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106 results for “Myxozoa”
Figs. 1–28 in Study of Myxosporea (Myxozoa), infecting worldwide mullets with description of a new species
Figs. 1–28 Light microscope and ultrastructural data of some myxozoan parasitizing collected mullets. 1 Spores of M. muelleri. 2, 3 M. adeli sp. nov., spores (2) and spindle-shaped cysts of different maturity (3). 4, 7 M. episquamalis. Compact whitish masses on the distal parts of scales (4). Each cystic mass consists of numerous microcysts. Oval spores tapered at the anterior end (7). Polar capsules equal and pyriform. 5, 6 Spherical spores of M. ichkeulensis with oval polar capsules. No intercapsular appendix is visible (6). 8–13 M. parvus. Spores (8–11) and rounded-to-oval white cysts up to 2.0 mm in diameter (12, 13). Polar capsules contain four coils of longitudinally twisted polar filament (10). Two valvogenic cells form a good developed sutural ring (11). 14 Spores of M. nile with unequal polar capsules. 15 Spores of M. spinacurvatura. Polar capsules do not reach the midpoint of the spore length. 16–17 Alataspora sp. Spherical polar capsules located close to the anterior pole (16). Vegetative stages presented by rounded or oval-shaped bisporous plasmodia with transparent ectoplasm and small-grained endoplasm (17). 18 Kudoa trifolia. Four small subspherical polar capsules are located in the central part of the spore,
Fig. 3 in Multiple evolutionary routes of the single polar capsule in Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa; Myxobolidae)
Fig. 3. Ancestral polar capsule number reconstruction for myxobolid species based on the preferred ML tree (Fig. 2). Pie charts show the marginal probability of the ancestral state at each node. Green circle represents species with single polar capsule, black circle represents species with two equal polar capsules, white circle represents species with two unequal polar capsules. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Multiple evolutionary routes of the single polar capsule in Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa; Myxobolidae)
Fig. 2. SSU rDNA based maximum likelihood tree of selected myxobolid species. The table containing detail information of taxa is shown behind taxa names; Bootstrap supports and posterior probabilities are given beside the nodes, respectively. Asterisks represent values = 100/1.00. Dashes represent values <60/0.60.
Fig. 1 in Multiple evolutionary routes of the single polar capsule in Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa; Myxobolidae)
Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of fresh spores of Thelohanellus kitauei and Thelohanellus wuhanensis. A - the spore of T. kitauei with two polar capsules (arrow); B, C - the spores of T. wuhanensis with two polar capsules (arrows). Scale bars indicate 20 μm for A, B and C.
Fig. 8 in Ultrastructure of the Plasmodial Development of Myxobolus insignis (Myxozoa), Infecting the Amazonian Fish Semaprochilodus insignis (Prochilodontidae)
Fig. 8. Schematic drawing of the plasmodial evolution of the periphery of plasmodia (P) of Myxobolus insignis n. sp. showing the differentiation of the plasmalemma during the three stages (a – Stage 1; b – Stage 2 and c – Stage 3) during sporogenesis (Fb – fibroblasts, P – plasmodia, Ve – vesicles, * – collagen fibres).
Figs 1–4 in Ultrastructure of the Plasmodial Development of Myxobolus insignis (Myxozoa), Infecting the Amazonian Fish Semaprochilodus insignis (Prochilodontidae)
Figs 1–4. Light and ultrastructural aspects of the periphery of plasmodia of Myxobolus insignis infecting the freshwater teleost Semaprochilodus insignis from the Amazon River, showing the evolution of the plasmalemma during the three phases. 1 – light micrograph showing the smooth plasmalemma (arrowheads) of the plasmodium (P) in contact with the surrounding cells of the host (H). This aspect corresponds to stage 1 of the plasmodium development; 2 – ultrastructural aspect of the area boxed in Fig. 1, observed with higher magnification showing several collagen fibres (Cg) at the periphery of the plasmodium (P) and some vesicles (Ve) in the cortical zone of the plasmodium; 3 – light micrograph showing the plasmalemma containing several small microvilli (arrowheads). Internally, some immature (iS) and mature spores (mS) and vesicles are present and, externally, a layer of collagen fibres (Cg). This aspect corresponds to stage 2 of the plasmodium development; 4 – ultrastructural aspect of the plasmalemma and their microvilli (arrowheads) in contact with surrounding fibroblasts (Fb). Among the microvilli numerous collagen fibres are present. The cortical zone of the plasmodium (P) contains numerous vesicles (Ve), some of which seem to fuse with the plasmalemma.
Figs 5–7 in Ultrastructure of the Plasmodial Development of Myxobolus insignis (Myxozoa), Infecting the Amazonian Fish Semaprochilodus insignis (Prochilodontidae)
Figs 5–7. Ultrastructural aspects of the periphery of the plasmodia (P) of Myxobolus insignis n. sp. infecting the freshwater teleost Semaprochilodus insignis from the Amazon River showing the different aspects of the microvilli (arrowheads) and collagen fibre arrangements (Cg) located among the fibroblasts (Fb), some of which are showing their nuclei (Nu). The cortical zone of the plasmodium contains numerous vesicles (Ve).
Figure 5 in Checklist of the phyla Platyhelminthes, Xenacoelomorpha, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Myxozoa, Tardigrada, Cephalorhyncha, Nemertea, Echiura, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Chaetognatha, and Chordata (Tunicata, Cephalochordata,
Figure 5. The distribution of the number of Appendicularia (Tunicata) species along the coasts of Turkey. Each grid has a dimension of 15 × 15 km.
Figure 2 in Checklist of the phyla Platyhelminthes, Xenacoelomorpha, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Myxozoa, Tardigrada, Cephalorhyncha, Nemertea, Echiura, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Chaetognatha, and Chordata (Tunicata, Cephalochordata,
Figure 2. The number of species of the phyla Platyhelminthes (PLA), Chordata (Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and Hemichordata) (CHO), Nemertea (NEM), Nematoda (NMT), Xenacoelomorpha (XEN), Chaetognatha (CHA), Acanthocephala (ACA), and others (OTH, including Echiura, Myxozoa, Brachiopoda, Cephalorhyncha, Tardigrada, and Phoronida) along the coasts of Turkey. ∑S indicates the total number of species.
Fig. 12. M in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 12. M. chakravartyi spores from the fin of a catla. Arrow is indicating the charasteristic intercapsular appendix. Inset: deformed spore with the Henneguya like caudal extension. Mount picture. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 13 in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 13. Schematic drawing of spore of M. chakravartyi, a: frontal view, b: frontal view of deformed spore with caudal extension. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 10 in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 10. Schematic drawing of spore of M. dermiscalis, a: frontal view, b: sutural view. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 11 in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 11. Myxobolus chakravartyi plasmodia (P) in the fin of a catla in close contact with fin rays (Fr). Mount picture. Bar = 200 μm.
Fig. 7 in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 7. Schematic drawing of spore of M. bandyopadhyayi, a: frontal view, b: sutural view. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 6. M. bandyopadhyayi n in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 6. M. bandyopadhyayi n. sp. spores of a rohu in frontal view. Inset: A spore in sutural view. Mount picture. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 5. Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 5. Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. plasmodium (P) in the scale of a rohu. Mount picture. Bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 1 in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic analysis of the studied myxozoan species based on ssrDNA sequences with Maximum Likelihood algorithm. Chloromyxum fluviatile was used as the outgroup. Bootstrap values are given at the nodes. The scale-bar indicates the number of expected substitutions per site.
Fig. 2. A in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 2. A plasmodium (P) of Thelohanellus caudatus in the fin of a rohu in close contact with the cartilaginous fin ray (Fr). Mount picture. Bar = 200 μm.
Fig. 15 in The occurrence of known Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from Indian major carps with the description of Myxobolus bandyopadhyayi n. sp. in West Bengal
Fig. 15. Spores of M. rewensis from the fin of mrigal. Arrow is indicating the characteristic globule inside the intercapsular appendix. Mount picture. Bar = 10 μm.
Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa) SMBS transcriptome data
<p class="p"><span>Parasites employ proteases to evade host immune systems, feed and replicate and are often the target of anti-parasite strategies to disrupt these interactions. Myxozoans are obligate cnidarian parasites, alternating between invertebrate and fish hosts. They are highly divergent from other metazoans with regard to their gene sequences, and available genomic and transcriptomic datasets are limited. Some myxozoans are important aquaculture pathogens such as <i>Sphaerospora molnari</i> replicating in the blood of farmed carp before reaching the gills for sporogenesis and transmission. Proliferative stages cause a massive systemic lymphocyte response and the disruption of the gill epithelia by spore-forming stages leads to respiratory problems and mortalities. In the absence of a <em>S. molnari </em>genome, we utilized a <em>de novo</em> approach to assemble the first transcriptome of proliferative myxozoan stages to identify <i>S. molnari</i> proteases that are upregulated during the first stages of infection when the parasite multiplies massively, rather than in late spore-forming plasmodia. Furthermore, a subset of orthologs was used to characterize 3D structures and putative druggable targets.</span></p> <p class="p"><span>An assembled and host filtered transcriptome containing 9436 proteins, mapping to 29 560 contigs was mined for protease virulence factors and revealed that cysteine proteases were most common (38%), at a higher percentage than other myxozoans or cnidarians (25-30%). Two cathepsin Ls that were found upregulated in spore-forming stages with a presenilin like aspartic protease and a dipeptidyl peptidase. We also identified downregulated proteases in the spore-forming development when compared with proliferative stages including an astacin metallopeptidase and lipases (qPCR). In total, 235 transcripts were identified as putative proteases using a MEROPS database. <em>In silico</em> analysis of highly transcribed cathepsins revealed potential drug targets within this data set that should be prioritised for development.</span></p> <p class="p"><span><i>In silico</i> surveys for proteins are essential in drug discovery and understanding host-parasite interactions in non-model systems. The present study of <i>S. molnari</i>'s protease arsenal reveals previously unknown proteases potentially used for host exploitation and immune evasion. The pioneering dataset serves as a model for myxozoan virulence research, which is of particular importance as myxozoan diseases have recently been shown to emerge and expand geographically, due to climate change.</span></p>
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