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Figure 3 in Predation on an ant-mimicking jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) by an ant-eating web spider (Araneae: Theridiidae: Chrysso sp.)

Figure 3 (continued from previous page). Chrysso sp. with captured prey. 8-9, Chrysso sp. with other captured ants. Photo credits: 8, Abhijith A.P.C.; 9, Jithesh Pai.

opencc-by-nd-4.0May 2021View details →

Figure 3 in Predation on an ant-mimicking jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) by an ant-eating web spider (Araneae: Theridiidae: Chrysso sp.)

Figure 3 (continued on next page). Chrysso sp. indet. with captured prey. 1, Chrysso sp. biting a wrapped adult male Myrmarachne plataleoides. 2-3, The same Chrysso sp. near the wrapped M. plataleoides. 4-5, Chrysso sp. with captured Oecophylla smaragdina worker. 6-7, Chrysso sp. with other captured ants. Photo credits: 1-5, Abhijith A.P.C.; 6, Mohith Shenoy; 7, Jithesh Pai. Photographs 6-7 used with permission.

Figure 4 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 4 (continued from previous page). Oecobius capturing a small salticid spider on a wall in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a 25fps video by M. Jithesh Pai. 13-30, Oecobius running around the salticid in a clockwise direction, adding silk wrap to its captive. 31-34, Oecobius rocking and adding silk wrap to the salticid. 35-36, Oecobius running around the salticid in a counter-clockwise direction, adding silk wrap to its captive. At times during this sequence the salticid struggled slightly, but could not escape its bondage.

Figure 1 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 1. Some examples of araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders. 1, Adult female Phidippus princeps feeding on a spider (Greenville County, South Carolina). This species, like many other Phidippus, is very aggressive toward other spiders, including conspecifics of the same size (Hill 2018b). 2, Adult female P. audax (Hentz 1845) feeding on a captured araneid spider (Columbia County, Florida). 3-6, Adult Colonus sylvanus (Hentz 1846) feeding on captured spiders (Greenville County, South Carolina). Colonus are particularly skilled at hunting and capturing both web and hunting spiders (Hill 2018a). 3, Adult female feeding on adult male Lyssomanes viridis (Walckenaer 1837). An adult female L. viridis has also been observed capturing and feeding on a juvenile C. sylvanus (Hill 2018a). 4, Adult female feeding on thomisid spider that it has seized by the rear of the carapace. 5, Adult female feeding on an adult female orbweaver, Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer 1841). Lecauge seem particularly vulnerable when they rest at the edge of their web. 6, Male feeding on a captured thomisid. 7-8, Two views of an adult male Anasaitis canosa (Walckenaer 1837) feeding on a captured theridiid at the edge of its cob web on a wall (Greenville County, South Carolina). A. canosa are better known for their predation on ants of all sizes (myrmecophagy; Edwards et al. 1974; Hill 2006), but they also feed on a variety of other small insects. Scale bars (1-2, 4-6) 1.0 mm. Photographs by D. E. Hill.

Figure 4 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 4 (continued on next page). Oecobius capturing a small salticid spider on a wall in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a 25fps video by M. Jithesh Pai. 1-3, Approaching and adding silk wrap to the salticid (at center). 4-12, Oecobius running around the salticid in a counter-clockwise direction, adding silk wrap to its captive.

Figure 3 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 3. Oecobius with captured ants near her nest on a wall at the Indraprastha organic farm, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. 1, Overview (frame from video record) showing this Oecobius capturing an ant worker by moving quickly to encircle it as she laid down silk. Nearby can be seen two other smaller ant workers, and one larger ant worker that she has captured (weaver or green tree ant, Oecophylla smaragdina). 2, Detail of the captured Oecophylla smaragdina from inset (3). Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 2 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 2. Adult female Myrmarachne plateleoides feeding on an Oecobius sp (Araneae: Oecobiidae) on a wall in Karnataka, India. 1, View of the wall, showing the feeding M. plataleoides (rectangle at lower right), and captured ants around a different Oecobius nest (rectangle at upper left). A gravid female Hersilia sp. (Araneae: Hersiliidae) was also resting on this wall, above and to the left of this image. 2, Detail of inset in (1) of feeding M. plateleoides just below the nest of the captured Oecobius. Some Myrmarachne are known to invade spider nests for their eggs (Jackson & Willey 1994), and this one was apparently able to pull the Oecobius out of her nest. 3, Detail of inset in (2) showing this feeding M. plateleoides after she moved closer to a second nest (upper left), as the Oecobius that inhabited that nest fled. 4-9, More pictures of the M. plateleoides as she fed for more than one hour. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 4 in First observation of Myrmarachne species feeding on ants (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini)

Figure 4. Adult female Siler semiglaucus (Simon 1901) feeding on an ant, Chiang Dao Province, Thailand (30 NOV 2018).

Figure 2 in First observation of Myrmarachne species feeding on ants (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini)

Figure 2. Myrmarachne sp. A. from Chiang Dao Province, Thailand. 1-4, Female feeding on small ants, Tapinoma melanocephala (16 DEC 2018). 5-7, Second female which fed on T. melanocephala (19 DEC 2018). 8, Male found on Roselle plant that appears to be of the same species as the two females (2 JAN 2019).

Figure 3 in First observation of Myrmarachne species feeding on ants (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini)

Figure 3. Myrmarachne sp. B. from Chiang Dao Province, Thailand. 1, Female feeding on small ant, Tapinoma melanocephala (26 DEC 2018). 2-3, Two more views of the same female Myrmarachne. 4, Roselle fruit (Hibiscus sabdariffa).

Figure 1. Ants from Chiang Dao Province, Thailand. 1 in First observation of Myrmarachne species feeding on ants (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini)

Figure 1. Ants from Chiang Dao Province, Thailand. 1, Dolichoderus sp., a larger ant apparently mimicked by Myrmarachne sp. A. 2, Feeding group of smaller ants, Tapinoma melanocephala, taken as prey by Myrmarachne on a kitchen chopping board.

Figure 27 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 27. Adult female Myrmarachne cf. exasperans, specimen SWK12-3132, collection WPM#12-095, from Sarawak, Malaysia, Headquarters Area, tree foliage, Mulu National Park (4.042°N, 114.814°E). 6, Note series of six long spines on the tibia and two long spines on the metatarsus of this preserved female, as seen in M. exasperans. 7, Ventral view of epigynum. Scale patterns and locality suggest that this is Emertonius koomeni Prószyński 2018. Photographs © W. Maddison 2015, used under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 3.0 license.

Figure 26 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 26. Distribution of Myrmarachne exasperans in Indonesia. 1, Adult male photographed 23 June 2017 in Puncak, West Java, by Janus Olajuan Boediman. Photograph used with permission. 2, Reported distribution of M. exasperans in Java and Bali (white circles). This background relief map is in the public domain (CC0), courtesy of maps-for-free (https://maps-forfree.com).

Figure 24. Consecutive frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 24. Consecutive frames from a video (29.80 fps) of a male M. exasperans displaying to a nearby male of the same species. In 0.30s 2.5 cycles of back and forth movement of legs I (~8° amplitude, ~8.3 cycles/s) was observed.

Figure 25. Consecutive frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 25. Consecutive frames from a video (29.81 fps) of a male M. exasperans displaying to a nearby male of the same species. In 0.30s 3.0 cycles of back and forth movement of legs I (~8° amplitude, ~10.0 cycles/s) was observed.

Figure 21. Sequential frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 21. Sequential frames from a video (29.57 fps) of a moving ichneumonid wasp (female Goryphus cf. basilaris). Up and down movement of the wings relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. A chart of this movement, peaking at ~15 cycles/s and averaging 10.1 cycles/s with interruptions, is shown in Figure 18:6.

Figure 22. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 22. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a video (29.71 fps) of a moving ichneumonid wasp (female Goryphus cf. basilaris). Up and down movement of the wings relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. This movement peaked at ~15 cycles/s (frames [4] to [8] and frames [21] to [25]).

Figure 16 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 16. Small ant nest covered with collected debris (Bali). 2-3, Two close-up views of the nest shown in (1).

Figure 19. Sequential frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 19. Sequential frames from a video (29.63 fps) of a moving adult male Myrmarachne exasperans. Up and down (bobbing) movement of the opisthosoma relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. Between frames [8] and [12] the opisthosoma was bobbed at ~15 cycles/s. With interruptions the average was ~11 cycles/s for this entire sequence.

Figure 20. Sequential frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 20. Sequential frames from a video (29.79 fps) of a moving adult female Myrmarachne exasperans. Up and down (bobbing) movement of the opisthosoma relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. Maximum recorded rates of movement were ~15 cycles/s (e.g., between frames [1] and [4]), with 10 cycles completed in this 0.97s sequence for an average, including interruptions, of 10.3 cycles/s.