tropical fruit-feeding moth communities have never been studied before. In both analyses of species richness and community structure, butterfly communities depended mostly on forest openness. Moth species richness depended on plant diversity and forest openness, whilst the latter substantially influenced their community composition. Additionally, we revealed differences in habitat associations between understory and canopy communities of both groups. Whilst species richness of understory communities was not influenced by any habitat characteristics, it generally followed the general patterns in canopies. By contrast, composition of understory communities followed the general patterns, whilst effects of habitat characteristics on canopy communities were minor for butterflies and none for moths. The differences between such closely related groups of herbivorous insects warn against generalization based on single-taxon studies and highlight the need of community-wide research of tropical rainforests.
Data from: Flying between raindrops: strong seasonal turnover of several Lepidoptera groups in lowland rainforests of Mount Cameroon
1. Although seasonality in the tropics is often less pronounced than in temperate areas, tropical ecosystems show seasonal dynamics as well. Nevertheless, individual tropical insects' phenological patterns are still poorly understood, especially in the Afrotropics. To fill this gap, we investigated biodiversity patterns of Lepidoptera communities at three rainforest localities in the foothills of Mount Cameroon, West Africa, one of the wettest places in the world. 2. Our multi-taxa approach covered six lepidopteran groups (fruit-feeding butterflies and moths, the families Sphingidae, Saturniidae, and Eupterotidae, and the subfamily Arctiinae of Erebidae) with diverse life strategies. We sampled adults of the focal groups in three distinct seasons. Our sampling included standardised bait-trapping (80 traps exposed for ten days per locality and season) and attraction by light (six full nights per locality and season). 3. Altogether, our dataset comprised 20,576 specimens belonging to 559 (morpho)species of the focal groups. The biodiversity of Lepidoptera generally increased in the high-dry season, and either increased (fruit-feeding moths, Arctiinae, Saturniidae) or decreased (butterflies, Sphingidae) in the transition to the wet season in particular groups. Simultaneously, we revealed a strong species turnover of fruit-feeding Lepidoptera and Arctiinae among the seasons, indicating relatively high specialisation of these communities for particular seasons. 4. Such temporal specialisation can make the local communities of butterflies and moths especially sensitive to the expected seasonal perturbations caused by the global change. Because of the key role of Lepidoptera across trophic levels, such changes in their communities could strengthen this impact on entire tropical ecosystems.
FIGURE 1. L in Two new butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Mount Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Highlands, Cameroon
FIGURE 1. L. liberti (holotype): A—upperside, B—underside; L. phoebe (holotype): C—upperside, D—underside.
FIGURE 3 in Two new butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Mount Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Highlands, Cameroon
FIGURE 3. Male genitalia of L. liberti (holotype) and L. phoebe (holotype) (the latter one was re-drawn from the original illustration in Libert 2001).
FIGURE 2 in Two new butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Mount Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Highlands, Cameroon
FIGURE 2. Further comparative material of Lepidochrysops imagos. L. liberti male (paratype): A—upperside, D—underside; L. phoebe male, Mount Febe, Cameroon: B—upperside, E—underside; L. liberti female (paratype) C—upperside, F—underside.
FIGURE 6 in Two new butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Mount Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Highlands, Cameroon
FIGURE 6. Male genitalia with removed aedeagi: A—C. fako (holotype), B—C. manengouba (holotype), C—C. lewisi (holotype); D—C. fako aedeagus (holotype), E—C. manengouba aedeagus (holotype) (genitalia of C. lewisi and C. manengouba ex-Larsen & Collins 2014).
FIGURE 5. C in Two new butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Mount Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Highlands, Cameroon
FIGURE 5. C. fako (holotype): A—upperside, D—underside; C. manengouba (holotype): B—upperside, E—underside; C. lewisi male, Obudu Plateau, Nigeria: C—upperside, F—underside; C. fako female (paratype): G—upperside, J—underside; C. manengouba female (paratype):H—upperside, K—underside; C. lewisi, Obudu Plateau, Nigeria: J—upperside, L - underside (C. lewisi and C. manengouba images are ex-Larsen, ABRI).
FIGURES 9–10 in Geraldocossus gen. nov. (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) from Mount Cameroon (West Africa)
FIGURES 9–10. Type locality of Geraldocossus durrelli (biotope and map): 9. Typical sub-montane forest with clearings on the western slopes of Mt. Cameroon (photo by Vincent Maicher) 10. G. durrelli, map of distribution.
FIGURES 1–8 in Geraldocossus gen. nov. (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) from Mount Cameroon (West Africa)
FIGURES 1–8. Politzariellinae (Cossidae) (adults and male genitalia): 1. Geraldocossus durrelli Yakovlev & Safian sp. nov., holotype, upperside; 2. G. durrelli, holotype, underside; 3. G. durrelli, paratype, male, upperside; 4. Politzariella pantherina Yakovlev, 2011, ♂, holotype (ZSSM); 5. Holcoceroides ferrugineotincta Strand, [1913], ♂, Nigeria (ZSSM); 6. Male genitalia of G. dur re lli (holotype); 7. Male genitalia of P. pantherina (holotype from Yakovlev 2011); 8. Male genitalia of H. ferrugineotincta (topotype, Nigeria, from Yakovlev 2011).
On following pages: 37 Northern Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys gambianus); 38. Kivu Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys kivuensis); 39. Southern Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys ansorgel); 40. East African Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus mearnsi); 41. Gray-bellied Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus umbriventer); 42. Southern African Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus campestris); 43. Nikolaus's African Climbing Mouse (Megadendromus nikolaus)); 44. Lachaise's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus lachaisei); 45. Cameroon African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus oreas); 46. Banana African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus messorius): 47. Rupp's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus ruppl); 48. Lovat's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromuslovati); 49. Mount Kahuzi African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus kahuziensis); 50. Montane African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus insignis); 51. Vernay's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus vernayl); 52. Monard's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus leucostomus); 53. Kivu African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus nyasae); 54. Nyika African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus nyikae); 55. Chestnut African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus mystacalis); 56. Gray African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus melanotis); 57 Brants's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus mesomelas): 58. Velvet African Climbing Mouse (Dendroprionomys rousselot)); 59. Bates's African Climbing Mouse (Prionomys bates); 60. North-western Fat Mouse (Steatomys caurinus); 61. Dainty Fat Mouse (Steatomys cuppedius); 62. Jackson's Fat Mouse (Steatomys jackson); 63. Pousargues's Fat Mouse (Steatomys opimus); 64. Bocage's Fat Mouse (Steatomys bocage); 65. Tiny Fat Mouse (Steatomys parvus); 66. Common Fat Mouse (Steatomys pratensis); 67. Krebs's Fat Mouse (Steatomys krebsii): 68. Long-eared Desert Mouse (Malacothrix typical). in Nesomyidae
On following pages: 37 Northern Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys gambianus); 38. Kivu Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys kivuensis); 39. Southern Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys ansorgel); 40. East African Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus mearnsi); 41. Gray-bellied Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus umbriventer); 42. Southern African Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus campestris); 43. Nikolaus's African Climbing Mouse (Megadendromus nikolaus)); 44. Lachaise's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus lachaisei); 45. Cameroon African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus oreas); 46. Banana African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus messorius): 47. Rupp's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus ruppl); 48. Lovat's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromuslovati); 49. Mount Kahuzi African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus kahuziensis); 50. Montane African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus insignis); 51. Vernay's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus vernayl); 52. Monard's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus leucostomus); 53. Kivu African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus nyasae); 54. Nyika African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus nyikae); 55. Chestnut African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus mystacalis); 56. Gray African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus melanotis); 57 Brants's African Climbing Mouse (Dendromus mesomelas): 58. Velvet African Climbing Mouse (Dendroprionomys rousselot)); 59. Bates's African Climbing Mouse (Prionomys bates); 60. North-western Fat Mouse (Steatomys caurinus); 61. Dainty Fat Mouse (Steatomys cuppedius); 62. Jackson's Fat Mouse (Steatomys jackson); 63. Pousargues's Fat Mouse (Steatomys opimus); 64. Bocage's Fat Mouse (Steatomys bocage); 65. Tiny Fat Mouse (Steatomys parvus); 66. Common Fat Mouse (Steatomys pratensis); 67. Krebs's Fat Mouse (Steatomys krebsii): 68. Long-eared Desert Mouse (Malacothrix typical).
On following pages: 185. Etruscan Shrew (Suncus etruscus); 186. Sri Lankan Shrew (Suncus fellowesgordoni); 187. (Suncus zeylanicus); 190. Asian House Shrew (Suncus murinus); 191. Sri Lankan Highland Shrew (Suncus montanus (Suncus day); 195. Flores Shrew (Suncus mertensi); 196. Black Shrew (Suncus aten); 197. Taita Shrew (Suncus aequatorius Shrew (Suncus infinitesimus); 201. Remy's Pygmy Shrew (Suncus remyi); 202. Lesser Dwarf Shrew (Suncus varilla) Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex johnstonijohnstoni); 206. Akaibe's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex akaibel); 207. Moon Forest Shrew oriundus); 210. Bioko Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex isabellae); 211. Corbet's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex corbet)); 212. Bamenda Shrew (Sylvisorex camerunensis); 215. Mount Cameroon Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex morio); 216. Kongana Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex grant); 219. Howell's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex howell); 220. Armored Hero Shrew (Scutisorex somereni Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura schouteden)); 224. Grauer's Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura graueri); 225. Piebald Malayan Pygmy Shrew (Suncus malayanus); 188. Bornean Pygmy Shrew (Suncus hose); 189. Jungle Shrew); 192. Nilgiri Highland Shrew (Suncus nigen; 193. Anderson's Shrew (Suncus stoliczkanus); 194. Day's Shrew); 198. Greater Dwarf Shrew (Suncus lixa); 199. Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrew (Suncus hututsi); 200. Least Dwarf; 203. Climbing Shrew (Suncus megalurus); 204. Rwenzori Shrew (Ruwenzorisorex suncoides); 205. Johnston's (Sylvisorex lunaris); 208. Greater Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex ollula); 209. Lesser Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex silvanorum); 213. Rainforest Shrew (Sylvisorex pluvialis); 214. Cameroonian Forest (Sylvisorex konganensis); 217. Volcano Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex vulcanorum); 218. Grant's Forest Shrew); 221. Thor's Hero Shrew (Scutisorex thori); 222. Greater Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura maxima); 223. Lesser Shrew (Diplomesodon pulchellus). in Soricidae
On following pages: 185. Etruscan Shrew (Suncus etruscus); 186. Sri Lankan Shrew (Suncus fellowesgordoni); 187. (Suncus zeylanicus); 190. Asian House Shrew (Suncus murinus); 191. Sri Lankan Highland Shrew (Suncus montanus (Suncus day); 195. Flores Shrew (Suncus mertensi); 196. Black Shrew (Suncus aten); 197. Taita Shrew (Suncus aequatorius Shrew (Suncus infinitesimus); 201. Remy's Pygmy Shrew (Suncus remyi); 202. Lesser Dwarf Shrew (Suncus varilla) Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex johnstonijohnstoni); 206. Akaibe's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex akaibel); 207. Moon Forest Shrew oriundus); 210. Bioko Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex isabellae); 211. Corbet's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex corbet)); 212. Bamenda Shrew (Sylvisorex camerunensis); 215. Mount Cameroon Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex morio); 216. Kongana Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex grant); 219. Howell's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex howell); 220. Armored Hero Shrew (Scutisorex somereni Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura schouteden)); 224. Grauer's Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura graueri); 225. Piebald Malayan Pygmy Shrew (Suncus malayanus); 188. Bornean Pygmy Shrew (Suncus hose); 189. Jungle Shrew); 192. Nilgiri Highland Shrew (Suncus nigen; 193. Anderson's Shrew (Suncus stoliczkanus); 194. Day's Shrew); 198. Greater Dwarf Shrew (Suncus lixa); 199. Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrew (Suncus hututsi); 200. Least Dwarf; 203. Climbing Shrew (Suncus megalurus); 204. Rwenzori Shrew (Ruwenzorisorex suncoides); 205. Johnston's (Sylvisorex lunaris); 208. Greater Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex ollula); 209. Lesser Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex silvanorum); 213. Rainforest Shrew (Sylvisorex pluvialis); 214. Cameroonian Forest (Sylvisorex konganensis); 217. Volcano Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex vulcanorum); 218. Grant's Forest Shrew); 221. Thor's Hero Shrew (Scutisorex thori); 222. Greater Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura maxima); 223. Lesser Shrew (Diplomesodon pulchellus).
Subspecies and Distribution. A. p. preussi Matschie, 1898 — SE Nigeria and SW Cameroon highlands (Cross River Highlands, Korup National Park, Bamenda Highlands, and Mount Cameroon). A. p. insularis Thomas, 1910 — Bioko I (Equatorial Guinea). in Cercopithecidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A. p. preussi Matschie, 1898 — SE Nigeria and SW Cameroon highlands (Cross River Highlands, Korup National Park, Bamenda Highlands, and Mount Cameroon). A. p. insularis Thomas, 1910 — Bioko I (Equatorial Guinea).
On following pages: 414. Abyssinian Grass Rat (Arvicanthis abyssinicus); 415. Blick's Grass Rat (Arvicanthis blicki); 416. Neumann's Grass Rat (Arvicanthis neumanni); 417. Sudanian Grass Rat (Arvicanthis ansorgel); 418. African Grass Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus); 419. Guinean Grass Rat (Arvicanthis rufinus); 420. Nairobi Grass Rat (Arvicanthis nairobae); 421. Common Defua Rat (Dephomys defua); 422. Ivory Coast Defua Rat (Dephomys eburneae); 423. Cameroon Highland Striped Mouse (Hybomys badius); 424. Father Basilio's Striped Mouse (Hybomys basilii); 425. Liberian Forest Striped Mouse (Hybomys planifrons); 426. West African Striped Mouse (Hybomys trivirgatus); 427 Moon Mountains Striped Mouse (Hybomys lunaris); 428. Peters's Striped Mouse (Hybomys univittatus);, 429. Mount Oku Rat (Lamottemys okuensis); 430. Ethiopian Three-toed Grass Rat (Mylomys rex); 431. Dybowski's Three-toed Grass Rat (Mylomys dybowskii); 432. Hinde's Rock Rat (Aethomys hindei); 433. West African Rock Rat (Aethomys stannarius); 434. Bocage's Rock Rat (Aethomys bocagei); 435. Kaiser's Rock Rat (Aethomys kaiser); 436. Thomas's Rock Rat (Aethomys thomasi); 437. Red Rock Rat (Aethomys chrysophilus); 438. Tete Rock Rat (Aethomys ineptus); 439. Nyika Rock Rat (Aethomys nyikae); 440. Silinda Rock Rat (Aethomys silindensis). in Muridae
On following pages: 414. Abyssinian Grass Rat (Arvicanthis abyssinicus); 415. Blick's Grass Rat (Arvicanthis blicki); 416. Neumann's Grass Rat (Arvicanthis neumanni); 417. Sudanian Grass Rat (Arvicanthis ansorgel); 418. African Grass Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus); 419. Guinean Grass Rat (Arvicanthis rufinus); 420. Nairobi Grass Rat (Arvicanthis nairobae); 421. Common Defua Rat (Dephomys defua); 422. Ivory Coast Defua Rat (Dephomys eburneae); 423. Cameroon Highland Striped Mouse (Hybomys badius); 424. Father Basilio's Striped Mouse (Hybomys basilii); 425. Liberian Forest Striped Mouse (Hybomys planifrons); 426. West African Striped Mouse (Hybomys trivirgatus); 427 Moon Mountains Striped Mouse (Hybomys lunaris); 428. Peters's Striped Mouse (Hybomys univittatus);, 429. Mount Oku Rat (Lamottemys okuensis); 430. Ethiopian Three-toed Grass Rat (Mylomys rex); 431. Dybowski's Three-toed Grass Rat (Mylomys dybowskii); 432. Hinde's Rock Rat (Aethomys hindei); 433. West African Rock Rat (Aethomys stannarius); 434. Bocage's Rock Rat (Aethomys bocagei); 435. Kaiser's Rock Rat (Aethomys kaiser); 436. Thomas's Rock Rat (Aethomys thomasi); 437. Red Rock Rat (Aethomys chrysophilus); 438. Tete Rock Rat (Aethomys ineptus); 439. Nyika Rock Rat (Aethomys nyikae); 440. Silinda Rock Rat (Aethomys silindensis).
On following pages: 27. Ethiopian Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys brunneus); 28. Mount Chercher Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys chercherensis); 29. Ethiopian Forest Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys chrysopus); 30. Gray Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromyscinereus); 31. Mount Oku Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys dieterleni); 32. Dudu's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys dudui); 33. Mount Lefo Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys eisentraut)); 34. Buff-spotted Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys flavopunctatus); 35. Hutterer's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys huttereri); 36. Kilonzo's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys kilonzol); 37. Albertine Rift Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys laticeps); 38. Buff-bellied Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys luteogasten; 39. Machangu's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys machangui); 40. Makundi's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys makundii); 41. Margaret's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys margarettae); 42. Western Rift Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys medicaudatus); 43. Black-clawed Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys melanonyx); 44. North Western Rift Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys menageshae); 45. Naked-tailed Brush-furredRat (Lophuromys nudicaudus); 46. Sheko Forest Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys pseudosikapusi); 47. Rahm's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys rahmi); 48. Congolese Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromysrita); 49. Mount Cameroon Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys rosevear); 50. Sabuni's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys sabunii); 51. Western Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys sikapusi); 52. Simien Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys simensis); 53. Rwenzori Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys stanley); 54. Verhagen's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys verhageni); 55. Woosnam's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys woosnami); 56. Zena Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys zena); 57. Rudd's Bristle-furred Rat (Uranomys rudd). in Muridae
On following pages: 27. Ethiopian Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys brunneus); 28. Mount Chercher Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys chercherensis); 29. Ethiopian Forest Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys chrysopus); 30. Gray Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromyscinereus); 31. Mount Oku Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys dieterleni); 32. Dudu's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys dudui); 33. Mount Lefo Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys eisentraut)); 34. Buff-spotted Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys flavopunctatus); 35. Hutterer's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys huttereri); 36. Kilonzo's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys kilonzol); 37. Albertine Rift Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys laticeps); 38. Buff-bellied Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys luteogasten; 39. Machangu's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys machangui); 40. Makundi's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys makundii); 41. Margaret's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys margarettae); 42. Western Rift Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys medicaudatus); 43. Black-clawed Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys melanonyx); 44. North Western Rift Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys menageshae); 45. Naked-tailed Brush-furredRat (Lophuromys nudicaudus); 46. Sheko Forest Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys pseudosikapusi); 47. Rahm's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys rahmi); 48. Congolese Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromysrita); 49. Mount Cameroon Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys rosevear); 50. Sabuni's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys sabunii); 51. Western Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys sikapusi); 52. Simien Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys simensis); 53. Rwenzori Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys stanley); 54. Verhagen's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys verhageni); 55. Woosnam's Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys woosnami); 56. Zena Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys zena); 57. Rudd's Bristle-furred Rat (Uranomys rudd).
Abundance variations within feeding guilds reveal ecological mechanisms behind avian species richness pattern along the elevational gradient of Mount Cameroon
<p><span>Two distinct diversity patterns are observed along tropical elevations: (a) decreasing number of species towards high elevations and (b) a hump-shaped pattern with the peak at mid-elevations. As diversity is likely supported by ecological capacity of the environment, decomposition of the overall richness into ecological facets and considering number of individuals within them is crucial for the proper understanding of richness patterns. We examined abundances of different avian guilds along the forested part of the elevational gradient on Mt. Cameroon. We (a) compared richness and abundance elevational patterns, (b) assessed the effective contribution of multiple guilds to richness and abundance patterns, and (b) assessed to which extent observed abundances of guilds differ from those expected by chance. We sampled birds in 2011–2015 during the dry season at seven elevations (30 m, 350 m, 650 m, 1100 m, 1500 m, 1850 m, 2200 m a.s.l.). For each assemblage, we estimated proportions of species and individuals that use particular diets, foraging modes, and feeding strata. We found that a rather decreasing pattern of species richness turns into a hump-shaped one if we look at the total abundances, implying different mechanisms behind these patterns. The number of species and individuals thus do not seem to be directly related, contrary to 'the more-individuals hypothesis'. Abundances of foliage gleaners at mid-elevations, nectarivores at high elevations, and frugivores at low elevations deviated from random expectations. Our results suggest that parts of ecological space are filled partly separately by bird species and individuals along elevation of Mt. Cameroon.</span></p>
FIGURES 18–19. 18 in Pselaphinae of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Part 3. A new genus of Goniacerini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Goniaceritae) from Mount Cameroon
FIGURES 18–19. 18, Flight interception trap and microhabitat on eastern slope of Mt. Cameroon, next to Bokwango village, the type locality of Ewoma longiscapa gen. et sp. nov.; 19, extracting of collected insects from Flight interception trap.
FIGURES 14–17 in Pselaphinae of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Part 3. A new genus of Goniacerini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Goniaceritae) from Mount Cameroon
FIGURES 14–17. Ewoma longiscapa gen. et sp. nov. 14–15, abdomen, ventral, 14, photographed in Euparal; 15, the same photographed dry-mounted; 16, aedeagus, dorsal view; 17, aedeagus, lateral view. Lettering: blf—basolateral fovea.
FIGURES 4–6 in Pselaphinae of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Part 3. A new genus of Goniacerini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Goniaceritae) from Mount Cameroon
FIGURES 4–6. Ewoma longiscapa gen. et sp. nov. 4, maxilla; 5, mandible; 6, labrum. Lettering: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; mst, mediostipes; mxp1, maxillary palpomere 1; mxp2, maxillary palpomere 2; mxp3, maxillary palpomere 3; mxp4, maxillary palpomere 4; plp, palpifer; sa, sensory appendage.
FIGURES 11–13 in Pselaphinae of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Part 3. A new genus of Goniacerini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Goniaceritae) from Mount Cameroon
FIGURES 11–13. Ewoma longiscapa gen. et sp. nov. 11, metanotum; 12–13 meso- and metaventrite. 12, photographed in Euparal; 13, the same photographed dry-mounted. Lettering: alc, alcarista; amtvp, anterior metaventral process; lmcf, lateral mesocoxal fovea; lmvf, lateral mesoventral foveae; mmvf, median metaventral fovea; mvr, mesoventral ridge; msvp, mesoventral process; pcr, procoxal rest; pmtvp, posterior metaventral process; pn3, metapostnotum; pp, prepectus; sc3, metascutum.
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